新概念英語教材中有哪些好詞好句?(2)
各位好,這是新概念英語好詞好句系列的第二期,關於這一系列的介紹可見:新概念英語教材中有哪些好詞好句?
1.Exploring the sea-floor
Exploring the sea-floor(海底勘探)是T. F. Gaskell發表在Science Survey上的一篇科普文章,這種類型的文章除了專業術語多一點之外,理解起來並不難,因此它們也經常在托福雅思等考試的閱讀題中出現。
這篇文章中出現了這樣一個句子:
The continents form rugged tablelands which stand nearly three miles above the floor of the open ocean. From the shore line, out to a distance which may be anywhere from a few miles to a few hundred miles, runs the gentle slope of the continental shelf, geologically part of the continents.
加下劃線的句子很明顯是一個倒裝結構,按正常語序應該是:
The gentle slope of the continental shelf, geologically part of the continents, runs from the shore line, out to a distance which may be anywhere from a few miles to a few hundred miles.
我們在這裡不能僅僅滿足於知道倒裝句怎麼還原,還要知道作者為什麼要這樣寫。一般來說,使用倒裝可以起到強調某一句子部分的作用。舉個例子,很多同學喜歡在四六級作文的最後加上類似這樣的話:Only in this way can we create a harmonious society. 這種句式也屬於倒裝句,強調的是」in this way」這一部分。
作者在這裡使用倒裝句其實是為了使描寫更加形象。
From the shore line, out to a distance which may be anywhere from a few miles to a few hundred miles, runs the gentle slope of the continental shelf…
這個句子讀起來感覺像在看電影長鏡頭:從海岸線出發,鏡頭慢慢向海洋深處移動,直到觸及大陸架慢坡的邊緣。
事實上,這種利用倒裝來增強畫面感的例子在文學作品中很常見。比如《經濟學人》在對馬爾克斯的訃告中有這麼一段描寫:
Inside the four walls of that room lay the immense delta of the Magdalena river, the grey frothy sea of Colombia』s Caribbean coast, the suffocating swamps of the Ciénaga, the interminable geometries of the banana plantations, and a long railway line that ran into the farthest territories of his heart.
馬爾克斯在寫《百年孤獨》時將自己關在屋子裡長達15個月,《經濟學人》在寫訃告時注意到了這間屋子,於是由此展開,將讀者引入到《百年孤獨》的情景中。上面這段描寫的畫面感非常強:讀者從屋子的四面牆出發,進入屋子,看到了瑪格達萊納河三角洲,加勒比海的海岸,哥倫比亞的沼澤,綿延不斷的香蕉園,最後沿著一條長長的鐵路通往馬爾克斯的內心深處。如果將句子調整為正常語序,這種畫面感實際上已經消失了:
The immense delta of the Magdalena river, the grey frothy sea of Colombia』s Caribbean coast, the suffocating swamps of the Ciénaga, the interminable geometries of the banana plantations, and a long railway line that ran into the farthest territories of his heart, lay inside the four walls of that room.
2.Training elephants
Training elephants同樣是一篇科普文章,裡面詳細介紹了訓練大象的各種方法。這篇文章的用詞很精巧,很多地方值得我們學習,比如:
The captive elephant, still roped to a tree, plunges and screams every time a man approaches, and for several days will probably refuse all food through anger and fear.
上面加粗的這幾個單詞用得很形象,rope我們一般當成名詞使用,但這裡用了它的動詞形式:rope something to something,意思即「用繩索將……拴在……身上」,例如:Suitcases were roped to the top of the car. 手提箱用繩子固定在車頂上。
plunge在這裡則指「猛衝」(to move quickly in an uncontrolled way, or to make someone or something move in this way),用來形容被拴在樹上暴怒無比的大象很貼切。
through在這裡則屬於熟詞生義,它並不是取常見的釋義「通過,藉助」,而是指「由於,因為」,through anger and fear即「由於憤怒和恐懼」。
又比如:
There are even stories of half-trained elephant calves who have refused to feed and pined to death when by some unavoidable circumstance they have been deprived of their own trainer. Such extreme cases must probably be taken with a grain of salt, but they do underline the general principle…
句子裡面 be taken with a grain of salt 這一說法很有意思。它相傳來自於羅馬作家老普林尼(Pliny the Elder)的《自然史》,書中記載了一種毒品解藥的製作方法,而這種解藥中就包括少量的鹽(a grain of salt)。因此,對於有毒或有害的東西,要向它們加入一點鹽(be taken with a grain of salt),以此來減輕它們的毒性。關於短語的來源可以參考維基百科:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_of_salt
Take something with a grain/pinch of salt 後來引申為「對……半信半疑,有保留地相信某事」。
例如我們可以說:
Considering the ubiquity of fake news on the internet, viral stories circulating on WeChat and Sina Weibo should be taken with a grain of salt.
3.What every writer wants
What every writer wants(作家之所需)這篇文章出自約翰·勒卡雷(John le Carré)之手。約翰·勒卡雷是英國著名的間諜小說作家,他的作品包括著名的《冷戰諜魂》(The Spy Who Came in from the Cold)。What every writer wants中有不少地方是他平時寫作過程的真實心理活動的反映。認真練習過寫作的人讀到這篇文章相信也會與作者產生共鳴。
舉個例子,作者在文章開頭就坦白了這樣一個事實:
I have known very few writers, but those I have known, and whom I respect, confess at once that they have little idea where they are going when they first set pen to paper. They have a character, perhaps two; they are in that condition of eager discomfort which passes for inspiration; all admit radical changes of destination once the journey has begun…
與很多人的固有認知不同,很多作家在動筆寫東西之前並沒有一個完整的詳細的大綱。因此作者在這裡提到,他所認識和尊敬的作家都坦率承認在動筆之前都不知道要寫什麼和怎麼寫(注意這裡at once的含義並不是「立即」,而是指at the same time),並且在寫作時往往會處於急切不安的狀態,而這被當成是靈感。
作者在描述這種狀態時用了兩個詞:eager discomfort,它們寫出了作家們那種既希望能夠快點動筆寫作,但同時又擔心寫不好的狀態,非常傳神。
又比如:
In the breaking and remaking, in the timing, interweaving, beginning afresh, the writer comes to discern things in his material which were not consciously in his mind when he began. This organic process, often leading to moments of extraordinary self-discovery, is of an indescribable fascination.
作家在剪裁修改、構思時間、穿插情節、甚至從頭重寫的過程中,會領悟到素材中有很多東西是他剛動筆時所未意識到的。這種有機的加工過程往往達到不尋常的自我發現的境界,具有難以言表的魅力。
寫作即思考,在寫作的時候我們經常會發現之前一些腦海里模糊的概念通過思考慢慢變得清晰了,並且在這個過程中經常會產生一些新的想法和靈感。這就是作者所說的moments of extraordinary self-discovery,這種自我發現的過程也是寫作最大的樂趣所在。
還有:
I have heard of writers who read nothing but their own books; like adolescents they stand before the mirror, and still cannot fathom the exact outline of the vision before them.
後半句源自那喀索斯(Narcissus)的典故:在希臘神話中,漂亮少年那喀索斯有一次從那耳喀索斯打獵歸來時,在池水中看見了自己俊美的臉。他於是愛上了自己的倒影,無法從池塘邊離開,終於憔悴而死(narcissist一詞也是由此而來,用來指自戀的人)。
作者在這裡用那喀索斯的典故來形容那些除了自己的書,其他什麼都不讀的作家,以此來說明他們的自戀。
除此之外,What every writer wants一文中還有更多關於寫作的精彩表述,建議各位精讀全文。
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