擴展閱讀：The Russell-Einstein Manifesto羅素-愛因斯坦宣言

　　The Russell-Einstein Manifesto

　　羅素-愛因斯坦宣言

　　Issued in London, 9 July 1955

　　倫敦，1955年7月9日

　　In the tragic situation which confronts humanity, we feel that scientists should assemble in conference to appraise the perils that have arisen as a result of the development of weapons of mass destruction, and to discuss a resolution in the spirit of the appended draft.

　　鑒於人類目前面臨的悲慘境況，我們認為科學家應該集合起來召開會議，討論由於發展大規模殺傷性武器所造成的危害，並根據附稿精神達成決議。

　　We are speaking on this occasion, not as members of this or that nation, continent, or creed, but as human beings, members of the species Man, whose continued existence is in doubt. The world is full of conflicts; and, overshadowing all minor conflicts, the titanic struggle between Communism and anti- Communism.

　　我們在此發言的身份不是某個民族、大洲或信條的的成員，而是人類這一物種的成員，這一物種的存續並非理所當然。 這個世界充滿了衝突，其中大量衝突與共產主義和反共產主義之間的鬥爭相比都相形見絀。

　　Almost everybody who is politically conscious has strong feelings about one or more of these issues; but we want you, if you can, to set aside such feelings and consider yourselves only as members of a biological species which has had a remarkable history, and whose disappearance none of us can desire.

　　幾乎每個關心政治的人對這些問題中的一個或幾個都有著強烈的感情。但是如果可以的話，我們希望你擱置這些感情，僅僅將自己當做一個生物物種的成員，這個物種具有非凡的歷史，我們當中的任何人都不希望它滅亡。

　　We shall try to say no single word which should appeal to one group rather than to another. All, equally, are in peril, and, if the peril is understood, there is hope that they may collectively avert it.

　　我們將試著不說任何只能吸引某一集團的言論，因為所有的人都不分彼此地處在危險之中。如果大家都看到了這種危險，那麼就有希望聯合起來迴避危險。

　　We have to learn to think in a new way. We have to learn to ask ourselves, not what steps can be taken to give military victory to whatever group we prefer, for there no longer are such steps; the question we have to ask ourselves is: what steps can be taken to prevent a military contest of which the issue must be disastrous to all parties?

　　我們必須學習新的思考方式。我們必須學會捫心自問：問題不是我們能採取什麼措施來為我們所偏向的集團爭取軍事勝利，因為此類措施已經不存在了；我們必須自問的問題是：我們能採取什麼措施來防止必將給參與各方帶來災難的軍事競賽?

　　The general public, and even many men in positions of authority, have not realized what would be involved in a war with nuclear bombs. The general public still thinks in terms of the obliteration of cities. It is understood that the new bombs are more powerful than the old, and that, while one A-bomb could obliterate Hiroshima, one H-bomb could obliterate the largest cities, such as London, New York, and Moscow.

　　一般公眾，甚至許多當權人士，尚未意識到捲入一場核戰爭意味著什麼。一般公眾依然認為核彈的威力無非抹平一兩座城市而已。新式核武器比舊式核武器威力更大，破壞性更強。一顆原子彈可以抹平廣島，而一顆氫彈則能毀滅世界上最大的城市如倫敦、紐約和莫斯科。

　　No doubt in an H-bomb war great cities would be obliterated. But this is one of the minor disasters that would have to be faced. If everybody in London, New York, and Moscow were exterminated, the world might, in the course of a few centuries, recover from the blow. But we now know, especially since the Bikini test, that nuclear bombs can gradually spread destruction over a very much wider area than had been supposed.

　　毫無疑問，在氫彈戰爭當中所有的大城市都將蕩然無存。 但是在我們所要面對的災難當中這一點還算不得特別重要。如果倫敦、紐約和莫斯科的所有居民都死絕了。這個世界還可能在幾個世紀的時間裡從這場災難中恢復過來。但現在我們知道——尤其在比基尼測試之後——核彈可以逐漸毀滅遠比我們原先的預期更為廣大的區域。

　　It is stated on very good authority that a bomb can now be manufactured which will be 2,500 times as powerful as that which destroyed Hiroshima. Such a bomb, if exploded near the ground or under water, sends radio-active particles into the upper air. They sink gradually and reach the surface of the earth in the form of a deadly dust or rain. It was this dust which infected the Japanese fishermen and their catch of fish.

　　權威人士稱，現在能夠製造的氫彈在威力上要比毀滅廣島的原子彈強大2500倍。這種炸彈如果在近地或水下爆炸，會將放射微粒送入高層大氣，並隨著致命的雨水逐漸下沉到達地球表面。正是這種灰塵侵襲了日本漁民和他們的魚獲。

　　No one knows how widely such lethal radioactive particles might be diffused, but the best authorities are unanimous in saying that a war with H-bombs might possibly put an end to the human race. It is feared that if many H-bombs are used there will be universal death, sudden only for a minority, but for the majority a slow torture of disease and disintegration.

　　沒有人知道這種致命的粒子會擴散得多麼廣泛。但權威人士一致認為氫彈戰爭可能終結人類種族。人們害怕如果大量使用氫彈，所有人都會死，死於爆炸的僅僅是少數，多數人將會因為疾病與身體的崩壞而緩慢而痛苦地死去。

　　Many warnings have been uttered by eminent men of science and by authorities in military strategy. None of them will say that the worst results are certain. What they do say is that these results are possible, and no one can be sure that they will not be realized. We have not yet found that the views of experts on this question depend in any degree upon their politics or prejudices. They depend only, so far as our researches have revealed, upon the extent of the particular experts knowledge. We have found that the men who know most are the most gloomy.

　　許多科學界的主要人士與軍事戰略界的權威人士都發出了警報。他們當中沒有人認為最糟糕的結果必然發生。他們說的是這些結果是有可能出現的，而且沒人能肯定它們一定不會變成現實。 我們尚未發現專家們就這個問題所持的觀點在任何程度上取決於他們的政治立場或偏見，他們依靠的是特定專業知識。我們發現對這個問題了解最多的人也最悲觀。

　　Here, then, is the problem which we present to you, stark and dreadful and inescapable: Shall we put an end to the human race; or shall mankind renounce war? People will not face this alternative because it is so difficult to abolish war.

　　這就是我們擺在你面前的問題，赤裸、可怕且不容迴避。我們是否真的要終結人類種族呢？又或者人類將會放棄戰爭呢？人們不會面對這一選項，因為廢止戰爭太困難了。

　　The abolition of war will demand distasteful limitations of national sovereignty. But what perhaps impedes understanding of the situation more than anything else is that the term "mankind" feels vague and abstract. People scarcely realize in imagination that the danger is to themselves and their children and their grandchildren, and not only to a dimly apprehended humanity. They can scarcely bring themselves to grasp that they, individually, and those whom they love are in imminent danger of perishing agonizingly. And so they hope that perhaps war may be allowed to continue provided modern weapons are prohibited.

　　廢止戰爭需要令人不快地限制國家主權。但是或許最能阻礙人們理解當前情況的就是「人類」這個詞，因為這個詞聽上去既模糊又抽象。人們很少意識到危在旦夕的絕不僅僅是尚未完全理解當前形勢的人類，還有他們自身、兒女以及孫輩。他們很難理解他們自身以及他們所愛的人隨時都可能飽受痛苦地死去。因此他們希望或許在禁止使用現代武器的前提下戰爭還可以繼續。

　　This hope is illusory. Whatever agreements not to use H-bombs had been reached in time of peace, they would no longer be considered binding in time of war, and both sides would set to work to manufacture H-bombs as soon as war broke out, for, if one side manufactured the bombs and the other did not, the side that manufactured them would inevitably be victorious.

　　他們的希望無非是虛妄。無論在戰時達成了何種不使用氫彈的協議，在戰時都將不再生效，而且戰爭雙方在開戰之後都會著手製造氫彈，因為加入一方製造氫彈而另一方不製造，製造氫彈的一方必然獲勝。

　　Although an agreement to renounce nuclear weapons as part of a general reduction of armaments would not afford an ultimate solution, it would serve certain important purposes. First: any agreement between East and West is to the good in so far as it tends to diminish tension. Second: the abolition of thermo-nuclear weapons, if each side believed that the other had carried it out sincerely, would lessen the fear of a sudden attack in the style of Pearl Harbour, which at present keeps both sides in a state of nervous apprehension. We should, therefore, welcome such an agreement though only as a first step. Most of us are not neutral in feeling, but, as human beings, we have to remember that, if the issues between East and West are to be decided in any manner that can give any possible satisfaction to anybody, whether Communist or anti-Communist, whether Asian or European or American, whether White or Black, then these issues must not be decided by war. We should wish this to be understood, both in the East andin the West. There lies before us, if we choose, continual progress in happiness, knowledge, and wisdom. Shall we, instead, choose death, because we cannot forget our quarrels? We appeal, as human beings, to human beings: Remember your humanity, and forget the rest. If you can do so, the way lies open to a new Paradise; if you cannot, there lies before you the risk of universal death.

　　雖然放棄核武器的協議作為全面裁軍行動的一部分無法擔當最終的解決方案，但它還是能夠達成若干很重要的目標。首先，東西方之間達成的任何協議都有助於緩解目前的緊張局勢。其次，假如雙方都相信對方為了放棄熱核武器而進行了切實的努力，那麼這一行為將能夠減輕人們對於珍珠港式突然襲擊的恐懼。因此我們應該歡迎這樣的協議，雖然這還僅僅只是第一步。 我們大多數人的立場都不中立，但是身為人類我們必須牢記，假如要以能令任何人在任何可能方面得到滿足的任何方式解決東西方之間的問題——無論是共產主義者還是反共產主義者，無論是亞洲人歐洲人還是美國人，無論是白人還是黑人——這些問題都絕不能通過戰爭加以解決。我們希望東西方都能理解這一點。如果我們作出正確選擇，擺在我們眼前的就是不斷增進的幸福、知識與智慧。難道我們反而要因為無法忘記彼此之間的爭端而選擇死亡嗎？記住你是人類，忘記其它的的一切吧。如果你能這樣做，通向新天堂的道路即將出現；如果你不能，所有人都將面臨死亡的風險。

　　Resolution

　　決議

　　We invite this Congress, and through it the scientists of the world and the general public, to subscribe to the following resolution:

　　"In view of the fact that in any future world war nuclear weapons will certainly be employed, and that such weapons threaten the continued existence of mankind, we urge the Governments of the world to realize, and to acknowledge publicly, that their purpose cannot be furthered by a world war, and we urge them, consequently, to find peaceful means for the settlement of all matters of dispute between them."

　　我們邀請本次大會，並通過大會向全世界的科學家們以及一般公眾，接受並支持下面的決議：「 鑒於在未來的世界大戰必將使用核武器，而這種武器威脅著人類的繼續生存，我們敦促各國政府公開承認，他們的目的無法通過世界戰爭獲得任何程度上的實現，我們還敦促他們尋求和平手段來解決他們之間的一切爭端。」

　　Max Born馬克斯.玻恩

　　Perry W. Bridgman P.W.布里奇曼

　　Albert Einstein阿爾伯特.愛因斯坦

　　Leopold Infeld萊奧坡德.英費爾德

　　Frederic Joliot-Curie弗萊德里克.約里奧-居里

　　Herman J. Muller赫爾曼.J.穆勒

　　Linus Pauling萊納斯．鮑林

　　Cecil F. Powell西塞爾.F.鮑威爾

　　Joseph Rotblat約瑟夫.羅特布拉特

　　Bertrand Russell伯納德.羅素

　　Hideki Yukawa湯川秀樹