英文里的花式政體，別傻傻分不清楚！

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今天一本正經為大家掃盲

英文里的花式政體~

The way governments work

Republic | 共和國/共和政體

? A government whose authority is based on citizens votes, which are represented

by elected or nominated officials chosen in free elections.

?共和國至今尚存的就5個：天朝，朝鮮民主主義人民共和國，古巴共和國 ，越南社會主義共和國 ，寮國人民民主共和國

跑個題，米國還有個服飾品牌叫「Banana Republic」

Democracy|民主制

? Democracy means 『rule ofthe people』.The term today refers to a political system in which the people or their elected representatives govern themselves.

?如米國

談到米國，不得不提其行政、立法、司法的分權與制衡

如下圖

▼

? A government where priests rule in the name of God or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided, or consistent with the principles of a particular religion.

?宗教首領掌握國家政權，王權神授的思想，如伊朗。

Autocracy|專制政治/獨裁政體

? A government controlled by absolute power, and in the hands of a single person with minimal restraints on the decisions and lack of any mechanisms of popular control.

?如古巴，朝鮮，越南，敘利亞，中東絕大多數阿拉伯國家和一些非洲的軍政府國家等等。

Technocracy|專家治國/技術官僚

? A government where scientists and technical experts are in control of the state, and where

rulers are selected on the basis of their knowledge/skill rather than wealth/power.

?這個詞來源於希臘語，尤其在文藝復興時代之後，出於對科學、技術和專業的尊重，歐美大陸都曾出現不少著名的專家、學者型部長、大臣。義大利前總理錢皮就曾是一名經濟學家和中央銀行家，希臘前銀行主管佐洛塔斯則在1989年至1990年期間出任該國總理。

Fascism|法西斯

? It is a way of ruling that advocates total control of the people and seeks to promote the ancestral and cultural values and eradicate foreign in?uences

?二戰期間典型的如德國、義大利和日本

Anarchy|無政府主義

? Anarchy is a state ofabsence of law,

a state of lawlessness and disorder

(usually resulting from a failure

of government)

?Anarchism」源於希臘語單詞「αναρχ?α」，意思是沒有統治者，群龍無首

下圖人腦帶A的符號就是指Anarchy

Monarchy|君主制

? A government where supremeauthority is vested in a single and usually hereditary ?gure, such as a king, and whose powers can vary from absolute to none at all

如日本天皇，英國女王

Oligarchy|寡頭政體

? Rule of the few.

It is a form of power structure in which power effectively rests with a faction of persons or families.

?原指少數人掌握的政權，如古希臘雅典奴隸制國家的貴族政權。後通指由一小撮反動統治者操縱一切的政治制度。

Plutocracy|金權政治/財閥統治

? Government ruled by therid: or power provided by wealth, often used to describe a wealthy class ruling a government, often from behind the scenes.

?這個詞來自古希臘語ploutokratia，有兩個詞根，古希臘語的ploutos，意思為財富，以及古希臘語的kratos，意思為管治或政權。

Tyranny|暴虐/苛政

? Government or authority ofan absolute ruler: arbitrary exercise of power over subjects not requisite for the purposes of government/approved by law and justice.

Totalitarianism|極權主義/全能政體

? A totalitarian system is the one in which

a single political authority regulates

total control over state,

that is centralized and dictatorial.

?一個對社會有著絕對權威並盡一切可能謀求控制公眾與私人生活的國家之政治制度，更像是一種傾向。冷戰時期，這詞通常被用以強調納粹德國、法西斯主義國家與極權主義蘇聯之間的相似性。

Federalism|聯邦制

? A political organizationcharacterized by

union of small states, groups or parties,

which are self-governed in internal affairs

and are united under a central government.

?由兩個或兩個以上的政治實體（共和國、州、邦）結合而成的一種國家結構形式，如美國、德國、瑞士、澳大利亞等。聯邦制下的地方有一定的主權，而單一制（中央集權）下的地方沒有主權。

以下是米國州和國家的分權

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Communism|共產主義

? As a system of government,communism is a system of government in which the state owns and operates industry on behalf of the people.

Junta|（武力奪取政權的）軍人集團

? It refers to a group or coalitionthat tales control of the state after overthrowing a government. Usually this. is done by a military groups

Dictatorship|獨裁/專政

? A form of government where the power rests entirely on one person or a group of persons. This rule could be acquired by inheritance or force and is usually oppressive.

?註：中文裡，專政和獨裁完全不同，專政和民主是一對詞，民主制國家都是民主和專政的統一（對統治階級民主，對被統治階級專政。比如資本主義社會是資產階級民主、對無產階級專政；我國是社會主義國家<中國特色>是對人民民主、對極少數敵對分子專政）。專政是個中性詞，專政統治者進行統治不一定會像獨裁那樣暴虐無度。

FYI: 公主號里不會每篇都放到這邊過來..搬運後還損傷排版顏值..

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