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為什麼頓巴斯戰爭,2014年8月之前,烏克蘭政府軍隊戰無不勝,8月以後,烏克蘭政府軍隊戰無不敗?


因為頓巴斯有來自全世界的國際主義戰士,比如來自南德州的前美軍老兵Russell Bentley (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSTm8rM5DuE)。他們保衛的是反抗西烏克蘭和基輔傀儡政府的人民,他們並不是以烏克蘭軍隊為主要敵人,法西斯僱傭軍才是。頓巴斯也得到了來自世界許多國家的覺醒的普通人的支持,從物質到精神。正如老牛仔Russell說的,頓巴斯的民兵和來自世界各地的志願者所保衛的並不僅僅是頓巴斯,所反抗的也絕不僅僅是烏克蘭傀儡政府的傭兵和法西斯組織,他們更希望的是通過頓巴斯的堅守而不成為下一個阿富汗,利比亞,敘利亞,伊拉克,南斯拉夫,來告訴世界,誰才是邪惡的勢力,誰才是這個世界所有愛好和平和熱愛生活的最大敵人。

頓巴斯的國際志願兵來源其實很複雜。有的是沖著信仰去的,比如共產主義者,有的是不帶共產信仰的國際主義者,有的是僱傭軍,有的是俄聯邦退伍軍人,有的是俄粉(我也是俄粉, 但我也就鍵盤BB學學俄語罷了。。從來沒有真的去做點實實在在的,不管是為了巴勒斯坦被佔領土的人。。還是頓巴斯。。盧干斯克。。一個嘴炮而已)。頓巴斯脫離烏克蘭已經成為無法逆轉的事實。只是未來走向未定,或許一個親俄的獨立國家,或者成為俄國新州,或者成為共和國加入俄聯邦。頓巴斯武裝力量發展很快,一開始新聞還說他們是民兵游擊隊。現在已經統一整編為DPM(Donbass Peoples Militia)。昨天看一個前天拍的他們的訓練視頻,這分明就是俄軍的退伍軍人和國際縱隊的聯軍。。從兩棲步戰車,主戰坦克,兩棲坦克,直升機,專業工兵和架橋的那個什麼車。。都有。。這些國際縱隊多數都有過服役經歷,有的有過多處戰鬥經歷。這個德州老頭在1960年生,美軍服役三年,兩年駐紮西德一年駐紮路易斯安那,服役期沒打過仗,倒是退役了去墨西哥參加對毒梟私人軍隊的作戰。。他加入的軍事單位是講西語為主的國際志願兵組織。有的來自墨西哥,有的來自南美反政府游擊隊。這些人作戰意志非常強,經常以少敵眾。二十五對兩百這種。。但烏克蘭軍基層士兵壓根就不想打,一是不想殘殺兄弟,二是待遇實在太差而軍官貪腐嚴重。真的有戰鬥意圖的是西烏克蘭的法西斯游擊隊和民兵。但戰鬥素質和總體作戰意志遠遜DPM。當然現在如果拋開烏克蘭軍手裡的蘇聯遺產的話,法西斯游擊隊,僱傭軍,民兵的裝備水平已經不如俄軍加持的DPM了。

關於Russell Bentley,他本來在德州墨西哥邊境做樹木醫生,九十年代也賣大麻但是被人出賣蹲了五年。是一個共產主義者。國際共運聖地,除了中國,他都拜訪過。他說他在頓巴斯戰事結束後的夢想是開個墨西哥餐廳,再娶個當地女人。然後定居於此。

像他的人很多, 比如還有一個英國志願兵,叫Ben Stimson (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ev6WyrDri04),在頓巴斯打了差不多一年。回曼城就被捕了,罪名是恐怖主義xx罪。。。。不過今年又放出來了,被剝奪探視親人權力,不得擁有住房,等各種限令。在最近的採訪中他準備重返頓巴斯,或者俄國,入籍,定居。

當然最多的就是俄國志願兵。。還有一些從附近城市比如頓涅茨克,盧干斯克,阿爾切夫斯克等等過來幫忙的退役女兵。https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9sfz_OfWQ8s 這些女兵。和男人一樣在前線作戰的女兵。當然也有槍玩不轉的就來做飯,或者戰場救護。有的人是拋下了孩子和家庭趕過去,有的是追隨丈夫,也有的是追隨全家。其中有個特好看的女兵。。她說她爸被炸傷了。。她實在不能在電視和電腦前再忍下去,就來了。。就像1998年俄羅斯反映車臣戰爭慘烈的一部電影《煉獄》里的兩個立陶宛女狙擊手,那倆女僱傭兵原來是立陶宛女子射擊隊的。。。為了支援車臣獨立,也為了掙錢,就去了。。

他們這些人,拋開年齡,性別,語言,國籍,經濟能力,家庭背景,教育程度,關於他們的決定和所做的事情,有一些在認知上共同點:

1. 反法西斯。這是針對西烏克蘭的法西斯分子和縱容法西斯的烏克蘭政客而言的,並不針對平民。其中不少人在戰線兩邊都有自己的朋友,甚至親人。

2. 反美帝(就像這位來自莫斯科的普通大叔,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8BdYYmtxC5A)。很簡單,不希望CIA再一次得逞。

3. 反對濫殺無辜。婦女兒童老人及其他非武裝平民。

4. 認同共產主義,這個並不是全部,但很多人在衣服上,或者帽子上,別著鐮刀鎚子的徽章。前面那位德州老爹乾脆就到哪都穿前蘇聯軍靴,抽25年前製造的標著蘇聯製造的煙,不知道從哪弄的。。

5. 熱愛俄羅斯。具體而言,有的國際縱隊熱愛的其實是追求共產主義的那個時代,如果說他們是從過去穿越而來的也不算很誇張。當然對於很多俄羅斯志願兵而言,他們都不希望戰火燒到俄羅斯境內。拿破崙入侵,一戰協約國武裝干涉,二戰德國入侵,所有這些歷史的記憶融入了文學,音樂,舞蹈,戲劇,而所有這些都融入了俄羅斯人的血液,怎麼會忘記?

這些來自各地的志願兵聚集在一起,的確是國際縱隊。但和西班牙內戰不一樣的是,這一次的國際縱隊必將迎來勝利。因為就在俄羅斯家門口,就在普京的眼皮底下。他們說面對的傀儡政府並不如佛朗哥將軍那樣的強力,並且烏克蘭軍隊也士氣低落。而烏克蘭政府背後的老闆,美國和北約,儘管也在提供贊助,支援,但效果甚微。。除了會讓烏克蘭越來越小。。並沒有什麼顯著的變化。假如明年川普上台,基本也就意味著頓巴斯可以決定是否正式獨立建國或併入俄國。不過從俄國可能會遭到更大的制裁的角度看, 一個親善的獨立頓巴斯,顯然是更折衷的選擇。90年代末,美國和北約肢解了南聯盟,現在俄羅斯如法炮製。很好。

從政治的角度看,美俄角力下的代理人戰爭自不必說。但對於普通的個人而言,他們做出的是自己的選擇,為了自己相信的,熱愛的。有的人,比如youtube的評論區里,說他們是政治的工具,像烏克蘭傀儡政府和法西斯民兵一樣是被牽線的木偶。我覺得並不是這樣,那些志願兵在決定做下之前通常都有自己的平靜生活,有的人有好的工作,有的人收入不錯,有的人還有可愛的小孩,和普通人一樣,熱愛生活。正是這些看起來不起眼的平凡生活,在戰爭出現的時候,才顯得格外的珍貴,所以他們想要去做點什麼,不要讓巴爾幹,北非,中東有過的悲劇重演在自己身邊。而這樣想並付諸行動的人多了,也就形成了書寫歷史的力量。

關於頓巴斯的武裝力量,派系太多了。詳細請參考:Separatist forces of the war in Donbass

關於頓巴斯,是東烏克蘭發生戰爭的區域的總稱,包含Donetsk Peoples Republic (DPR) 和 Luhansk Peoples Republic (LPR) 兩個宣布自治實質獨立的共和國,這兩個共和國各有自己的來源眾多的武裝力量,而這兩個共和國,因為都在歷史上的新俄羅斯,而彼此合作關係密切,命運緊密相連,又以邦聯的形式,組成了新俄羅斯邦聯,也就是Novorossiya. 新俄羅斯在歷史上首現於1774年俄土戰爭後的俄國獲得的新領土。具體請看Novorossiya (confederation)。

2014年底這兩國一度同意將新俄羅斯命名為Union of Peoples Republics,人民共和合眾國,但後來過了1年,在去年五月徹底放棄了這個合眾國計劃和名稱,畢竟還是不要給普京大帝添堵了。。。

頓巴斯戰場上的戰鬥單位:

File:Flag of the Vostok Battalion (Donetsk Peoples Republic).svg

Flag of the Vostok Battalion

File:Flag of the Sparta Battalion.svg

Flag of the Sparta Battalion

File:Somalia Battalion flag.png

Flag of the Somalia Battalion

來自頓涅斯科人民共和國的武裝力量:

Donbass Peoples Militia (Russian: Народное ополчение Донбасса)

  • North Battalion (Russian: Батальон ?Север?) (unofficial)
  • 1st Sloviansk Brigade (Russian: 1-й Славянская бригада) – Brigade that was formerly commanded by Igor Strelkov.
  • Patriotic Forces of Donbass (Russian: Патриотические силы Донбасса)
    • Vostok Brigade (Russian: Бригада ?Восток?, meaning "East Brigade") – Special forces brigade that was founded and led by Alexander Khodakovsky. It has foreign volunteers including Russians and North Ossetians.

      Began as a battalion, and as of June 2014 had about 500 men according to Khodakovsky.

      It later increased to a brigade.
      • Svarog Battalion – The battalion was formed by members of the Rodnovery (Slavic native faith) movement, at its peak 1,200 fighters, which is now part of the Vostok Brigade.
  • Oplot Brigade (Russian: Батальон ?Оплот?, meaning "Bulwark Battalion") – Commanded by Alexander Zakharchenko.. Originally a battalion, it expanded to a brigade by May 2015.
  • Russian Orthodox Army (Russian: Русская православная армия) – A senior commander of the unit is Alexander Verin. One of the armed groups, which control Donetsk, formed mostly by locals from coal mine towns. It reportedly had 100 members at the time of its founding. According to Ukrainian sources, in June 2014 has at least 350 fighters. According to independent sources as fighting between separatists and the Ukrainian government worsened in Donbass, membership rose to 4,000.
  • Miners Division (Russian: Шахтёрская дивизия) – Founded shortly after the rebel withdrawal from Sloviansk and Kramatorsk. It is commanded by Konstantin Kuzmin. Fighters typically range from ages 22–60. Composed of former coal miners. (礦工隊.....)
    • Kalmius Brigade (Russian: Бригада ?Кальмиус?) – Special forces brigade commanded by Sergei Petrovskiy.
  • Consolidated Orthodox Battalion "Voshod" or Voshod Battalion (Russian: Батальон ?Восход?, meaning "Sunrise Battalion") – Formed in June 2014, it had 300 fighters.
  • Steppe Battalion (Russian: Батальон ?Степь?)
  • DPR Security Service Battalion (Russian: Батальон службы безопасности Донецкой народной республики) – Security Service of the Donetsk Peoples Republic.
  • Sparta Battalion (Russian: Батальон ?Спарта?) – Special forces battalion led by Arseny Pavlov, known by the call sign Motorola. Includes Russians, fighters typically have helmets and modern personal equipment.
  • 1st Separate Battalion-Tactical Group "Somalia" or Somalia Battalion (Russian: Батальон ?Сомали?) – Tactical group led by Lieutenant colonel Mikhail Tolstykh, known by the call sign Givi. 關於Givi, 有一個9月初他接受採訪的視頻:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNVe4rMrjoU 這位Givi祖籍喬治亞,頓涅斯科人,戰前曾在烏克蘭軍服役,現同其他獨立軍力量領袖一樣,被列在歐洲理事會的制裁名單中。
  • DPR Republican Guard (Russian: Республиканская гвардия ДНР) – Elite unit created by Alexander Zakharchenko on January 12, 2015. Commanded by Major-general Ivan Kondratov, and is composed of six battalions that totals more than 3,000 fighters.
    • International Brigade "Pyatnashka" or Pyatnashka Brigade (Russian: Бригада ?Пятнашка?, meaning "15th Brigade") – International brigade commanded by Akhra Avidzba, known by the call signAbkhaz. DPR positions in Marinka are held by this unit.
  • Diesel Battalion (Russian: Батальон ?Дизель?) – Separate tank battalion formed in 2015 that is equipped with Russian equipment, including T-72B1s.
  • Mariupol-Khingan Naval Infantry (Russian: Мариупольско-Хинганский морская пехота) - Formed in 2016. The name is based on the World War 2 Soviet 221st Infantry Mariupol-Khingan Red Banner Order of Suvorov Division.

Independent DPR forces[edit]

  • International Battalions – Includes Russian, Chechen, Greek, Ossetian, Polish, Hungarian, Serbian, Latvian, Belarusian, Uzbek, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Armenian and other volunteers.
    • Orthodox Dawn (Bulgarian: Православна Зора) – Bulgarian volunteer group.
    • Legion of Saint Stephen (Russian: Легион Святого Иштвана) – Hungarian subgroup of international battalions.

      The group espouses a Hungarian nationalist platform, demanding self-determination for the Hungarian minority inZakarpattia Oblast,

      and has been accused of being close to the far-right Jobbik party in Hungary.
    • Jovan ?evi? Detachment (Serbian: одред ??ован Шеви??) – Serbian Chetnik-led group commanded by Bratislav ?ivkovi?, has 250 fighters.

      In October 2014 the fighters returned to Serbia.
    • Death Battalion (Russian: Батальон ?Смерть?) – Chechen volunteer group.
  • Varyag Battalion (Russian: Батальон ?Варяг?), meaning "Varangian Battalion") – Volunteer battalion commanded by Alexander Matyushin.
  • RNU Volunteer Units – Includes volunteers from Russian National Unity and other Neo-nazi organizations.

Luhansk Peoples Republic[edit]

LPR Peoples Militia (Russian: Народная милиция ЛНР). Formerly known as Army of the South-East (Russian: Армия Юго-Востока) until late 2014.

  • Zarya Battalion (Russian: Батальон ?Заря?, meaning "Dawn Battalion") – Commanded by Andrei Patrushev. Includes Russian volunteers – national-bolsheviks,

    members of The Other Russia.
  • Leshiy Battalion (Russian: Батальон ?Леший?, meaning "Forest-spirit Battalion") – Special forces battalion commanded by Aleksey Pavlov.
  • 1st Separate Mechanized Brigade "August" or August Battalion – The only tank battalion in the LPR Peoples Militia.

Independent LPR forces[edit]

File:Flag of the Ghost Brigade.svg

Flag of the Prizrak Brigade

  • Great Host of Don Cossacks (Russian: Всевеликое войско Донское) – An international organisation that recruits volunteers from Ukraine and Russia.
    • Cossack National Guard (Russian: Казачья Национальная гвардия) – Don Cossack volunteer group commanded by Rashid Shakirzanov. The group has over 4,000 fighters and have access to armor and artillery. From May to November 2014, the group was commanded by Ataman Nikolai Kozitsyn. Kozitsyn was forcibly removed from power in November 2014 and replaced by Shakirzanov. The groups headquarters is in Antratsyt, and their rule expands to Krasnyi Luch. Initially, this group was identified as Russian Special Forces by the U.S. State Department following the takeover of the Sloviansk city council.

      In November 2014, the group instated capital punishment in Perevalsk to deter crime.

      Kozitsyn stated that there is no more marauding, burglaries or car-jacking in the city.

      They refused to join the LPRs military command but insist on cooperating with them, remaining autonomous and controlling territory.
  • First Cossack Regiment (Russian: Первый казачий полк) – Don Cossack volunteer group commanded by Ataman Pavel Dryomov. The group has around 1,300 fighters, and the headquarters is in Stakhanov. Originally part of Kozitsyns Cossack National Guard until it split in September 2014. Dryomov denounced the LPRs leadership as being corrupt and "pro-oligarchic". Dryomov was killed on 12 December 2015 when his car was blown up by an unknown perpetrator the day after his wedding.
  • Mechanized Brigade "Prizrak" or Prizrak Brigade (Russian: Бригада ?Призрак?, meaning "Ghost Brigade") – Mechanized infantry brigade that is commanded by Yuri Shevchenko. It was formed and led by Aleksey Mozgovoy until his assassination on 23 May 2015. The group keeps its distance from the LPR authorities and is based in Alchevsk and the surrounding district.
    • Continental Unit (French: Unité Continentale) – French, Serbian and Brazilian volunteer group.
    • Unit #404 – International communist volunteer group commanded by Piotr Biriukov.

已經解散了的部隊:

File:Flag of the Rapid Response Group "Batman".svg

Flag of the Rapid Response Group "Batman"

  • United Battalions of the DPR and LPR.
    • North Battalion
    • Prizrak Battalion
  • Rapid Response Group "Batman" or Batman Battalion (Russian: Группа быстрого реагирования ?Бэтмен?) – Commanded by Alexander Bednov until he was killed in an attack on his convoy on 1 January 2015.

    Members of the group said that the attack was ordered by head of the Luhansk Peoples Republic Igor Plotnitsky.

    Following this attack, the LPR arrested some of Bednovs men, and dissolved the battalion.

    Some of its personnel were dispersed into other LPR units, while DPR field commanders Givi and Motorola invited former members to join their battalions.
    • Rusich Company (Russian: ДШРГ ?Русич?) – Special forces-type company commanded by Aleksey Milchakov. Made up of far-right Russian volunteers. On July 10, 2015, Milchakov announced that the Rusich Company would be withdrawing from Donbass for retraining and refitting.

非戰鬥單位:

  • Novorossiya Humanitarian Battalion (Russian: Гуманитарный батальон ?Новороссия?) – non-combat unit involved in protecting the delivery of humanitarian aid.

以上這些戰鬥單位均來自Separatist forces of the war in Donbass。因為實在太多了。。英文又基本都看得懂懶得翻。。說實話查完這一頁這一章關於武裝力量的明細後也是很驚訝,驚訝之後,心裡只有對於他們的兩個字評價:

必勝。

另一個很重要的勝利因素在於,新俄羅斯人,如同世界其他地方的反抗軍,當然也包括ISIS這樣的恐怖力量,很懂得使用互聯網,社交媒體,傳播自己的聲音,贏得同情和支援。上面列出的Novorossiya Humanitarian Battalion只是幫助新俄羅斯邦聯獲得人道主義救援物資的一個組成部分,在戰事發生後,很多來自其他國家,獨聯體國家,拉丁美洲,美國南部特別是德州,英國,西歐等地區的捐贈,援助也幫助到了新俄羅斯邦聯。儘管國際媒體總體上還是把控在美國西歐手裡,但那些對美國政府,資本主義社會下的財團政客媒體合作有了深刻了解的人明白互聯網的重要性。

youtube一段攝錄於7月的前線戰鬥視頻:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zp2-XtGujUI sh

一個從2014年底開始幫忙從戰場上運回犧牲者遺體至墓地的母親。她的兩個兒子都參加了防止法西斯民兵侵入的民兵組織。小兒子8月20號也犧牲了。她依然在做著和過去一年多一樣的事情:運送犧牲者至墓地(類似烈士陵園)。她說,這塊土地上的人,二戰的時候抗擊過德國人,烏克蘭法西斯,2014年開始,再一次地成為戰場,抗擊烏克蘭法西斯。沒有任何人能讓頓巴斯屈服,過去沒有,未來也不會有。她說她特別特別渴望和平,因為那些愛國者的存在和犧牲,和平一定會到來。

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fE0bDX3bsds

Whats Going on in Donbass? 順便吐槽下,這個視頻的上傳和製作者,是一個叫From Russia with Love的獨立媒體。然而這個媒體坐標基輔。但坦白說,我看不出獨立在哪。。提問者幾乎要炸了。。雖然她倒是在視頻最後為她的過於情緒化而道歉。。

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-wlHAN_nyM

先是柴可夫斯基紀念1812年抗擊拿破崙勝利的1812 Overture, 然後是1912年的Farewell of Slavianka,再到今天的頓巴斯保衛戰,橫跨兩百年,一直都在講同一件事:

Russia Will Never Surrender,當然這是2年前赫魯曉夫之子謝爾蓋·赫魯曉夫在提及克里米亞的未來時說的。正是他爹在1954年出於物流及政治經濟原因把克里米亞在行政區划上劃歸了同在蘇聯旗下的烏克蘭。(Khrushchevs Son: Russia Will Never Surrender)

(當然,如果你每個視頻都看了的話,會發現,其實我上面說的都是一面之詞。立場早已預設了。)


首先,蘇聯解體後,烏克蘭歷任政府施政無方,經濟凋敝,根本沒有錢發展軍事,很多大殺器被這群敗家子賣掉或者拆解。烏克蘭軍隊在獨立後長期處於無法正常運轉的狀態。

去年烏克蘭反對派在西方的蠱惑下推翻了合法的民選總統亞努科維奇,其後上位的代理偽總統圖爾奇諾夫以及現任偽總統波羅申科雖然挑起了內戰並用軍隊鎮壓東部居民,但是早已衰敗的烏克蘭偽軍戰鬥力不可能在短期內得到提升,因為臨時強征的軍人缺乏訓練,武器缺少維護補給,軍官缺乏現代的戰爭觀念,同時大量的軍人上場後就逃跑或者歸順東部民間武裝,最重要的是烏克蘭偽政府挑起的本來就是毫無正義的內戰,壓根不得民心,這些都讓烏克蘭偽軍成為渣渣,根本無法對抗東部的民間武裝。

烏克蘭偽軍從未「戰無不勝」,不論是去年8月前還是8月後。說實話去年8月前他們幾乎是節節敗退,8月後還贏了一些,因為西方的軍援。其實目前參與鎮壓東部民間武裝的主要是受偽政府資助的私人武裝(即各種新納粹組織)以及西方的僱傭兵。烏克蘭偽軍中的年輕人大多對戰爭沒有興趣,更不願意屠殺東部的同胞。


再一次說明,戰爭真的不是全靠裝備壓制,尤其是沒有代差的時候。訓練,組織力,士氣,民心,都很重要


從來沒有戰無不勝,8月前還沒有反抗軍。現在積蓄實力等俄羅斯和美國把事情談妥就反攻基輔。


共產主義的戰士是不怕死的。


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