新科學家精讀：特朗普的180度大轉彎可能會讓伊朗加入朝鮮成為一個核國家

Trump』s U-turn may see Iran join North Korea as a nuclear state

US president Donald Trump has refused to recertify the 2015 multilateral agreement freezing Iran』s nuclear programme. At the time the deal was agreed, Iran had the capability to make enough highly enriched uranium for 10 bombs in a few months. Under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), it drastically cut its production capacity and stockpile, and gave up making plutonium in return for the lifting of sanctions.

Yukiya Amano, head of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), said inspections verified that Iran is in compliance with the JCPOA. But the terms of the pact let the US president certify that it remains in US interests every 90 days. On 13 October, Trump refused to do so. Trump didn』t pull the US out of the JCPOA, but said it should be strengthened. He complained that it didn』t address Iran』s missile development or aid to foreign insurgencies, and said Iran had broken the pact by making too much heavy water and low-enriched uranium – both tiny infractions caught by the IAEA.

Congress now has 60 days to decide whether to reimpose sanctions. Even if it doesn』t, the pact may still collapse. There is a precedent for what happens next. In 1994, North Korea and the US signed a similar deal, which collapsed in 2002 after president George W. Bush reimposed sanctions. The result was a nuclear-armed North Korea. If history repeats, a nuclear-armed Iran could be next.

Word ＆ Expression

1. U-turn

• n.?If you describe a change in someones policy, plans, or actions as a U-turn, you mean that it is a complete change. (政策、計劃、行動等) 180度大轉彎; 徹底轉變
• Hes doing a U-turn and forecasting 1% growth this year after earlier predicting a 2% drop.

  他來了個180度大轉彎，早先預言今年會有2%的下降，現在又預言會有1%的增長。

2. Multilateral

• adj.?Multilateral means involving at least three different groups of people or nations. 多邊的
• Many want to abandon the multilateral trade talks in Geneva.

（abandon v. 遺棄；放棄 trade n. 貿易，交易）

許多國家想要放棄在日內瓦的多邊貿易會談。

• 搭配：multilateral trade多邊貿易

3. Freeze

• v.If someone in authority freezes something such as a bank aaount, fund, or property, they obtain a legal order which states that it cannot be used or sold for a particular period of time. 凍結
• The governors action freezes 300,000 accounts. 州長採取行動凍結了30萬個賬戶。
• 搭配：freeze up凍結

4. Uranium

• n.Uranium is a naturally occurring radioactive metal that is used to produce nuclear energy and weapons. 鈾

5. Comprehensive

• adj.Something that is comprehensive includes everything that is needed or relevant. 全面的
• The Rough Guide to Nepal is a comprehensive guide to the region.

（Rough adj.粗略的）

《尼泊爾概覽》是介紹該地區的一本全面指南。

• 同義替換：extensive；integrated；general
• 搭配：comprehensive evaluation綜合評價

6. Drastic

• adj. A drastic change is a very great change. 劇烈的
• Foreign food aid has led to a drastic reduction in the numbers of people dying of starvation. （reduction n. 減少；下降 starvation n. 飢餓）

外國的食品援助使得因飢餓而死亡的人數大幅下降。

• 同義替換：furious

7. Stockpile

• n. A stockpile of things is a large quantity of them that have been stored for future use. 儲備物資
• The two leaders also approved treaties to cut stockpiles of chemical weapons. （treaty n. 條約，協議）

兩位領導人也都贊同削減化學武器儲備的條約。

• 同義替換：amassment

8. Plutonium

• n.Plutonium is a radioactive element used especially in nuclear weapons and as a fuel in nuclear power stations. 鈈 (一种放射性元素)

9. Sanction

• n.Sanctions are measures taken by countries to restrict trade and official contact with a country that has broken international law. 國際制裁
• The continued abuse of human rights has now led the United States to impose sanctions against the regime. （abuse n. 濫用；虐待 regime n. 政權；管理體制）

對人權的不斷踐踏現已導致美國對該政權實施國際制裁。

• 同義替換：penalty
• 搭配：economic sanction[經]經濟制裁

10. Inspection

• n. an official visit to a building or organization to check that everything is satisfactory and that rules are being obeyed視察；檢查
• An inspection was carried out at the school. 有人來學校視察了一遍。

（carry out v. 執行；貫徹）

• 搭配：inspection report檢驗報告

11. Verify

• v. If you verify something, you check that it is true by careful examination or investigation. 核實
• I verified the source from which I had that information.

我核實了我獲知那條信息的來源。

12. In compliance with

• 遵從；依照
• He is being charged as an adult, in compliance with murder law in Pennsylvania.

按照賓夕法尼亞州的法律，他將會以成人的身份被起訴。

• compliance
• n. Compliance with something, for example a law, treaty, or agreement, means doing what you are required or expected to do. 遵從
• Inspectors were sent to visit nuclear sites and verify compliance with the treaty.
  監察員被派去參觀核址並核實條約的遵守情況。

13. Certify

• v. If someone in an official position certifies something, they officially state that it is true. 證明
• The president certified that the project would receive at least $650m from overseas sources.
  總統證實該工程將獲得來自海外各種渠道的至少6.5億美元的資金。
• 同義替換：testify

14. Missile

• n. A missile is a tube-shaped weapon that travels long distances through the air and explodes when it reaches its target. 導彈
• The authorities offered to stop firing missiles if the rebels agreed to stop attacking civilian targets. （fire v.射擊；開槍 rebel n. 反叛者 ）

當局提出如果叛亂者同意停止襲擊民用目標，他們就停止發射導彈。

15. Aid to

• 援助
• Europe must agree on long-term aid to poor nations.

向貧困國家提供長期援助，歐洲國家必須達成共識。

16. Insurgency

• n. An insurgency is a violent attempt to oppose a countrys government carried out by citizens of that country. 暴動
• Extra troops have been sent to combat the insurgency in the north of the country. （combat v. 戰鬥）

更多的部隊被派遣去平息北部的叛亂。

• 同義替換：rebellion；intifada

17. Break the pact

• 毀約
• Shes gonna break the pact. 她要破壞約定。
• Pact
• n. A pact is a formal agreement between two or more people, organizations, or governments to do a particular thing or to help each other. 條約; 協議
• Last month he signed a new non-aggression pact with Germany.

上個月他與德國簽署了一份新的互不侵犯條約。

18. Infraction

• n. An infraction of a rule or law is an instance of breaking it. 違反
• The German regulator said the violations were a minor infraction.

德國監管者稱它們只是輕微的違法。

• 同義替換：violation；breach

19. Congress

• n. A congress is a large meeting that is held to discuss ideas and policies. 代表大會
• A lot has changed after the party congress. 該黨代表大會後很多都變了。

20. Collapse

• n.?If a building or other structure collapses, it falls down very suddenly. 坍塌
• A section of the Bay Bridge had collapsed. 海灣大橋有一部分坍塌了。

翻譯參考

美國總統唐納德·特朗普拒絕重新調整2015年凍結伊朗核計劃的多邊協議。在協議達成時，伊朗有能力在幾個月內生產足夠的高濃縮鈾來製造10枚核彈。根據《聯合全面行動計劃》(JCPOA)，它大幅削減了其生產能力和儲備，並放棄了生產鈈，以換取解除制裁。

國際原子能機構(IAEA)總幹事天野之彌表示，檢查證實伊朗符合《聯合全面行動計劃》的要求。但協議的條款讓美國總統保證，美國政府每隔九十天需要向國會提交報告，評估伊朗是否履行伊核協議承諾。10月13日，特朗普表明拒絕這樣做。特朗普並沒有讓美國撤出《聯合全面行動計劃》，但他說它需要加強。他抱怨它沒有解決伊朗的導彈開發或對外國叛亂的支援問題，並表示伊朗通過製造太多的重水和低濃縮鈾破壞協議，這兩個都是被國際原子能機構發現的微小的違法行為。

國會現在有60天的時間來決定是否重新實施制裁。即使不這麼做，協議也可能會崩潰。對於接下來發生的事情，有一個先例。1994年，朝鮮和美國簽署了一項類似的協議。2002年，美國總統喬治?布希(George w . Bush)再次實施制裁，導致朝鮮解體。結果是一個核武裝的朝鮮。如果歷史重演，核武裝的伊朗將是下一個。

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