《國際保理通則》（GRIF 2013）譯註（九）：承保額度的調整，全部轉讓原則

Article 18 Reduction or cancellation

(i) For good reason the Import Factor shall have the right to reduce or cancel the individual order approval or the credit line. Such cancellation or reduction must take place in writing or by telephone (to be confirmed in writing). Upon receipt of such notice of cancellation or reduction the Export Factor shall immediately notify the supplier and such cancellation or reduction shall be effective as to shipments made and/or services performed after the supplier』s receipt of such notice. On or after the sending of any such notice of cancellation or reduction to the Export Factor, the Import Factor shall have the right to send such notice also direct to the supplier, but he shall inform the Export Factor of such an action.

The Export Factor shall cooperate, and shall ensure that the supplier shall cooperate, with the Import Factor to stop any goods in transit and thus minimise the Import Factor』s loss. The Export Factor undertakes to give the Import Factor all assistance possible in such circumstances.

(ii) On the effective date of the termination of the contract between supplier and Export Factor all order approvals and credit lines are immediately cancelled without notice, but shall remain valid for any receivable relating to a shipment made and services performed before the date of termination provided that the receivable is assigned to the Import Factor within 30 days of that date.

(iii) When the cancellation of the credit line is effective or the credit line has expired then:

(a) the right of succession ceases and thereafter, except as provided in sub-paragraphs (b) and (c) of this paragraph, any payment or credit (other than a payment or credit in connection with a transaction excluded in Article 3 or transactions otherwise excluded before the first assignment of a receivable in respect to that debtor) may beapplied by the Import Factor in satisfaction of approved receivables in priority to unapproved receivables;

(b) if any such credit relates to an unapproved receivable and the Export Factor establishes to the satisfaction of the Import Factor that the credit arose solely from the failure to ship or a stoppage in transit, the credit shall be applied to such unapproved receivable; and

(c) any monies subsequently received by the Import Factor resulting from a general distribution from the estate of the debtor in respect of receivables assigned by the Export Factor shall be shared between the Import Factor and the Export Factor in proportion to their respective interests in the amount owing by the debtor as at the date of the distribution.

第十八條　額度降低或撤消

1．進口保理商有權因正當理由降低或撤消對具體訂單的核准或信用額度。額度撤消或降低必須採取書面形式或通過電話（並以書面形式確認）做出。在收到額度撤消或降低通知後，出口保理商應立即通知供應商：該額度撤消或降低對於供應商收到通知後的發貨和/或提供服務生效。在向出口保理商發送額度撤消或降低通知的同時或之後，進口保理商亦有權直接向供應商發送此通知，但其必須將此行動告知出口保理商。

出口保理商應配合併確保供應商配合進口保理商停運任何在途貨物，以最大程度地減小進口保理商的損失。出口保理商承諾在此情況下給予進口保理商一切必要的協助。

2．出口保理商與供應商的保理協議終止之日，所有對訂單的核准和信用額度當即撤消且無須另行通知，但對終止之日前發貨或提供服務所產生的賬款依然有效，只要該賬款在保理協議終止之日起30日內轉讓給進口保理商。

3．當信用額度已被取消或核准期限屆滿，則：

　a）替補的權利終止。除本款b）項、c）項所述情形外，此後的任何付款或貸記（第三條所排除的交易項下的，以及針對該債務人的首次賬款轉讓前另行排除的交易相關的付款或貸記除外），均可由進口保理商用於償付已核准的賬款而優先於未核准的賬款；

　b）若某筆此類貸記涉及一筆未核准的賬款，且出口保理商令進口保理商確信該筆貸記單純由於貨運失誤或停運所而產生，該筆貸記將專用於該筆未核准賬款；且

　c）此後進口保理商從對債務人財產的總體分配中獲得的與出口保理商所轉讓的賬款有關的款項，應依據分配之日債務人所欠款項中兩方保理商各自的利益份額進行分配。

註：此條規定了進口保理商（買方保理商）取消或降低承保額度的相關規則，尤其重要的是第三款規定了額度取消或到期後對進口保理商的權益保護和責任平衡。我見過國內很多保理協議、雙保理協議，在這方面都沒有做好嚴謹的規劃設計，只關注「融資」如何出去，做業務顧頭不顧尾，在實務中的風險是非常大的。

Article 19 Obligation of Export Factor to assign

(i) Subject to the provisions of paragraph (ii) and (iii) of this Article the Export Factor may, but is not obliged to, offer to the Import Factor all receivables, owing by debtors in any one country and relating to one supplier, which have been assigned to the Export Factor.

(ii) The Export Factor shall inform the Import Factor whether or not the Export Factor』s agreement is to include the whole turnover on credit terms to the debtor』s country.

(iii) When the Import Factor has approved a credit line on a debtor and a receivable owing by that debtor has been assigned to the Import Factor, then all subsequent receivables of that supplier in respect of that debtor must be assigned to the Import Factor, even when the receivables are only partly approved or not approved at all.

(iv) When the Import Factor decides to cancel a credit line, the obligation for the Export Factor continues to exist until all approved receivables have been paid or otherwise provided for; in other words, until the Import Factor is 「out of risk」. However, after cancellation of the contract between the Export Factor and the supplier, further assignments of receivables cannot be expected.

第十九條　出口保理商轉讓的義務

1．依據本條第2和第3款規定，出口保理商應當（但非強制性的）將轉讓給他的、債務人在任一國內對單一供應商所欠的全部賬款轉讓給出口保理商。

2．出口保理商應告知進口保理商其保理協議是否涵蓋了賒銷條件下對債務人所在國的全部銷售收入。

3．如進口保理商已經對某一債務人核定了信用額度，且該債務人所欠的某筆賬款已經轉讓給進口保理商，則該供應商對該債務人的所有後續賬款均須轉讓給進口保理商，無論賬款僅獲部分核准或完全未獲核准。

4．如進口保理商決定撤消信用額度，出口保理商仍有義務繼續轉讓賬款，直至所有已核准賬款均已付清或以其它方式結清為止；換言之，直至進口保理商「脫離風險」為止。然而，若出口保理商與供應商的協議終止，則進口保理商不應期待賬款的繼續轉讓。

註：對這一條款，建議結合前文 說說保理業務的「全部轉讓」原則 來看。

國內包括銀行在內的很多保理商，為遷就賣方或降低操作成本，普遍採用「特定發票轉讓」的方式操作保理業務，而不對應收賬款做全面、完整的管理（甚至覺得手握一張商業承兌匯票就安全了），這種做法下法律風險是非常高的，很多巨額壞賬都是在這種情況下產生的。尤其在一般被認為安全的買方為核心企業的業務中，一旦遭遇高明的欺詐，幾乎是不可能對買方主張權益的。因此，保理業務務必以全部應收賬款轉讓為原則。