為什麼讀懂了但做不對題

Q：老師！我讀的很明白，但是在選擇選項的時候，總選錯，什麼原因？

相信每個有經驗的閱讀老師都曾經被無數次問到過這個問題。那麼現在我們一起來分析一下這個問題。

# 1

首先，問這個問題的同學總會有個前提條件：我讀的很明白。然而對於大部分同學來說，這其實並不成立，「很明白」並不是真的「很明白」。我們一起來做個小小的測試：

1. 首先把下面的幾個句子看完，做到努力理解句子的意思；

2. 如果有基友，把這些句子的意思複述給基友聽，看看ta在不看句子的情況下，是否能夠理解你說的「人話」。

3. 如果是「單身狗」，那麼請把這個句子的意思翻譯成一個至少自己讀起來比較通順的中文句子。無論是打字還是手寫，請記錄下翻譯出的句子。

4. 完成上述步驟後，請與下面的翻譯核對，判斷一下自己對於這幾個句子的理解是否足夠準確。

翻譯：

1）在近十年里所發現的睡眠時與清醒時的生理差異中，呼吸控制方式所發生的變化非常引人矚目。

2）一些在呼吸時幫助上呼吸道打開的肌肉在睡眠時會變得更放鬆。

3）令人痛苦的是放棄小型家族式家庭、轉而與幾十個陌生人一起移居到這些大型村莊中。這些習慣家庭自治和隨意遷徙的生活方式的人，不像今天的人們一樣擁有一些能夠處理人口密集問題的文化傳統和行事準則。

我自認為通過上面的小測試，大家應該能夠明白我想要表達的道理。對於做閱讀時遇到的一些句子，大家所理解的句意有時並不是這個句子的準確句意。閱讀實力不足的同學，往往只會把句子的單詞堆砌在一起，然後拼湊成一個自己覺得差不多的句意（雖然從中文角度來看也狗屁不通）。對句子結構和語法語感比較在行的同學，會進行相應的語序調整（中英文句子的語序是不同的），大部分句子理解起來都沒有問題。但是再難一點的個別句子，除了要把握單詞的準確意思、根據結構調整句子語序幫助理解之外，還要加入一些「意譯」的成分，這個句子才能夠被100%的準確還原成中文句意。

上述的情況不僅會發生在理解原文句子的時候，還會發生在理解題目、理解選項以及辨識原文與選項的改寫時。這些解題關鍵的步驟中，如果出現理解的偏差，就會造成題目做錯，讓大家產生「看懂但是做錯」的誤解。

# 2

若上述前提條件成立，也就是你讀的非常懂，句意把握很準確，那麼這個時候再做錯，就一定是面對題目和選項時出現的其他的問題。

1）你可能是這樣子做錯的

Paragraph 5: Other respiratory regulating mechanisms apparently cease functioning during sleep. For example, during wakefulness there is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort when inhaling is made more difficult (such as breathing through a restrictive face mask). This reflexive adjustment is totally absent during NREM sleep. Only after several inadequate breaths under such conditions, resulting in the considerable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood, is breathing effort adjusted. Finally, the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing. If the irritation is severe enough, a sleeping person will arouse, clear the airway, then resume breathing and likely return to sleep.

According to paragraph 5, what happens during NREM sleep when inhaling is difficult?

○There is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort.

○The sleeping person takes several inadequate breaths before the breathing effort is adjusted.

○The coughing reflex causes the breathing effort to adjust.

○The airways become cleared as the blood removes irritants.

很多同學都會誤選A這個干擾選項，原因是回原文尋找答案信息的時候，沒有清楚的記住題目。題目問的是「在NREM睡眠中吸氣特別困難時會發生什麼？」，而A選項對應的原句說的是「during wakefulness」，很顯然並非題目所問啊，典型的答非所問。

2）你還可能是這樣做錯的

Paragraph 2: Apart from this, being able to give up labor-intensive grain production freed both the land and the workforce for more productive agricultural divisions. The peasants specialized in livestock husbandry and dairy farming as well as in cultivating industrial crops and fodder crops: flax, madder, and rape were grown, as were tobacco, hops, and turnips. These products were bought mostly by urban businesses. There was also a demand among urban consumers for dairy products such as butter and cheese, which, in the sixteenth century, had become more expensive than grain. The high prices encouraged the peasants to improve their animal husbandry techniques; for example, they began feeding their animals indoors in order to raise the milk yield of their cows.

According to paragraph 2, the increases demands on Dutch agriculture made by urban consumers had which of the following results?

○ Seasonal shortages of the products consumers most wanted

○ Increased production of high-quality grain products

○ Raised prices charged by peasants to urban consumers

○ Different ways of caring for dairy-producing animals

本題的干擾選項為C，選錯的原因是，在判斷原文與選項的同義改寫時，沒有看出選項與原文並非100%對應。而且理解原文時，邏輯並不嚴謹。原文確實提到乳製品變得more expensive，但是卻並沒有說是peasants對urban consumers的要價越來越高，其次原文也只是提到consumer們對於「比穀物價格更高的butter和cheese」的需求增大，而並未說價格提高是由consumer的需求量增大而導致的，至少根據原文這一句話不能嚴謹得出這個結論。

當然，做錯題的情況和原因可能多種多樣，還有一些我並沒有列舉上來的，但無外乎理解和邏輯兩個方面啦！

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