《CFA一級之國際財務報表分析》第二章：財務報表的機制之知識點c和d
作者：上海商學院高翔副教授，CFA，FRM，CAIA；美國西弗吉尼亞大學周昆教授，CFA
微課：www.theanalystspace.com
第一章：財務報表分析概述
第一周：知識點a和b-PartA
第二周：知識點b-PartB
第三周：知識點b-PartC and D
第四周：知識點c
第五周：知識點d、e和f
第二章：財務報表的機制
第六周：知識點a和b
第六周文末的四道練習題答案依次為A、C、B和A。
Question 18: In classifying the elements of financial statements, the primary distinction between revenues and gains is:
A. the nature of the activities that gave rise to the transactions
B. the likelihood that the events will recur
C. the materiality of the amounts
答案解析：revenue和gain的區別在於revenue是由日常經營活動產生的，而gain則是由非主營經濟活動產生的。B選項錯在非主營經濟活動不一定是非經常性的。C選項錯在收入的金額是否material或者與收入伴隨的成本是否很高這些外部因素並不是區分revenue和gain的根本，這些外部因素同樣也不是決定是否對一筆收入進行披露的根本。
Question 19: Which of the following is NOT an accounting transaction?
A. Receiving cash from a customer prior to performing the service
B. Recording of amortization
C. Hiring of a controller
答案解析：人員變動不屬於會計交易，這是因為人力資源不是金融資產；應收賬款、應付賬款和折舊等科目雖然不涉及現金收支，但是它們據屬於應當記錄在財務報表上的會計交易。
Question 20: Which of the following is an investing activity?
A. Declaration of a cash dividend
B. Sale of equipment at book value
C. Sale of merchandise on credit
答案解析：A選項中的dividends屬於股權融資，它和bond這種債權融資一樣都是融資活動。B選項中的equipment屬於長期資產買賣，因此是投資活動。C選項中的merchandise屬於流動資產，賒購形式購買流動資產應當被歸類為經營活動。
Question 21: Making and collecting laons and disposing of property, plant, and equipment are what kind of activities:
A. Investing
B. Operating
C. Financing
答案解析：諸如房產、工廠和設備之類的長期資產的價值變動以及應收貸款的變動都表明企業可能進行了投資活動。
這周咱們繼續第二章《財務報告機制》中知識點c和知識點d的講解。
LOS c
Explain the accounting equation in its basic and expanded forms
知識點 c
解釋會計恆等式的基本形式和擴展形式
知識點 c 詳述
The five elements from LOS b (i.e., assets, liabilities, owners equity, revenue, and expenses) are connected through accounting equations underlying financial statements. We introduce three equations for balance sheet, income statement, and statement of retained earnings (excerpt from statement of changes in equity) in this section, and leave the equation for the statement of cash flows to a later section.
上周知識點b中的五種要素（即資產、負債、所有者權益、收入和支出）可以通過幾張財務報表中所隱含的會計恆等式來連接起來。我們在本節中分別介紹了資產負債表、收益表和留存盈餘表（屬於股東權益變動表的一部分）所對應的三個會計恆等式。現金流量表所對應的會計恆等式將在後續章節中進行介紹。
Balance Sheet Equation - 資產負債表恆等式
Recall that the balance sheet (or statement of financial position) presents a list of a companys financial positions for assets, liability, and equity claim positions at a given time point. This statement features in the following so called 「basic accounting equation」:
Assets = Liabilities + Owners equity, or equivalently,
Assets – Liabilities = Owners equity.
回憶資產負債表的定義，其列示的是一家公司在某個指定時間節點上有關資產、負債和權益要求權三大會計要素的財務狀況，該表的特點可被總結成下列的「基本會計恆等式」： 資產 = 負債 + 所有者權益，或也可寫作，資產 - 負債 = 所有者權益。
Since owners equity can be further classified by its two sources: capital contributed by owners, and earnings retained in the company until the reporting date, we have:
Owners equity = Contributed capital + Ending retained earnings.
In practice, owners equity may also come from treasury stock (a company repurchases and holds its own stock) and other comprehensive income (the part of a companys income that is not reported on the income statement, e.g., changes in the value of assets or liabilities not reflected in the income statement). Then, the basic accounting equation can be expanded as:
Assets = Liabilities + Contributed capital + Ending retained earnings.
由於所有者權益可以按照其來源分為兩類：公司所有者繳納的資本和截止財務彙報日期當天該公司的留存盈餘的餘額，所以我們有：所有者權益 = 實繳資本 + 期末留存盈餘。在實際操作中，所有者權益也可能來源於庫存股份（指一家公司回購併持有自身的股份）以及其他綜合收益（公司收益中不在收益表中彙報的部分，例如資產或者負債價值的變動就會帶來損益，但這種損益是不會被反映在收益表之中的）。基於此，上述「基本會計恆等式」也可以被擴展為：資產 = 負債 + 實繳資本 + 期末留存盈餘。
Statement of Retained Earnings Equation - 留存盈餘表恆等式
In income statement, retained earnings represent the part of earnings (i.e., income) that are retained within the company. So, a companys retained earnings at the end of the reporting period equals its beginning balance, plus net income over the period, less dividends distributed to owners over the period. Accordingly, the equation underlying retained earnings is:
Ending retained earnings = Beginning retained earnings + Net Income – Dividends.
在利潤表中，留存利潤反映的是留存在企業內部的那部分收益（即收入）。所以一家公司在財務彙報期末的留存盈餘的餘額就等於留存盈餘的期初餘額，加上本期的凈收入，再減去本期中分配給公司所有者的股息。因此，留存利潤所對應的會計恆等式為：期末留存盈餘 = 期初留存盈餘 + 凈收入 – 股息分配。
In the balance sheet, retained earnings is one component of owners equity. As a result, the balance sheet and the income statement can then be connected with each other through retained earnings. Then the basic accounting equation can again be expanded as:
Assets = Liabilities + Contributed capital + Beginning retained earnings + Revenues – Expenses – Dividends.
在資產負債表中，留存盈餘則是股東權益的一個組成部分。所以資產負債表和收益表就可能通過留存盈餘而彼此連接起來。基於此，上述「基本會計恆等式」可以再一次被擴展為：資產 = 負債 + 實繳資本 + 期初留存盈餘 + 收益 – 支出 – 股息分配。
Income Statement Equation - 收益表恆等式
Finally recall that the income statement (or statement of operations, statement of income, statement of profit and loss) presents the performance of a company for a given time period. This statement corresponds to the following equation:
Revenue – Expenses = Net income, or Net loss.
Note that (I) revenue is sometimes called sales or turnover, and net income is used interchangeable with net profit or net earnings; (II) revenue and expenses are related to a companys primary business activities, while gains and losses are related respectively to increases and decreases in resources that belong to a companys non-core business. For accounting purpose, gains are included in revenue and losses are included in expenses. The following table shows a simplified example of how financial statements are linked up.
最後回憶利潤表（也被稱為經營情況表、收入表或者損益表）的定義，其列示的是一家企業在一段特定時間範圍內的經營業績。收益表所對應的會計恆等式如下：收益 – 支出 = 凈收入，或凈損失。需要注意的是：（1）收益有時也被成為銷售量或者營業額，而凈收入這一說法有時也會被凈利潤或者凈收益所替換；（2）收益和支出對應的是一家公司主要商業活動的財務狀況，而損益則分別對應的是一家公司非主營業務下的資源的減少和增加。出於方便會計核算的目的，我們把損益中的得益囊括到收益的數額之中，並把損益中的損失囊括到支出的數額之中。下表通過一個簡單的實例來展示各種財務報表是如何互相聯繫起來的。
Using Accounting Equations - 如何把會計恆等式應用於實踐
留白，此部分將在實體書中闡述。
https://www.zhihu.com/video/935583800134594560
LOS d
Describe the process of recording business transactions using an accounting system based on the accounting equation
知識點 d
使用基於會計恆等式的會計體系來描述對商業交易做出記錄的流程
知識點 d 詳述
The "basic accounting equation" described above implies the so called "double-entry accounting" process, i.e., every recorded transaction affects at least two accounts in order to keep the equation in balance. For example, purchasing a machine for $2,000 cash would simultaneously decrease the cash account and increase the property, plant, and equipment account by that same amount; paying off a $10,000 liability with cash would decrease the cash account and one liability account by the same amount.
上文中所描述的「基本會計恆等式」意味著記賬的流程運用的是「複式記賬法」，即每筆被記錄的交易會影響到至少兩個會計科目，這樣才能保證會計恆等式的成立。例如：用2,000美元的現金購買一台機器設備就會同時導致現金科目的餘額減少2,000美元，並導致固定資產之房產、工廠和設備這一賬戶的餘額增加相同的數額；用10,000美元的現金償還債務將降低現金科目的賬戶餘額，並使該債務所對應的負債科目也減少相同的數額。
An Illustration of Recording Business Transactions - 對商業交易進行記錄的實例
Consider company D whose sole business is to manage a trading portfolio of the company owners funds. The purpose is to demonstrate the successfulness of their investment strategies, hoping to profit from providing trading recommendations. This subsection summarizes company Ds operating, investing, and financing business activities in in chronological order, while the next subsection would translate them into financial statement records.
考慮公司D的例子，該公司唯一的業務就是管理一支由股東自有資金組建的交易性投資組合。這麼做的目的是向公眾展示其投資策略是可以取得成功的，其最終目的是在打出公司的知名度後通過向廣大投資人士提供交易方面的建議服務來盈利。本小節以發生時間先後為順序對公司D在經營、投資和融資方面的商業活動做出了總結，接下來下一個小節將把這些商業活動轉換成財務報表上的記錄。
Accounting Records - 會計賬簿中的記錄
Transferring the above list of actual activities into financial reports can help owners and analysts to: (1) identify future activities, e.g., collecting outstanding receivables; (2) assess operating profitability during the reporting period; (3) evaluate the current financial position, e.g., cash on hand.
將上表中列出的實際活動轉成財務報告可幫助股東和分析師：（1）識別出公司下一步的業務活動，例如，未來可能要清理那些尚未償付的應收賬款；（2）評估財務報告期間公司的運營利潤；（3）對公司當前的財務狀況進行估值，例如，庫存現金量。
To complete the transfer, the first step is to identify which accounts are affected by a particular activity, by what amount, and whether these accounts are increased or decreased. The second step is to determine element type for each account identified in the previous step and where it fits in the basic account equation (this step relies on understanding the economic characteristics of the account and the basic definitions of the elements). We summarize all accounts that would be affected by activities described in the Table below, and categorize them by financial statement elements.
未完成轉換的流程，第一步要識別出某個特定的業務活動會影響哪幾個會計科目，這些科目的餘額改變了多少以及改變是增加還是減少。第二步要決定前一步所識別出來的每一個受影響科目是屬於哪種財務報表要素的，且這些科目的變化是在基本會計恆等式的哪個部分得以體現的（這一步驟要求我們對會計科目的經濟特徵和財務報表要素的基本定義做出深入理解）。我們在下表中將可能會受到影響的所有會計科目做了一個總結，我們還把這些科目按照財務報表要素進行了歸類。
The third step is to use the information from step 1 and 2, and enter the amounts in the appropriate column of the financial statement spreadsheet. The final step is to verify whether the accounting equation is still in balance. We map the business activities listed in the Table of real business activities into their respective accounting treatments in the following Table.
第三步是使用從第一步和第二步而來的信息，且將這些數額填入財務報表試算表合適的各列中。最後一步是驗證會計恆等式是否還成立。我們把與真實商業活動表列出的各種業務活動所分別對應的會計處理方法總結於下表之中。
https://www.zhihu.com/video/935583954266886144
下周我們會接著公司D的例子，看看在經過會計處理之後，D公司的三大報表是怎麼生成的，而且會隨時間的變動發生怎樣的變化。下面是本周的練習題。
Practice Questions 練習題
Question 19: ABC Corp. paid $4,800 on June 1 20X6 for a two-year insurance policy, and recorded the entire amount as insurance expense. The adjusting entry as of December 31, 20X6 is:
A. credit insurance expense and debit prepaid insurance for $3,400
B. debit prepaid insurance and credit insurance expense for $1,400
C. credit prepaid insurance and debt insurance expense for $3,400
Question 20: An accounting record into which the essential facts and fitures about transactions are initially recorded is called the:
A. General ledger
B. Book of original entry
C. Account
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