驚嘆!小小星系內竟擠著七顆類地行星,或有宜居可能

本文繼續沿用UC驚嘆部傳統標題格式(霧

渣翻繼續求輕噴……

新聞鏈接:This tiny solar system packs in seven Earth-size planets

先看一看TRAPPIST-1星系的恆星和七顆行星的數據(以下數據大都來源於文章[1605.07211] Temperate Earth-sized planets transiting a nearby ultracool dwarf star和dx.doi.org/10.1038/natu,但是譯者參考的是The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia上給出的數據)吧。

  1. TRAPPIST-1,距離為12.1pm0.4;{rm pc},光譜型為M8,V波段視星等為18.8,質量為0.080pm0.009M_{rm Sun},年齡約500Myr,T_{rm eff}=2550.0pm55.0;{rm K},半徑為0.117pm 0.004; R_{rm Sun},金屬丰度[Fe/H]為0.04pm0.08,熱光度(bolometric luminosity)為0.000525pm0.000036L_{{rm bol},odot},V光度為0.00000373L_{{rm V},odot}。ICRS(國際天球參考系,以J2000.0平赤道平面和平春分點為基準)下的赤經為23hr06min29.36sec,赤緯為-05deg02arcmin29.2arcsec(測定的是紅外發射源的坐標)。參考Habitable Zone Calculator,可以得出其保守宜居帶(Conservative habitable zone)範圍為0.022AU~0.038AU,樂觀宜居帶(Optimistic habitable zone)範圍為0.017AU~0.040AU。SIMBAD頁面:TRAPPIST-1。
  2. TRAPPIST-1 b,發現於2016年,質量為0.0027pm 0.0023M_{rm J}(相當於0.85806pm0.73094M_{oplus}),半徑為0.09689 pm 0.00031 R_{rm J}(相當於1.08604001pm0.00347479R_{oplus}),公轉軌道半長軸為0.01111pm0.00034;{rm AU},公轉周期為1.51087081pm 0.00005000;{rm JD}(註:JD即Julian Day,儒略日,天體測量學中常用單位,詳見Julian day - Wikipedia),公轉軌道偏心率為0.0^{+0.081}_{-0.0},公轉軌道傾角(這個傾角是這麼定義的:公轉軌道平面垂直視線則為0°,平行視線則為90°)為89.65pm 0.27deg,計算出的等效溫度為T_{rm eff}=400.1pm7.7;{rm K}。其半徑通過掩食法(Primary Transit)確定,質量通過凌日時間變分法(TTV)確定。

  3. TRAPPIST-1 c,發現於2016年,質量為0.00434pm 0.00190M_{rm J}(相當於1.379252pm0.603820M_{oplus}),半徑為0.09421 pm 0.00031 R_{rm J}(相當於1.05599989pm0.00347479R_{oplus}),公轉軌道半長軸為0.01521pm0.00047;{rm AU},公轉周期為2.4218233pm 0.0000017;{rm JD},公轉軌道偏心率為0.0^{+0.083}_{-0.0},公轉軌道傾角為89.67pm 0.17deg,計算出的等效溫度為T_{rm eff}=341.9pm6.6;{rm K}。其半徑通過掩食法(Primary Transit)確定,質量通過凌日時間變分法(TTV)確定。

  4. TRAPPIST-1 d,發現於2016年,質量為0.00130pm 0.00085M_{rm J}(相當於0.41314pm0.27013M_{oplus}),半徑為0.0689 pm 0.0027 R_{rm J}(相當於0.7723001pm0.0302643R_{oplus}),公轉軌道半長軸為0.02144^{+0.00066}_{-0.00063};{rm AU},公轉周期為4.049610pm 0.000063;{rm JD},公轉軌道偏心率為0.0^{+0.7}_{-0.0},公轉軌道傾角為89.75pm 0.16deg,計算出的等效溫度為T_{rm eff}=288.0pm5.6;{rm K}。其半徑通過掩食法(Primary Transit)確定,質量通過凌日時間變分法(TTV)確定。
  5. TRAPPIST-1 e,發現於2017年,質量為0.0020pm 0.0018M_{rm J}(相當於0.63560pm0.57204M_{oplus}),半徑為0.0819 pm 0.0035 R_{rm J}(相當於0.9180171pm0.0392315R_{oplus}),公轉軌道半長軸為0.02871^{+0.00083}_{-0.00087};{rm AU},公轉周期為6.099615pm 0.000011;{rm JD},公轉軌道偏心率為0.0^{+0.85}_{-0.0},公轉軌道傾角為89.75^{+0.1}_{-0.12}deg,計算出的等效溫度為T_{rm eff}=251.3pm4.9;{rm K}。其半徑通過掩食法(Primary Transit)確定,質量通過凌日時間變分法(TTV)確定。

  6. TRAPPIST-1 f,發現於2017年,質量為0.00210pm 0.00057M_{rm J}(相當於0.667380pm0.181146M_{oplus}),半徑為0.09323 pm 0.00340 R_{rm J}(相當於1.04501507pm0.03811060R_{oplus}),公轉軌道半長軸為0.0371pm0.0011;{rm AU},公轉周期為9.206690pm 0.000015;{rm JD},公轉軌道偏心率為0.0^{+0.063}_{-0.0},公轉軌道傾角為89.680pm0.034deg,計算出的等效溫度為T_{rm eff}=219.0pm4.2;{rm K}。其半徑通過掩食法(Primary Transit)確定,質量通過凌日時間變分法(TTV)確定。

  7. TRAPPIST-1 g,發現於2017年,質量為0.00422pm 0.00280M_{rm J}(相當於1.341116pm0.889840M_{oplus}),半徑為0.1005 pm 0.0037 R_{rm J}(相當於1.1265045pm0.0414733R_{oplus}),公轉軌道半長軸為0.0451pm0.0014;{rm AU},公轉周期為12.35294pm 0.00012;{rm JD},公轉軌道偏心率為0.0^{+0.061}_{-0.0},公轉軌道傾角為89.710pm0.025deg,計算出的等效溫度為T_{rm eff}=198.6pm3.8;{rm K}。其半徑通過掩食法(Primary Transit)確定,質量通過凌日時間變分法(TTV)確定。

  8. TRAPPIST-1 h,發現於2017年,質量未知,半徑為0.0674 pm 0.0030 R_{rm J}(相當於0.7554866pm0.0336270R_{oplus}),公轉軌道半長軸為0.063^{+0.027}_{-0.013};{rm AU},公轉周期為20.0^{+15.0}_{-6.0};{rm JD},公轉軌道偏心率未知,公轉軌道傾角為89.8^{+0.1}_{-0.05}deg,計算出的等效溫度為T_{rm eff}=168.0^{+21.0}_{-28.0};{rm K}。其半徑通過掩食法(Primary Transit)確定。

正文如下

————————————————我是萌萌的分割線————————————————

TRAPPIST-1 has a solar system like no other. The tiny, tiny red dwarf is just barely big enough to be considered a star and is, radius-wise, a hair bigger than Jupiter. When it was announced last May there was some excitement: the system had three Earth-sized planets and they might all be habitable.

恆星TRAPPIST-1有著一個不同尋常的行星系統。這顆小小的紅矮星只是剛剛算得上一顆恆星,其半徑就比木星稍大一點兒(譯者註:木星半徑R_{rm J}=0.102719R_{odot},而這顆M8型的紅矮星的半徑只有R_{rm TRAPPIST-1}=0.117pm 0.004;R_{odot},確實只大了一點兒。數據來源:The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia)。去年五月,天文學家們宣布,在這顆恆星周圍他們發現了三顆地球大小的行星,而這些行星有可能是宜居的——這可真是振奮人心的消息。

We』re going to have to revise that, though. It has seven planets. The results of an intensive study were published today in Nature.

哦,當然,現在我們要改正這個說法了。這個星系中已經被發現了七顆行星,最新的結果已經在2017年2月22日發表於自然雜誌。

TRAPPIST-1 is so small that it resembles Jupiter and its planets appear more like the jovian moons when laid out distance-wise. TRAPPIST-1b has an orbital period of just 1.5 days and orbits at 1 percent the distance between the Sun and the Earth. Because TRAPPIST-1 is so small, though, instead of dooming the planet it could give it just a slightly balmier-than-comfortable temperature.

TRAPPIST-1如此之小,使得這個行星系統看起來更像是木星和它的衛星們,如果不考慮公轉距離的話。TRAPPIST-1 b的公轉周期只有大概1.5天,其軌道半徑只有地球到太陽距離的百分之一。而TRAPPIST-1是如此之小,以至於它並不會把這些行星烤焦,而是給予了它們比較合適的溫度。

The May 2016 events that led to the initial discovery of the planets actually ended up being somewhat in error. Planets TRAPPIST-1b and TRAPPIST-1c were easily confirmed, but TRAPPIST-1d was not. TRAPPIST-1d had a bizarre, hard to constrain orbit much longer than the other planets, and was believed to potentially have an eccentric orbit.

2016年5月對這個行星系統的發現實際上出了一點錯誤。b和c很容易就被確認了,但是d卻不行。行星d的軌道較b和c長得多,且十分怪異而不受約束。當時認為,d的軌道有很大的偏心率。

But there was no TRAPPIST-1d. Or at least not as it appeared. Two transits were witnessed during the first observing campaign, both believed to be the outermost of the three worlds. But those two transits were actually two distinct events.

但是行星d——至少當時發現的那顆——其實並不存在。第一次觀測中發現了兩次掩星現象,當時都認為這是b、c和d造成的,但是實際上這兩次掩星是獨立的事件。

「The first transit and the second transit were coming from different planets,」 Micha?l Gillon, a professor at the University of Liège and lead author of the paper, said. 「In fact, the second transit was two planets passing at the same time.」

「這兩次掩星並非由同一批行星導致,」來自法國列日大學的Micha?l Gillon教授,同時也是這篇論文的第一作者,是這樣說的,「事實上,第二次掩星是兩顆行星同時遮掩恆星的結果。」

That brings us to five planets. Intensive studies using both the TRAPPIST telescope and NASA』s Spitzer telescope helped refine the orbit of the planets and drew out the presence of two more from the data. TRAPPIST-1b, -1c, -1f, and -1g are all very slightly larger than Earth. -1e is slightly smaller than Earth. -1d and -1h are closer to Mars in size.

這下就是五顆行星了。進一步的研究通過TRAPPIST和NASA的Spitzer紅外望遠鏡分離出了各個行星的軌道,然後從中又找出了兩顆行星。b、c、f和g比地球稍大,e比地球稍小,而d和h則與火星大小相近(譯註:見本文章封面圖)。

While the exact masses and orbital periods aren』t known yet, preliminary results suggest that they may be in resonance. That means that when -1b orbits eight times, -1c completes five orbits, often marked as 8:5. -1c and -1d are in 5:3 resonance; -1d and -1e are in 3:2, as are -1e and -1f. -1f and -1g are in 4:3.

當時,這些行星的質量和公轉周期還不為人所知,但初步結果顯示,這些行星的公轉可能存在共振。換句話說,當b繞著恆星轉了8圈時,c剛好轉了5圈。這種情況一般記作8:5。c和d有著5:3共振,d和e有著3:2共振,e和f、f和g有著4:3共振。

All of them seem to be in the habitable zone of TRAPPIST-1. That means that they could, under the right conditions, sustain surface water, but there』s no proof that any of the planets do. For instance, in our solar system Venus and Mars are in the habitable zone, but both are fairly inhospitable in our present time.

看起來它們全都位於TRAPPIST-1的宜居帶內(譯註:根據正文之前我算出來的宜居帶範圍,此處存疑)。這意味著,在適當的條件下,它們的地表可能擁有水——當然,目前還沒有證據能證明這一點。事實上,在我們的太陽系裡,金星和火星都位於宜居帶內,但是它們至少在現在都是不適宜居住的。

Of the seven, the researchers believe that -1e, -1f, and -1g are the likeliest to be habitable based on where they sit in the solar system.

在這7個行星中,研究者們相信,e、f和g的位置使得它們最有可能是宜居的(譯註:儘管算出來的等效溫度,它們仨過低,但是這個溫度是用地球的反照率0.3算出來的,而它們可能擁有更小的反照率以及更強的溫室效應,所以這種估計值一般都不靠譜)。

While seven planets have been confirmed, that』s not all the system may hold in store.

現在已經發現了七顆行星,但是,這並不代表這個星系裡就不會再有其他行星存在了。

「It is just the beginning for many reasons — there might be more on top of that,」 Julien de Wit, a co-author on the paper, says.

「從很多角度來看,這一發現都只是一個開始——在這之後我們可能在這個星系內發現更多行星。」文章的一位合作作者Julien de Wit說道。

There are other considerations before we declare the planets quite ripe for life, though. M-dwarf stars like TRAPPIST-1 tend to start out very active with high energy flare events. This could strip away the atmosphere of young planets.

在我們可以宣布一顆行星是適宜居住的之前,還有很多事情要做。類似TRAPPIST-1這樣的M型紅矮星傾向於爆發非常活躍的高能耀斑。這樣的恆星活動可能把年輕行星的大氣吹跑。

At this point, according to co-author Emmanu?l Jehin, most comets would have been cleared out of the system and thus unable to replenish the atmospheres. But other forces like volcanism could work to stabilize the atmospheres, strengthening them against the relentless flare events.

這樣一來,根據合作作者Emmanu?l Jehin的說法,絕大部分彗星都會因此被清出這個星系,也就無法補充這些行星的大氣。當然,其它的自然力量,比如火山,可能有助於穩定大氣,並幫助大氣層對抗無情的恆星耀斑。

M-dwarfs finally settle down after the first 3 billion years or so, though many stellar events still occur. For instance, Proxima Centauri is an active flare star, which could doom its habitable zone planet, Proxima Centauri b, from ever forming complex life. But TRAPPIST-1 is cooler and less active than Proxima.

最初的30億年過去,M型矮星們總算「平靜」下來。當然,它們還是有著許多的恆星活動。舉個栗子,比鄰星就有著活躍的耀斑,這使得它的宜居帶內的比鄰星b變得不適宜複雜生命的誕生。不過,比起比鄰星,TRAPPIST-1要冷得多、不活躍得多。

「If you compare it Proxima Centauri, it』s much less, but if you compare it to the Sun, it』s much more,」 Gillon said.

「如果你把它和比鄰星比較,它很安靜;但是如果你把它和太陽比較,它又很活躍。」Gillon如此評價。

TRAPPIST-1 and its seven (!!!) planets are high on the list of planets to be observed by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) after it launches next year. A follow-up telescope to TRAPPIST, SPECULOOS, will be able to find more TRAPPIST-type objects. TRAPPIST itself only looked at 50 ultracool stars for planets, while SPECULOOS will look at tens of thousands.

TRAPPIST-1和它的七個小夥伴們是明年即將發射的詹姆斯·韋伯太空望遠鏡(JWST,一個紅外望遠鏡,被認為是哈勃太空望遠鏡HST的繼承者)的優先觀測目標。在TRAPPIST、SPECULOOS等望遠鏡之後的後繼者們將會發現更多的TRAPPIST型目標物體。TRAPPIST自個兒只會觀察50顆特別冷的恆星周圍是否存在行星,而SPECULOOS將觀測上萬顆。

JWST will monitor transits of worlds in the TRAPPIST stars, hoping to capture a glimmer of their atmospheres. If they seem to be thin and water-dominated, we may indeed be looking at a quite Earth-like planet. Or even three of them. Maybe, just maybe, seven.

JWST將監控TRAPPIST目標恆星的行星的掩食情況,希望能一窺它們的大氣光譜。假如它們的大氣不那麼濃厚,且有不少水蒸氣,那麼我們也許會發現一顆非常類似地球的行星。甚至可能有三顆。甚至,有極小的可能,有七顆。

「We have seven targets that we can study in great depth, and they can give us a completely new insight into planet formation and stellar history,」 de Wit says.

「這下我們多了7個可以詳細研究的目標,並且它們一定可以給我們關於行星形成和恆星演化的嶄新看法。」de Wit如是說道。

————————————————我是萌萌的分割線————————————————

————————————————我是萌萌的分割線————————————————

送上油管視頻一份:youtu.be/P_II70YXFD8


推薦閱讀:

在夜晚如何區分人造衛星與自然星體?橘黃色光與白色光有什麼分別?閃的是星星還是不閃的是星星?
認識很多天體是一種怎樣的體驗?
如何評價Geoff Marcy性騷擾事件?
如何看待「離太陽系最近的比鄰星發現宜居類地行星,可能還有水」?
昨天晚上看到了兩顆緩慢移動的星星,求教是什麼東西!?

TAG:系外行星 | 天文学 | 行星科学 |