周五更新：語言進化1

語言的進化是一個非常漫長並且循序漸進的過程，一個個小小的變化可能就需要經歷幾個世紀的變遷才能最終形成。這些變化就像語言中的創新一樣，使語言不斷更新。這種變化的原因可以有很多，比如說：我們學習母語的方式是聽父母的發音，在這個傾聽模仿的過程中，因為沒聽清或者個人與個人之間的發音差異等原因語言在向下一代的傳遞過程中，出現變化。就算這種傳遞沒有出現在父母與下一代之間，普通情況下人與人之間的語言和信息交流也可以使這種變化出現。

The development of language is a long procedure that happens gradually. A single change in the word can only be used broadly after undergoing at least centuries. These changes are innovations in language. This phenomenon can be caused by varied reasons. For example, while learning from parents, the original mother language can be changed by kids because of misheard and other reasons. The phenomenon is not only happening between kids and parents but also possible in everyday conversations while people communicate information with each other.

語言的的進化中有兩種角色，原始語言和派生語言。派生語言是原始語言在不斷變化後才形成的，因此兩種語言之間也存在著很多的聯繫。比如說古英語就是現代英語的原始語言，古英語的使用時期基本是在450-1066，後來又變成中古英語，之後變為英語。在古英語中, mouse(老鼠)這個單詞被寫作「mūs」，現在ū這個母音在現代英語中普遍發音為[au]。像這樣的規律還有很多。

There are two kinds of languages in the development: parent language and daughter language. A daughter language is formed after the innovation of its parent language, thus they are very much related. For example, Old English is the parent language of Modern English. Old English was used approximately between 450-1066, and it developed into Middle English and then to Modern English. In Old English, the word 「mouse」 is written as 「mūs」, and now the vowel ū is pronounced as [au] in Modern English. And there are also many other rules like this.

由於語言的變遷原因很多，又受到很多因素的影響，所以整個過程是非常複雜的。我所學習的內容，多數是原始印歐語當中的，其中也包括已經消失了的語言。下圖就是原始印歐語的一個分支進化圖，可以清晰地看出各個語言的來源。

(原始印歐語：是後世語言學家根據現時印歐語系諸語的特色，透過比較語言學的方法而所倒推出來的假想語言）

Since language development can be caused by many reasons and influenced by many factors, the whole process is complicated. Most of the languages I learnt in class belong to PIE languages and there are also some extinct languages included.

(Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the linguistic reconstruction of the common ancestor of the Ido-European languages, the most widely spoken language family in the world)

因為這個專欄的更新內容順序是根據我學習的順序來排列的，所以其實順序是有一點點混亂的。因為語言進化是課程最大的課題，所以本周五先簡單的概括一下基本的知識和背景。但是相對而言，基礎的知識不是那麼多，所以這篇文章篇幅較短。周六我會再更新一篇文章，介紹語言是如何用符號被表現出來的。感謝大家關注，感謝閱讀!!!