3種方法來引用參考文獻
在引用一篇文章時,除了標明題目之外還需要標明文章所在的期刊或書籍。下文中將介紹幾種不同的引用標準:APA(美國心理協會)標準,MLA(美國現代語言協會)標準和芝加哥標準。
APA(美國心理協會)標準
1
引用作者姓名時按照先姓後名的順序,
多個作者名字之間用逗號隔開,最後兩個姓名之間沒有逗號,用&符號連接。
? Doe, J.
? Doe, J. & Johnson, S. Q.
? Smith, R., Orion, D. & Johnson, S. Q.
2
註明出版日期。
如果只能查詢到期刊發表的年份,標上年份即可,如果可以查詢到具體的出版日期,就按照年,月,日的格式進行引用,以句號結束。
? Doe, J. (2001).
? Smith, R., Orion, D. & Johnson, S. Q. (2011, July 15).
3
註明被引用文章的標題。
不要使用斜體、下劃線或者引號。標題的首字母大寫,如果有副標題的話,則冒號後的第一個字母也大寫,最後以句號結束。
? Doe, J. (2001).Recent breakthroughs in diagnosing mental illness.
? Smith, R., Orion, D. & Johnson, S. Q. (2011, July 15). Bone-Chilling: A history of literary horror.
4
註明你引用的文章所在期刊的編輯姓名。
編輯姓名和期刊名稱以「In」為前綴,按照先名後姓的格式進行引用。如果編輯姓名有兩個,用&記號進行連接;三個以上的名字則用逗號連接。如果雜誌的編輯只有一名,在名字後的括弧里加上ED.縮寫。多個編輯則採用EDs.縮寫。
? Doe, J. (2001).Recent breakthroughs in diagnosing mental illness. In J. Rowell (Ed.),
? Smith, R., Orion, D. & Johnson, S. Q. (2011, July 15). Bone-Chilling: A history of literary horror. In A. Hoffman & C. G. Brooke (Eds.),
5
註明期刊名稱。
首字母大寫,標題加上引號。
? Doe, J. (2001).Recent breakthroughs in diagnosing mental illness. In J. Rowell (Ed.), Essays on psychology.
? Smith, R., Orion, D. & Johnson, S. Q. (2011, July 15). Bone-Chilling: A history of literary horror. In A. Hoffman & C. G. Brooke (Eds.), Genre literature through the ages.
6
給出頁碼範圍。
插入文章所在的頁碼範圍,以pp作為前綴,前綴之後有個句號。
? Doe, J. (2001).Recent breakthroughs in diagnosing mental illness. In J. Rowell (Ed.), Essays on psychology (pp. 24-38).
? Smith, R., Orion, D. & Johnson, S. Q. (2011, July 15). Bone-Chilling: A history of literary horror. In A. Hoffman & C. G. Brooke (Eds.), Genre literature through the ages (pp. 102-118).
7
註明出版商的姓名和所在地。
列出出版公司的所在地和公司名稱,中間用冒號隔開,以句號作為結束。
? Doe, J. (2001).Recent breakthroughs in diagnosing mental illness. In J. Rowell (Ed.), Essays on psychology (pp. 24-38). New York: Big Time Publisher.
? Smith, R., Orion, D. & Johnson, S. Q. (2011, July 15). Bone-Chilling: A history of literary horror. In A. Hoffman & C. G. Brooke (Eds.), Genre literature through the ages (pp. 102-118). New York: Big Time Publisher.
MLA(美國現代語言協會)標準
引用作者姓名時採用包括姓、名、中間名在內的全名。
1
第一作者採用先姓後名的格式,其餘作者採用先名後姓的格式。三個及以上的姓名用逗號進行連接,最後兩個名字間用「and」連接,以句號結束:
? Doe, John.
? Doe, John and Samuel Quentin Johnson.
? Smith, Robert, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson.
引用文章標題。
2
所有的主要辭彙都採用首字母大寫,標題以句號結束,給標題加上引號:
? Doe, John."Recent Breakthroughs in Diagnosing Mental Illness."
? Smith, Robert, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson. "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror."
註明文章所在的期刊名。
3
給期刊名加上引號,每個主要辭彙均首字母大寫,以句號結束:
? Doe, John."Recent Breakthroughs in Diagnosing Mental Illness."Essays on Psychology.
? Smith, Robert, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson. "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror." Genre Literature through the Ages.
註明期刊的編輯姓名。
4
採用先名後姓的全名,在姓名之前加上Ed.縮寫,如果有不止一位編輯名則加上EDS.縮寫,以句號結束:
? Doe, John."Recent Breakthroughs in Diagnosing Mental Illness."Essays on Psychology.Ed. Josh Rowell.
? Smith, Robert, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson. "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror." Genre Literature through the Ages.Eds. Alexandra Hoffman and Charles Gilbert Brooke.
註明出版商信息。
5
列出出版商所在的城市、出版商名稱以及出版年份。這裡只需要引用年份即可,不需要具體到日期。在城市名和出版商名稱之間用冒號相連,與年份用逗號相連,最後以句號結尾:
? Doe, John."Recent Breakthroughs in Diagnosing Mental Illness."Essays on Psychology.Ed. Josh Rowell. New York: Big Time Publisher, 2001.
? Smith, Robert, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson. "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror." Genre Literature through the Ages.Eds. Alexandra Hoffman and Charles Gilbert Brooke. New York: Big Time Publisher, 2011.
註明被引用文章所在的頁碼。
6
標出文章所在的第一頁和最後一頁的頁碼。用連字號相連並以句號結尾:
? Doe, John."Recent Breakthroughs in Diagnosing Mental Illness."Essays on Psychology.Ed. Josh Rowell. New York: Big Time Publisher, 2001. 24-38.
? Smith, Robert, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson. "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror." Genre Literature through the Ages.Eds. Alexandra Hoffman and Charles Gilbert Brooke. New York: Big Time Publisher, 2011. 102-118.
標出出版方式。
7
如果是以書籍形式出版,則標上「Print」。以電子書形式出版則標上「Electronic」。如果電子書是以網站形式發表的則標上「Web」。最後以句號結尾:
? Doe, John."Recent Breakthroughs in Diagnosing Mental Illness."Essays on Psychology.Ed. Josh Rowell. New York: Big Time Publisher, 2001. 24-38. Print.
? Smith, Robert, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson. "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror." Genre Literature through the Ages.Eds. Alexandra Hoffman and Charles Gilbert Brooke. New York: Big Time Publisher, 2011. 102-118. Electronic.
芝加哥標準
1
引用文章的作者名。
如果是在腳註或章節附註中引用作者名,則採用先名後姓的格式。如果是在參考文獻列表中進行引用,則對第一作者採用先姓後名的格式,其餘作者使用先名後姓的格式。腳註後以逗號結尾,參考文獻列表中以句號結尾:
? Robert Smith, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson,
? Smith, Robert, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson.
2
註明引用文章的標題。
給引用文章標題加上引號,主要辭彙均首字母大寫,腳註和章節附註中以逗號結尾,參考文獻列表中以句號結尾:
? Robert Smith, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson, "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror,"
? Smith, Robert, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson. "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror."
3
註上被引用文章所在期刊的名稱。
在書名前加上「in」。用引號引用書名,主要辭彙均首字母大寫,腳註和參考文獻列表中均以逗號結尾:
? Robert Smith, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson, "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror," in Genre Literature through the Ages,
? Smith, Robert, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson. "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror." In Genre Literature through the Ages,
4
引用編輯姓名。
腳註中在編輯名前加上縮寫「ed.」,參考文獻列表中在編輯名前加上短語「edited by」。在腳註中只列出第一編輯的姓名,如果不止一位編輯的話,就在後面用縮寫「et al」代替。參考文獻列表中需要列出所有編輯的姓名:
? Robert Smith, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson, "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror," in Genre Literature through the Ages, ed. Alexandra Hoffman, et al.
? Smith, Robert, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson. "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror." In Genre Literature through the Ages, edited by Alexandra Hoffman and Charles Gilbert Brooke,
5
標出文章所在的頁碼範圍。
只在參考文獻列表中標註,範圍包括文章所在的全部頁碼:
? Robert Smith, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson, "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror," in Genre Literature through the Ages, ed. Alexandra Hoffman, et al.
? Smith, Robert, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson. "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror." In Genre Literature through the Ages, edited by Alexandra Hoffman and Charles Gilbert Brooke, 102-118.
6
註上出版商的信息。
包括出版商所在的城市和出版商名稱,其中用冒號隔開,在出版商信息後加上冒號,再加上出版年份。當這些標註內容以腳註形式出現時需要加上括弧作為插入內容,參考文獻列表中則不必,以句號結束即可:
? Robert Smith, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson, "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror," in Genre Literature through the Ages, ed. Alexandra Hoffman, et al. (New York: Big Time Publisher, 2011),
? Smith, Robert, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson. "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror." In Genre Literature through the Ages, edited by Alexandra Hoffman and Charles Gilbert Brooke, 102-118. New York: Big Time Publisher, 2011.
7
標出被引用部分所在的頁碼。
這隻出現在腳註中。標出你所引用的內容所在的那一頁,以句號結束:
? Robert Smith, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson, "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror," in Genre Literature through the Ages, ed. Alexandra Hoffman, et al. (New York: Big Time Publisher, 2011), 111.
? Smith, Robert, Danielle Orion, and Samuel Quentin Johnson. "Bone-Chilling: A History of Literary Horror." In Genre Literature through the Ages, edited by Alexandra Hoffman and Charles Gilbert Brooke, 102-118. New York: Big Time Publisher, 2011.
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