為什麼兒童喝酒不好？

01-31

有沒有臨床依據？

不知道題主看沒看過程毅南（如不能轉載請及時通知）的專欄，看過酒精——神藥科普2 - 遺世獨立的理想鄉 - 知乎專欄之後，想必你會對酒精是如何侵害身體有一個了解。

針對兒童的話，兒童相對成人來說，身體機能不如成人，各個生理器官還沒有發育成熟，對酒精這類物質代謝能力和成人比差遠了，所以對兒童生理上的傷害應該更大吧。

另外，從心裡上來說，從小讓兒童喝酒，保不準孩子長大後會養成酗酒的不良習慣甚至因為喝酒會沾染其他陋習如吸煙等。

可見，無論是從心裡還是生理上兒童都不適合喝酒！雖然我沒有給出權威的臨床證據，但是我想任何一個有腦子的人都知道不應該讓兒童喝酒吧？！

有。而且相比於兒童自己飲酒，產前孕婦過量飲酒(prenatal exposure to high amounts of alcohol)會對嬰幼兒產生更大的危害。

--------------------------------------------------------

Articles:

1.兒童自己飲酒不好

Article 1:Alcohol intake, cigarette smoking and plasma lipids and lipoproteins in 12--19-year-old children, Sited:46, link:http://dev.europepmc.org/abstract/MED/7020984/reload=2;jsessionid=kWRZrdzmy7FjdsYd7Orh.0 (url中間有個分號，知乎無法識別，自行複製粘貼)

Article 2: A Review of the Neurobehavioral Deficits in Children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol, Sited: 480;

Abstract:

The relationship of alcohol intake to plasma lipids and lipoproteins was assessed in 1603 white children, ages 12-19 years, from six Lipid Research Clinics as part of the Lipid Research Clinics Collaborative Population Studies. Of the 1603 children, 933 came from a randomly recalled group and 660 from a group recalled because of elevated cholesterol or triglyceride or both (the hyperlipidemic recall group). Using multiple regression analysis, the relationships of lipoproteins (as dependent variables) to alcohol, smoking, age and body mass (as explanatory variables) are assessed in both recall groups. In the random recall group, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was positively related to alcohol intake, independent of the other variables considered; for every ounce of alcohol intake, HDL cholesterol was 0.55 mg/dl higher in males and 1.04 mg/dl higher in females. HDL cholesterol was strongly and inversely related to smoking and body mass in both males and females and was inversely related to age in males. In females, plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol,triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol were all positively related to alcohol intake. In the hyperlipidemic recall group of children, alcohol intake had a weak positive relationship with HDL cholesterol in males; in the females, for every ounce of alcohol intake, HDL cholesterol was higher by 1.5 mg/dl. Alcohol intake was positively related to triglyceride levels in hypertriglyceridemic male children. In each recall group, alcohol intake had a small, significant, positive association withHDL cholesterol levels in 12--19-year-old children, and a less consistent positive association withtriglyceride and VLDL cholesterol. If low HDL cholesterol concentrations in children are undesirable, attention should first be focused reduction of smoking (inversely associated with HDL cholesterol) and weight (inversely associated with HDL cholesterol, positively associated with LDL cholesterol,triglyceride and VLDL cholesterol), as measures that may modify HDL cholesterol levels.

2. 父母孕期過劑量飲酒對嬰兒不好（Prenatal Alcohol Exposure)

Article 1: Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Childhood Behavior at Age 6 to 7 Years, Sited: 349;

Article 2: Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: Effects on Child IQ and Learning Problems at Age 7 1/2 Years, Sited: 449;

最後一篇文章的Abstract:

This longitudinal, prospective, population-based study examined the long-term effects of moderate prenatal alcohol exposure on 482 school aged children. Maternal reports of alcohol use obtained during pregnancy were significantly related to child IQ, achievement test scores, and classroom behaviors in second grade children, even after statistical adjustment for appropriate covariates. Consumption of two drinks per day or more on the average was related to a 7-point decrement in IQ in 7-year-old children even after statistically adjusting for appropriate covariates. Low paternal education and more children in the household were identified as environmental factors exacerbating the effect of prenatal alcohol exposure on child IQ. Learning problems were associated with the alcohol 「BINGE」 pattern of five or more drinks on at least one occasion. This study shows that alcohol use patterns within the social drinking range can have long lasting effects on IQ and learning problems in young school aged children. These patterns should not be interpreted as biologic thresholds. It should also be noted that these are group effects of prenatal alcohol exposure, not necessarily predictable in the individual child, and that for the most part these children were functioning within the normal range of intelligence.

--------------------------------------------------------

Summary:

以上幾篇文章自行google scholar即可。因學校資料庫許可權有限，無法獲取全文，但從引用量和review結果來判斷，文獻內容應該是可信的。

如果用中文總結一下，就是：

1. 兒童肝臟腎脾胃都未發育成熟，酒精可能造成肝功受損，還會促使粘膜細胞發生突變，導致口腔癌或食道癌；

酒精不僅會刺激胃粘膜，影響胃酸和胃酶的分泌從而導致消化不良，而且還可使血管充血受損，導致胃炎和胃潰瘍。大量飲酒還會引起急性胰腺炎。酒精在人體內吸收快，但氧化分解慢，它在體內代謝過程中還要消耗較多的葉酸和維生素Ｂ１，因此，青少年長期飲酒還會造成營養不良和維生素缺乏症，影響正常的發育。酒精被人體吸收後，在體內主要靠肝臟解毒，而青少年的肝細胞分化不完全，肝組織脆弱，飲酒容易造成肝脾腫大，使血液中的膽紅質、轉氨酶及鹼性磷酸酶增高，影響肝功能。

↑ 此結論顯而易見，相關論文一大堆，Google Schlar Alcohol Children即可，也可以加上liver等關鍵詞。

2. 會造成智商下降，社會認知障礙以及大腦發育遲緩等；

兒童喝酒會使兒童的智商下降，影響正常的工作和學習，或多或少地還影響到大腦的發育。青少年的神經系統及大腦尚未發育成熟，當酒精隨血液到達大腦後，更容易對大腦細胞產生抑制或損害，使青少年的智力發育遲緩，注意力分散，記憶力減退，學習成績下降。

↑ 此結論有臨床依據(我上面引過的那篇，以及這篇：Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure with or without physical features of fetal alcohol syndrome leads to IQ deficits)

3. 對兒童心理的影響：容易養成酗酒的習慣，對兒童的Social Behavior（社交表現）會產生很嚴重的影響。

--------------------------------------------------------

p.s. 聲明：本人非醫學生，對以上論文僅能從其論據（樣本數量，實驗是否客觀等）和論文發表雜誌權威性角度進行判斷。以上諸篇論文大都發自pubMed權威雜誌並且有較高引用量，相信其結論是可信的。本人時間有限，僅看了這幾篇文章（沒許可權的只能看Abstract），還請邀請知乎上各位醫生作答。

Thanks.

成人喝酒就好嗎？

喝酒需要通過肝臟代謝掉酒精

作為一名喝酒後吐過膽汁醉死在馬路邊第二天昏迷不醒等前科得人

現身說法我現在代謝酒精得能力比過去差很多了之前一瓶58度白酒一天就能恢復如今不用一瓶半瓶我要休息2天才能恢復所以不要酗酒

小孩子得代謝不完全對肝臟損害更大

當然這裡只說了一條肝臟得問題其實酒精還是股骨頭壞死得直接原因之一

神經損傷得直接原因之一

等等

說句題外話酒精在過去是一種能儲存得安全飲用品因為過去消毒得技術不高

所以現在都有蒸餾水了與時俱進嘛來幹了這杯蒸餾水

酒中都含有乙醇，乙醇易被體內吸收，大部分在肝臟氧化分解。由於小兒的肝臟尚未發育完善，對酒精的代謝解毒能力低，經常喝酒必將加重肝臟的負擔，對小兒的發育不利;一次過量飲酒可對肝、腎造成損害，並影響腦細胞代謝使兒童思維遲鈍。而且小兒正處於生長發育階段，各臟器功能還不是很完善。此時飲酒對機體的損害猶為嚴重。小兒即使飲少量的酒，其注意力、記憶力也會有所下降，思維速度將變得遲緩，嚴重影響小兒的智力發育。所以小孩子還是不要喝酒，這樣對身體，對成長都好

估計小孩的肝的解酒功能還不那麼強，傷害比較大吧！

青少年都如此更何況孩童？

想想我們老家好多人叫小孩子喝酒簡直呵呵了

孩子的身體沒有長好，和多了酒對身體受不了的。。

大人喝了難道好

我有個朋友，小時候酒精中毒，現在一聞酒精味道就頭暈，小時候據說超級聰明，反正大腦發育是受到影響了。

（我們一直也很奇怪，他爸爸和弟弟超級聰明的啊，後來偶然聽他媽媽講這個才知道）