不合時宜的冥想：尼采談叔本華（三）

Animality of Modern Men 現代人的動物性

續前篇：

任天飛：不合時宜的冥想：尼采談叔本華（一）zhuanlan.zhihu.com

任天飛：不合時宜的冥想：尼采談叔本華（二）zhuanlan.zhihu.com

啊，感謝大家持續關注我的文章！各位的催稿是我持續更新的動力TAT~本來想翻譯三大段的，可是好睏啊，洗好澡躺在床上真的分分鐘要睡著了。。就先發這些吧！

在上一篇末尾我提到，儘管他虔誠地探索哲學時遇到許多「藏於生命深處的危險」，叔本華從來沒有「成為一個小寫的人，渾渾噩噩」地屈服於動物本能。相反，「這形單影隻的人」一直一直保護他獨特的內涵，追求他的哲學理想。

在叔本華哲學中，哲學家要真正地探尋真理，應該從了解自己做起。因為只有這樣，哲學家們「才能窺探自己的慾望和痛苦，自己的局限，才能理解自己慾望、痛苦和局限的本質，才能從根本上獲得他的解藥和寬慰。」叔本華這位哲學家知行合一，通過生活中實際行動來踐行自己的哲學理想，探尋真理，這種做人的原則普適於所有人類。

通過自我檢視這一痛苦的歷練，哲學家無私地總結出全人類共有的特點。這種行為是「出於一種高尚的追求，尤其是正義和同理心」。如此說來，叔本華放棄聲名、社會認同、世俗利益，而作出知行合一、追尋真理的表率，勇敢直接地仔細審視他的本質，通過他的本質得見世界的本質。（有一種苦行僧獨自長徵求索，參禪悟道，最終得道，廣示天下而普渡眾生的感覺。）

In fact, as is stated in Schopenhauers philosophy, true inquiry for the truth should begin with the study of the philosopher himself, that is, 「by the individual only for himself, so as to gain insight into his own want and misery, into his own limitedness, so as then to learn the nature of his own want and misery, into his own limitedness, so as then to learn the nature of his antidotes and consolations」 (142) .

The philosopher lives his life in accordance to his philosophical ideals and lifestyle and discovers the truth through practices in life, which in the end apply to life to all human beings.

Through the painful process of self-examination, the philosopher selflessly summarizes some traits common to all human beings, with 「submission to the noblest ends, above all to those of justice and compassion」 (142) .

In this case, Schopenhauer individually exemplifies the ideal way of living and inquiry as a true educator in that he gives up fame or companion or worldly benefits in search of truth, and scrutinizes directly and bravely his own nature, and the world, through his own nature.

這種哲學探究要求一個人擁有敏捷才思、高尚的犧牲精神、真誠耿直、批判性觀察力等只有人類才有的能力。不同於那些囿於自身動物性的人類，叔本華「清楚地知道除了他自己人生在世幾十年，世上還有更高更純的理想值得追尋和求索」。

當他同一時代的人用各種生活中的瑣事來麻痹自己以掩蓋自己並沒有人生目標的殘酷現實，叔本華像古希臘哲人一樣生活，用「蓬勃旺盛的生命力」來質詢、探索他們存在的「價值」。

作為一位現代哲學家，叔本華有古希臘哲人風範，不合時宜地與現代人類偏向實用價值多於概念意義的生活方式背道而馳。叔本華是「大寫的人」，「不再是動物，而是哲學家、藝術家、聖人」。他捕捉到「生命中最基本最本質的東西發出的粗糙死板卻不可避免地易於理解的聲音」，並最終「感受到作為哲學家的充實和快樂」。

Such philosophical inquiry requires an individual of a series of abilities such as mental acuteness, noble spirit of sacrifice, honesty, and critical observation, which are unique to human beings only.

Different from what humans trapped with their animality, Schopenhauer 「knew well that here is something higher and purer to be found and attained on this earth than the life of his own time」 (146) .

While his fellow modern men immerse themselves with abundant obligations so as to cover up their loss of aim of life, Schopenhauer lives in the same way as the philosophers of ancient Greece, who question 「value」 of their existence with 「vigorous and exuberant vitality」 (145).

As a modern philosopher who untimely carry out the ancient Greek philosophical ideals that are contrary to modern lifestyle that prefer utility to meaning, Schopenhauer is one of the 「true men」, 「those who are no longer animal, the philosophers, artists and saints」 「the fundamental constitution of things speaks in a voice rough and rigid but ineluctably comprehensible」 and finally 「sense sufficient of the certainty and happiness of the philosopher」 (160) .

可以看到這裡的基本可以說都是真愛了。。謝謝你QAQ