教授有潛台詞你造不造?Instructional words深扒貼
還記得
當初看西遊記的時候
孫猴子被祖師敲了三下
就知道這是暗示
要三更天里去學藝
當時還挺納悶來著,
孫悟空咋就知道三下就指的是時間?
好吧,
如果這算是孫悟空天賦異稟,
那為啥,
長大的我,
論文依舊寫的那麼辛苦還不達標?
同學們卻都一個個高分?
天,
我是不是錯過了什麼?來自小E的記憶片段 So~
我們
此次
就來
講講
「教授的潛台詞」Instructional words Instructional words
你們應該並不陌生。
絕大多數學校作業以及考試閱讀題比如:essays、reports、literature reviews、critiques、proposals等都會有instructional words,
直譯也就是「指導性詞語」。
也就是教授給出的寫作建議,表示他們希望你如何去Essay,作業或考試。
比如Analyse、Comment、Critical Analysis等等都是指導詞。
那麼,
就像孫悟空被敲的那三下~
你是如何理解這些單詞的?
也是否如導師期望一樣的做出正確的回應?現在我們就給出詳細的解析,
你可要看好了!
(文字較多,注意收藏)
建議看英文原文:
account for- 中文解釋:陳述理由,解釋
-潛台詞:give reasons for
give an account of - 中文解釋:做出描述或是說明
-潛台詞: describe
to take into account- 中文解釋:考慮、思考
-潛台詞: to consider, to think of analyse- 中文解釋:vt. 分析;分解;細察,分成各部分說明各部分, 並解釋它們之間的關係以及發現,探討相關問題。
-潛台詞: divide into parts and describe each part and explain their relationship; discuss a problem
提醒:此處的【分析】,可不意味著詳細的介紹下就是的了。請先閱題,首先你得Separate or break up something into its component parts,這樣你才可以discover its nature proportion, function, relationship等。老師要看到分解、思辨的過程,有節奏有邏輯的分析,這才是你該做的。
argue-中文解釋: vi. 爭論,辯論;提出理由vt. 辯論,爭論;證明;說服
-潛台詞:systematically support or reject a position by presenting reasons and evidence for acceptance or rejection 提醒:systematically的意思是有系統地; 有組織地; 有條不紊地。並且還要 presenting reasons and evidence,理由充分也要一點一點的列出來證明。
Comment- 中文解釋:n. 評論;意見;批評vi. 發表評論;發表意見vt. 為…作評語-潛台詞:Make critical observations, even if they are fairly open-ended. Your texts, learning guide, lecture and discussion notes should provide sufficient guidelines and your own commonsense should prevail.
提醒:此處的【意見】,並不單指發表意見就可以了,需要你提供critical observations,也就是評判性觀察。
Compare- 中文解釋:vt. 比較;對照;比喻為vi. 比較;相比n. 比較
-潛台詞:Find similarities and differences between two or more ideas, events, interpretations, etc. Ensure you understand exactly what you are being asked to compare.
提醒:此處更加側重於對(兩個)比較事物的全面理解。首先你可以Identify 他們的相同點和相似點。然後再比較區別,即使問題里沒有明確叫你去比較. If appropriate, justify your choice.
Contrast- 中文解釋:vi. 對比;形成對照vt. 使對比;使與…對照n. 對比;差別;對照物
-潛台詞:Find similarities and differences between two or more ideas, events, interpretations etc. Focus on the differences.
提醒:此處的【對比】,相比較Compare,更側重於對比兩件事物間的差異對比。If appropriate, give reasons for your preference
Critical Analysis- 中文解釋:批判分析
-潛台詞:Examine the topic or argument in terms of its strengths and weaknesses.
提醒:反思查看文章主題的優點和不足。 Criticise- 中文解釋:vt. 批評;吹毛求疵;非難
-潛台詞:Express your judgements regarding the correctness or merit of the factors being considered. Discuss both strong and weak points and give the results of your own analysis. Student insights are expected and arguments must be justified.
提醒:先要表明你的判斷,再進行分析討論,最後,一定要給出你分析的結果。
Define- 中文解釋:vt. 定義;使明確;規定
-潛台詞:Provide concise, clear, authoritative meanings. In such statements, details are not necessarily required, but briefly cite the boundaries or limitations of the definition. Remeber the class to which a things belongs and whatever differentiates the particular object from all others in that class.
提醒:簡明,明確,權威的定義,細節不一定重要,但要differentiatesfrom all others in that class.
Describe- 中文解釋:vt. 描述,形容;描繪
-潛台詞:Recall facts, processes or events. You are not asked to explain or interpret. Try to provide a thorough description, emphasising the most important points.
提醒:回顧整個事實,過程或事件。注意是需要講清楚the features。而不是去explain或者interpret,是做一個全面的描述,需要emphasising the most important points的描述。
Diagram- 中文解釋:-n. 圖表;圖解vt. 用圖解法表示
-潛台詞:Present a drawing, chart, plan or graphic representation in your answer. Generally, you are also expected to label the diagram and a brief explanation or description may be required.
提醒:圖表除了圖之外,別忘了同時簡單對圖表進行簡單的explanation or description。
Discuss- 中文解釋: vt. 討論;論述,辯論
-潛台詞:Present a point of view. This is likely to need both description and interpretation. Your opinion must be supported by carefully chosen and authoritative evidence.
提醒:介紹一下觀點。你的觀點可得靠carefully chosen and authoritative evidence展現。 Enumerate- 中文解釋:vt. 列舉;枚舉;計算
-潛台詞:Provide a list or outline form of reply. In such questions you should recount, one by one, but concisely, the points required.
提醒:列出清單或是大綱,同時你應該逐一,但簡潔地說明要點。
Evaluate - 中文解釋:vt. 評價;估價;求…的值vi. 評價;估價
-潛台詞:Present a judgement of an issue by stressing both strengths and advantages, and weaknesses and limitations. The emphasis is on assessing the value, worth or relevance of the matter under scrutinty.
提醒:通過強調優勢,弱點和局限來對問題做出判斷。重點是assessing the value, worth or relevance of the matter Explain- 中文解釋:v. 說明;解釋
-潛台詞:Your main focus should be on the why of a particular issue, or on the how with the aim of clarifying reasons, causes and effects. You are being tested on your capacity to think critically, to exercise perception and discernment. 提醒:你應該主要的關注焦點在於 why,或者在於 how,然後闡明以下幾點:reasons, causes and effects。你被測試的是你的think critically的能力,練習你的洞察力。
Illustrate- 中文解釋:vt. 闡明,舉例說明;圖解vi. 舉例
-潛台詞:This asks for an explanation; you may clarify your answer to a problem by presenting a figure, picture, diagram or concrete example.
提醒:如中文翻譯的意思圖解、說明,主要用圖表或是 concrete example 說明情況,給出答案。 Interpret - 中文解釋:vt. 說明;口譯vi. 解釋;翻譯
-潛台詞:Explain the meaning of something and give your own judgement of the situation.
提醒:重點在give your own judgement List- 中文解釋:n. [計] 列表;清單;目錄vi. 列於表上vt. 列出;記入名單內
-潛台詞:Give an itemised series or tabulation; such answers should be concise.
提醒: concise,列表應該是簡潔的。 Outline- 中文解釋:n. 輪廓;大綱;概要;略圖vt. 概述;略述;描畫…輪廓
-潛台詞:This asks for an organised description. Give the main points and essential supplementary materials, but omit minor details. Present the information in a systematic arrangement or classification.
提醒:教授和老師需要看到的,是organised description。你可以給出必要的補充材料,但不必寫那些具體細節。systematic arrangement or classification就可以了。 Prove- 中文解釋:vt. 證明;檢驗;顯示
-潛台詞:To conform or verify. You should establish something with certainty by evaluating and citing experimental evidence, or by logical reasoning.
提醒:注意需要evaluating and citing experimental evidence, or by logical reasoning來證明或是驗證什麼。 Relate- 中文解釋:vt. 敘述;使…有聯繫vi. 涉及;認同;符合;與…有某種聯繫
-潛台詞:When showing relationships, your answer should emphasise connection and associations in a descriptive manner.
提醒:既是強調relationships,那麼就請 descriptive manner,更加客觀的去呈現。 Review- 中文解釋:n. 回顧;複習;評論;檢討;檢閱vt. 回顧;檢查;複審vi. 回顧;複習功課;寫評論
-潛台詞:Re-examine, analyse and comment briefly (in an organised sequence) on the major points of an issue.
提醒:重新回顧,分析要點。 State- 中文解釋:n. 國家;州;情形vt. 規定;聲明;陳述adj. 國家的;州的;正式的n. (State)人名;(羅、瑞典)斯塔特;(英)斯泰特
-潛台詞:Express the high points in brief and clear narrative form. Details, and usually illustrations or examples, may be omitted.
提醒:這是不需要廢話的。簡要表達high points。那些細節、插圖或例子,可以省略。 Summarise- 中文解釋:vt. 概括(等於summarize);相加
-潛台詞:Provide a brief statement or an account covering the main points; omit details.
提醒:不需要廢話,直接給出結論即可。 Trace - 中文解釋:vi. 追溯;沿路走vt. 追蹤,查探;描繪;回溯n. 痕迹,蹤跡;微量;[儀] 跡線;韁繩
-潛台詞:Give the development, process or history of a thing, event or idea, especially by proceeding from the latest to the earliest evidence.
提醒:從最新或是最早的數據中,來推斷the development, process or history of a thing。
以上就是此次的Instructional words分析,如果你在寫作中不確定那些「指導性辭彙」到底意味這什麼的時候,你可以回過頭來看看這篇文章。
或者列印詳細解釋。自己對照查看。pdf格式,公眾號【easygpaschool】後台回復【潛台詞】即可獲取。
希望大家以後寫作就能按照導師要求,獲取高分嘍~
https://unilearning.uow.edu.au/essay/2c.html
論文寫作課乾貨系列詳情請關注EasyGPA學園【easygpaschool】,
公眾號內回復【論文資料】,直接領取各類論文寫作資料哦~~
往期精彩回顧
2018英國大學排名
學習方法
中國常用藥在英國的替代葯
Endnote攻略
課程筆記
Essay格式模板一次搞定
英國口音學習
知乎10K高贊推薦書單
英國常備物品價格
選課通用攻略
—以上—
▼▼▼
EasyGPA海外學期定製輔導火熱進行中~
您有要求,均可定製哦~
▼▼▼
▼▼▼
關注我們
推薦閱讀:
※一篇好的essay要具備什麼?
※Easy GPA論文課系列之主題句「大想法」!
※怎樣寫essay with evidence and examples?
※如何做好Proofreading?
TAG:essay |