『GMAT邏輯』怎樣用邏輯鏈圖層和思維導圖深度精讀邏輯題?
Cast the doubt題
According to the TristateTransportation Authority, making certain improvements to the main commuter railline would increase ridership dramatically. The authority plans to finance these improvements over the course of five years by raising automobile tolls on the two highway bridges along the route the rail lineserves. Although the proposed improvements are indeed needed, the authoritys plan for securing the necessary funds should be rejected because it would unfairly force drivers to absorb the entire cost of something from which they receive no benefit.
Which of the following, if true, would cast the most doubt on the effectiveness of the authoritys plan to finance the proposed improvements by increasing bridge tolls?
A. Before the authority increases tolls on any of the area bridges, it is required by law to hold public hearings at which objections to the proposed increase can be raised.
B. Whenever bridge tolls are increased, the authority must pay a private contractor to adjust the automated toll-collecting machines.
C. Between the time a proposed toll increase is announced and the time the increase is actually put into effect, many commuters buy more tokens than usual to postpone the effects of the increase.
D. When tolls were last increased on the two bridges in question, almost 20 percent of the regular commuter switched to a slightly longer alternative route that has since been improved.
E. The chairman of the authority is a member of the Tristate Automobile Club that has registered strong opposition to the proposed toll increase.
問題是cast the doubt題,邏輯上的置疑本質上是對前提,結論或前提與結論間的有效信息點之間的聯繫所產生的邏輯結果或可能性的置疑。
置疑(cast the doubt)的邏輯本質
(1)用問題中的信息點回原文確定是對條件,對結論或是兩者結合的置疑
(2)置疑與削弱或否定有區別,置疑是對其他條件的可能性的一種邏輯考量
(3)置疑題與削弱題一樣,都需要建立選項—問題—原文的三維有效信息點連接
(4)置疑題的選項中可以有新信息加入,但是新信息必須先有與原文重疊,再有置疑
根據問題中的信息:對當局計劃通過在鐵路線提高車輛通行費進行改進的有效性提出置疑,這個問題的回溯點是在原文的前提條件中的。
邏輯思路:原文的前提條件的邏輯走向是一致性方向,所以正確選項的思路必須符合邏輯鏈條中的有效信息點。
當局計劃通過在鐵路線兩條公路橋上提高車輛通行費→為改進提供費用
選項中的信息點必須要對這個前提條件中的核心信息:對費用問題產生置疑。
A選項在當局對任何一個區域的橋樑提高通行費之前,依照法律去舉行反對既定增收費用的聽證會是必須的;這個選項用了一個絕對的既定條件引導詞it is required,但是這個絕對條件是個與原文不相關的第三方條件,沒有直接的關係和牽引力,並不能對為改進主要鐵路線提供費用產生置疑。
B選項每當橋樑費用增加時,當局必須為私有合同付費,以適應自動的費用代收機器;無關選項,與機器無關。
C選項在提議的增收費用宣布和增收真正生效的時間之間,許多通勤者比平時買了更多代幣去推遲增收效果;原文前提條件的置疑與買不買代幣無關,無效信息選項。
D選項當兩條公路橋最近一次收費增加在討論中時,幾乎定期的通勤者中的20%轉到了自改進以來,略微更長一些的另外一條線路;
正確選項詳細邏輯思維推理圖
E選項當局的主席是TAC成員,對提議的增加收費提出強烈反對;收費與主席反對沒有關係與必要聯繫。
這道題應選D選項。
【單詞片語用法】
tristate adj. 相鄰三州的;三州間地區的
commuter rail line 市郊鐵路線
ridership n. 公共交通工具乘客人數
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