TE||Walmart fights back

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河馬鮮生

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Walmart fights back

沃爾瑪強勢回歸

本文英文部分選自經濟學人Business版塊

Walmart fights back

沃爾瑪強勢回歸

The beast of Bentonville battles Amazon, the king of the e-commerce jungle

本頓維爾(沃爾瑪總部所在地)的巨獸來襲,挑戰電商叢林里的王者-亞馬遜

A boa constrictor swallowing capitalism. A cyclone dragging the economy into its vortex. If you look back at how people described Walmart a decade ago, it is eerily similar to how Amazon is viewed now. The supermarket chain has 「a scale of economic power we haven』t encountered before」, warned 「The Walmart Effect」, a best-selling book in 2006. But capitalism never stands still. The world』s largest company by sales is now the perceived underdog in an escalating grocery war with Amazon to fill 320m American bellies. The struggle will probably end in a messy stalemate. That will mean mediocre returns for investors—and happy days for consumers.

有一條蟒蛇正在吞噬資本主義。一股颶風正把美國經濟推上風口浪尖。如果回顧下十年前人們對沃爾瑪的評論,你會發現與人們現在對亞馬遜的評價出奇的相似。2006出版的一本暢銷書便提醒人們警惕「沃爾瑪效應」,認為這個連鎖超市有一股我們從未遇到的經濟實力。但是資本主義市場從未停滯不前。如今,這家全球銷售額最大的公司為了爭奪美國本土的有3.2億消費者市場,與亞馬遜陷入了一場不斷升級的食品大戰中,並被認為處於下風。這場爭奪戰可能以混亂的局面收尾。這就意味著投資者的回報平平,而對消費者來說卻是值得慶祝的日子(有競爭就有低價)。

Just when Walmart』s aura was at its most intimidating, in 2006, stagnation beckoned. Its reputation for bullying its suppliers and staff became toxic. Over the next decade it hit saturation point. About 95% of Americans shop at Walmart at least once a year. It has three square feet of shop space for every adult in the country and has sunk $83bn into a fixed-asset base that is the fourth-largest owned by any American firm. Investors have worried for years that this empire of aisles and tills run from Bentonville, Arkansas, would become obsolete—what did Walmart』s executives, schooled in the arts of beating up baked-beans suppliers, know about the slick world of e-commerce being dreamed up in Silicon Valley and Seattle?

2006年,正值沃爾瑪勢不可擋的時期,麻煩隨之而來。欺凌供應商和員工的消息讓沃爾瑪臭名遠揚。在接下去的十年里,沃爾瑪銷售達到飽和。約有95%的美國人,每年至少去沃爾瑪購物一次。沃爾瑪為全國的每個人提供3平方英尺的購物空間,其固定資產高達830億美元,在美國各大公司中排位第4。多年來,投資者們一直擔心這個發家於阿肯色州本頓維爾,布滿了通道和收銀機的帝國會過氣。而沃爾瑪高層們除了知道如何壓榨烘豆供應商以外,對初創於矽谷和西雅圖的電商能懂個啥?

More than you might think. This year Walmart』s shares have risen by40% on hopes that it has more than a fighting chance. It is clear that selling groceries online is very different from selling books. In food, penetration of e-commerce is low, at 2%, compared with 9% for all retail. Food is perishable. People will not Stuffit in their mouths unless they trust its provenance. They also want flexibility—to buy food in a store, to order online and pick it up themselves, or to have it delivered to their homes. So some physical infrastructure is helpful. 「I wouldn』t want another set of assets,」 Doug McMillon, Walmart』s boss, told the Economic Club of New York in November.

他們懂的可能比你想像的多一些。今年沃爾瑪股價上漲了40%,因為它希望得到不止一次的反擊機會。顯然,在網上銷售百貨和線上售書有很大不同。食品在電商業務中佔據的份額很低,只有2%,但在全部零售業務中卻擁有9%的份額。食品很容易腐敗,如果人們不了解食品出處,就不會塞進嘴裡。而且,人們希望購買方式多一點靈活性,既可以直接去門店採購食品,也可以在網上下單,選擇門店自提或送貨上門。所以一些實體店會很有幫助。沃爾瑪的老闆董明倫(Doug McMillon)11月曾向紐約經濟俱樂部表示:「我並不想另外的資產集(實體店)。」

He has run Walmart』s businesses in Europe and Asia, where ecommerce for groceries is more developed. In 2016 Walmart spent $3bn buying Jet.com, an e-commerce firm whose boss,Marc Lore , now runs all Walmart』s online operations. Walmart has launched internet-based services such as 「Easy reorder」 and 「Pickup discount」 and formed a partnership with Latch, which lets its users open and lock their front doors remotely. On September 29th it acquired Parcel, a logistics startup. On December 6th it changed its legal name from Walmart Stores, to just Walmart.

沃爾瑪在歐洲和亞洲的業務都由他管理,百貨的線上銷售在這兩個大洲更為發達。2016年,沃爾瑪斥資30億美元收購電商公司Jet.com,現在它的老闆馬克·勞爾(Marc Lore)負責運營沃爾瑪所有的線上業務。沃爾瑪發布了基於互聯網的服務項目,比如「(便捷重購)Easy reorder」和「(自提折扣)Pickup discount」,並與Latch公司合作,以便用戶可以遠程開關自家的前門。9月29日,沃爾瑪收購了一家物流創業公司Parcel,並於12月6日把法定名稱沃爾瑪百貨(Walmart Stores)改為沃爾瑪(Walmart)。

1.Easy reorder(便捷重購):該服務將消費者線上線下的購買記錄整合,列出消費者最常購買的商品,包括商品的品牌和尺寸,讓消費者在電腦或沃爾瑪App再次訂購時更方便。顧客登錄沃爾瑪網站時,Easy Reorder會自動列出購買記錄及可供購買的商品。

2.Pickup discount(自提折扣):沃爾瑪為了鼓勵用戶線上下單線下取,凡線上下單後選擇門店自提的用戶,都會獲得相應折扣。

There are three reasons to be optimistic. First, Walmart』s performance has improved. In the most recent quarter, same-store sales rose by 2.7% year on year, and store traffic by 1.5%. Food sales increased at their fastest pace in six years. Sales from e-commerce represent only about 2% of the total but are rising at an annual rate of 50% (customers who shop online and in stores typically spend twice as much as those who only go to stores). Walmart has the second-most-downloaded retail app, after Amazon』s.

有三個樂觀的理由。第一,沃爾瑪的業績得到了提升。最近一個季度,同店銷售額同比增長2.7%,客流量增長1.5%。食品銷售以六年來最快的速度增長。電子商務的銷售額僅佔總數的2%,但每年的增長率為50%(既在網上購物又在商店裡購物的顧客通常花費的金額是那些只去商店購物的人的兩倍)。沃爾瑪的零售應用APP下載排名第二,僅次於亞馬遜。

Second, Amazon』s behaviour is a backhanded compliment. In June it spent $14bn on Whole Foods, a mid-sized grocery chain, The deal brings Amazon more physical locations to sell, sort and dispatch goods. It also gives it trusted private-label brands, of the kind Walmart already has. If you type 「spinach」 into Amazon.com, bags of Whole Foods branded greenery appear.

第二,亞馬遜的行為是一種間接的恭維。今年6月,該公司斥資140億美元收購了一家中等規模的雜貨連鎖店全食超市(Whole Foods),該交易給亞馬遜帶來了更多的實體店來銷售、分類和發貨。這也給了亞馬遜值得信賴的自有品牌,就像沃爾瑪已經擁有的那用。如果你在亞馬遜網站上輸入「菠菜」,就會出現很多全食品牌的綠植。

如何評價亞馬遜以137億美元的價格收購全食超市

zhihu.com/question/6118

Lastly, the example of China points to a fusion of the online and physical worlds. In some ways the country is more advanced than America; e-commerce comprises 9% of grocery sales, according to Alliance Bernstein, a research ?rm. On November 20th Alibaba, an e-commerce giant, bought 36% of Sun Art Retail, a hypermarket retailer. Four of the six biggest Chinese supermarket chains have partnerships with e-commerce platforms. (Walmart, which has424 stores in China, has teamed up with JD.com.)

最後,中國的例子指出了線上和線下世界的融合。在某些方面,中國比美國更先進;根據研究公司安聯伯恩斯坦(Alliance Bernstein)的數據,電子商務占食品雜貨銷售額的9%。11月20日,電子商務巨頭阿里巴巴收購了超市零售商高鑫零售36%的股份。中國最大的六家連鎖超市中,已經有四家與電子商務平台建立了合作關係。(沃爾瑪在中國有424家門店,也已經與京東開展合作。)

如何評價阿里巴巴 224億港元入股高鑫零售?

zhihu.com/question/6837

The duel between Walmart and Amazon could go in two directions. It might escalate into a war across America, for both companies hate losing. Or each firm might conquer different geographical areas and demographic groups. Amazon could seize well-to-do cities, where population density is high and home delivery is more efficient. Walmart could continue to rule suburbia.

沃爾瑪和亞馬遜的競爭可能導致兩種結果。第一,這可能會升級為一場橫跨美國的戰爭,因為兩家公司都不願意輸掉這場戰爭。第二,二者各自征服不同的地區和消費人群。亞馬遜能「征服」相對富裕的城市,因為這些城市人口密度大而且快遞服務效率更高;而沃爾瑪能繼續「一統」城郊地區。

Either way, margins will probably be squeezed as Amazon throws money at the fight with its customary abandon. Mr McMillon knows this. 「One of the challenges at Walmart is that we don』t have free money—we are expected to make a profit,」 he says. The danger is that it overestimates how much physical presence it needs. If it went back to its position in 2006, it could cut its domestic asset base by34% and still have 90% of Americans within 15 miles of a store. For every dollar of sales, it has twice as many square feet of sales and distribution space as Amazon』s retail operation (including Whole Foods). If Mr McMillon is brave he will sell store sand return capital to investors. Walmart needs to make its balance-sheet leaner.

無論哪一種結果,利潤空間很可能都將縮減,因為亞馬遜在其傳統真空區(即線下實體店)投入更多資金。沃爾瑪的CEO董明倫先生也這樣認為,他說:「沃爾瑪的挑戰之一是我們沒有富餘資金-市場期待我們可以創造更高利潤」。沃爾瑪的風險是高估了它自身所需要的實體店數量。假如回到其2006年的市佔率,沃爾瑪可以將其國內資產減少34%卻同時能保持90%的美國購物者在其住所附近不到15英里處(約合24千米)找到沃爾瑪連鎖店。對比亞馬遜的零售業務(包括全食超市-亞馬遜收購的實體超市),沃爾瑪每銷售一美金貨物需要2倍於亞馬遜的實體店面積(平方英尺)和配送空間(平方英尺)。假如董明倫足夠勇敢,他可以出售一些實體超商,同時回饋投資者。沃爾瑪需要為其資產負債表瘦身。

What』s in store for Amazon

前方等待著亞馬遜的是什麼?

Walmart is probably the most formidable adversary Amazon has ever faced. Disrupting the music, book and media industries, each known for their Corinthian spirit and long lunches, was child』s play compared with taking on Walmart, with its fanatical commitment to low prices.

沃爾瑪可能是亞馬遜有史以來最強大的對手。擾亂音樂、圖書和媒體行業,每個行業都以科林斯式的精神和漫長的午餐時間而聞名,但與沃爾瑪瘋狂的低價承諾相比,這些都是小兒科。

Walmart』s history is also a warning. If you examine the two companies』 financials, Amazon today looks almost identical to Walmart in 1999. It has annual salesof$160bn or so, low margins, fast growth, a ballooning asset base and massive capital investment. The firm』s managers are on a high and investors have dizzying expectations for the future. But for the ten years after 1999, Walmart』s share price was as flat as a pancake, because all the good news was already baked in. The actual business of world domination turned out to be a long, hard slog.

沃爾瑪的歷史也是一個警告。如果你仔細研究兩家公司的財務狀況,亞馬遜現在看起來幾乎和1999年的沃爾瑪是完全一樣。它的年銷售額達到1600億美元左右,利潤率低,增長迅速,資產規模膨脹,獲得大量的資本青睞。該公司的經理們沉浸於成功的歡樂感,投資者對未來的期望很高。但在1999年之後的10年里,沃爾瑪的股價就像煎餅一樣平,因為所有的好消息都已經出爐了。事實證明,做支配世界的生意本身就是一個漫長而艱難的過程。

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觀點 |評論|思考

文章主要還是將沃爾瑪和亞馬遜做了對比,文章認為沃爾瑪可能是亞馬遜有史以來最強大的對手,主要是因為沃爾瑪的低價承諾。在六月份經濟學人的一篇文中:

economist.com/news/busi

當時亞馬遜宣布收購全食,文章對於沃爾瑪(2016年考慮收購全食)和亞馬遜收購的利弊分析了下,在最後一段寫到

For Walmart, and many other rivals, the best scenario would be if regulators were to slow Amazon』s expansion. The company accounts for about half of new spending online in America. It has reached into many parts of the economy, from retail to cloud computing and from entertainment to advertising. Yet intervention is improbable. The Whole Foods deal gives Amazon less than one-fiftieth of the grocery market. Walmart, were it to make Whole Foods a higher offer, by contrast, would be very likely to attract regulators』 wrath. In such circumstances, Walmart could be forgiven a severe attack of sour grapes.

大概意思就是作者認為減緩亞馬遜擴張最好的方法是監管層面的反壟斷監管,因為亞馬遜已經佔據了美國人網上消費的一半市場,而且滲透到了生活的方方面面,從零售到雲計算,從娛樂到廣告業務等等,但是干預貌似不大可能。全食的交易額只佔亞馬遜的零售市場份額的五十分之一不到。相反,如果沃爾瑪提高全食收購價格,那很可能會吸引監管者的憤怒。在這種情況下,沃爾瑪只能眼睜睜的將全食拱手相讓的酸葡萄心理就可以理解了。

當然沃爾瑪和亞馬遜的布局都是現在最火的概念之一:新零售,即線上加線下。國內阿里和騰訊也是一直動作不斷。具體看下圖(圖中少了一項最新的阿里巴巴244億的入局高鑫零售,成為其第二大股東)

圖片節選自公眾號:聰聰說零售

儘管騰訊和阿里都布局了新零售,但是始終有一塊領域的新零售增長特別緩慢,生鮮新零售,生鮮最主要的是品質要新鮮。跨境電商火了一年多,但是生鮮國內外相差那麼大,為什麼涉足的企業相對不多呢? 其中除了食品衛生許可以外,運輸是一個大問題,冷鏈物流無法保證這麼長路途的運輸品質等得到保證,而且生鮮價格一般都較貴,所以一旦出問題,損失特別大。

再回到國內,不知道大家有沒有在網上買過水果,海鮮之類的經歷,小編曾經在淘寶上嘗試過幾次,購買過草莓,櫻桃,螃蟹,龍蝦等生鮮,但體驗感特別不好,主要是當這些東西寄到的時候,發現很多都因為路上的磕碰引起腐爛發臭等,所以生鮮的其中一個痛點是如何保證點對點途中食品的品質,包裝可以解決一部分水果的運輸問題,比如現在淘寶買的蘋果都是一個個真空充氣包裝,不會引起磕碰,但是有些水果,比如草莓,櫻桃這些不可能這樣去包裝,還有很多海鮮會因為溫度以及含氧量變化導致死亡,因此像這類產品最好的方式還是實體店購買,這應該也是河馬鮮生之類存在的理由之一吧。

記得很久以前的一次英語角討論的話題就是:商場會被電商取代嗎?當時小編就認為不會被取代, 如果被取代了,那年輕人去哪裡聚餐?當然這是玩笑話,小編預計未來商場生存之道:除了餐飲,遊樂場以外,大多數服裝店都將是體驗店,面積會非常大,主要作用就是體驗而已,因為衣服需要試穿才知道合不合適,而且每件衣服上會有一個二維碼,我們試穿完掃碼支付完成,他們就會在第一時間把衣服給您送到家。

那麼也許你會問超市會被電商取代嗎?小編的答案是:也不會。現在看到的是各個電商公司紛紛入股超市,主要是打通線上線下,這在今天這篇文章中也有提及,客戶可以選擇線上購買快遞配送,或者線上購買,線下自取等多種選擇。而且超市的另外一個作用是體驗那種逛的感覺,尤其是很多時候可以帶著老人,小孩去溜達一圈,消磨時間,這和商場作用類似。

所以說新零售肯定是未來發展的趨勢,讓我們拭目以待吧。

4

願景

打造獨立思考 | 國際視野 | 英文學習

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