知乎心理諮詢領域爆料第一彈：簡單心理是如何進行洗稿的？知乎又是如何處理的？

01-29

前言:

限於精力原因，我無法一個個的找出所有簡單心理的文章的來源。但是以下的例子已經充分的說明簡單心理的運營手法。

對於英文洗稿，圖片搬運，更加隱蔽不容易被發覺，而這種抄襲手法被用在臨床心理領域，招募來訪者。簡單心理許多文章後面都附有諮詢師的鏈接。宣稱適合能夠處理類似的心理問題。

這種盈利為目的的商業機構行為，其所產生的危害，我會在後續的爆料當中說明。

下面內容，為了避免可能的攻擊，這篇文章我只羅列事實。 事實本身，就有足夠說明問題的力量。

APA(美國心理協會)倫理準則：

Principle C: Integrity
nPsychologists seek to promote accuracy, honesty and truthfulness in the science, teaching and practice of psychology. In these activities psychologists do not steal, cheat or engage in fraud, subterfuge or intentional misrepresentation of fact. Psychologists strive to keep their promises and to avoid unwise or unclear commitments. In situations in which deception may be ethically justifiable to maximize benefits and minimize harm, psychologists have a serious obligation to consider the need for, the possible consequences of, and their responsibility to correct any resulting mistrust or other harmful effects that arise from the use of such techniques.

原則C：正直

心理學家致力於在心理學的科學，教學和實踐中提高工作的準確性，誠實和真實性。在這些活動中，心理學家不應竊取，欺騙或參與欺詐，偽造或故意虛假陳述事實。心理學家努力履行他們的承諾，同時避免不明智或不明確的承諾。在欺騙行為似乎在倫理上是合理的，並能使工作對象利益最大化和損害最小化的情況下，心理學家有義務嚴肅考慮這樣專業行為所引起的不信任，或其他有害影響的可能性，必要性，極其後果和責任。

註冊系統倫理守則

3.8當心理師通過公眾媒體（如講座、演示，電台、電視、報紙、印刷物品、網路等）從事專業活動，或以專業身份提供勸導和評論時，應注意自己的言論要基於恰當的專業文獻和實踐，尊重事實，注意自己的言行應遵循專業倫理規範。

知乎社區轉載規範：

新版轉載規範 2016 年 1 月 5 日正式上線n

站內回答、文章在引用或轉載他人作品時，需點擊編輯框中的「引用」按鈕使用引用格式，並在引用內容的前面標註：

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違規處理
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知乎違規轉載的相關處理案例：

n知乎小管家工作筆記：不規範轉載？不可以！ - 知乎專欄n知乎小管家工作筆記：6 月第 2 周站務處理簡報n

在知乎在簡單心理問題的處理上，是這個樣子。

我現在把我舉報的證據都放在這裡：

我有一口鍋不知當背不當背｜替罪羊是如何養成的？ - 知乎專欄

「丟黑鍋」有以下四種形式：
個體把鍋丟給另一個體
個體把鍋丟給某一群體
群體把鍋丟給某一個體
群體把鍋丟給另一群體

原文來源：Scapegoating - Wikipedia

Scapegoating may be conducted by individuals against individuals (e.g. "he did it, not me!"), individuals against groups (e.g., "I couldnt see anything because of all the tall people"), groups against individuals (e.g., "Jane was the reason our team didnt win"), and groups against groups

所以，替罪羊們也具有一系列「好人」特質：

富有同情心
願意付出甚至自我犧牲
容易原諒他人
獨立自主
擁有較多社會資源
傾向於相信事情的發生不受個人意志左右
不太容易分辨出來自他人的操控或虐待

來源：Are you the Designated Scapegoat? | The Recovery Expert

What traits make a person a good scapegoat?
a person with compassion and empathy
someone self-1sacrificing

an individual who easily forgives
an independent person
one who is resourceful
a person who tends to have an external locus of control (looks out of oneself for validation)
has a low ability to identify manipulation and abuse

來源：A Dual-Motive Model of Scapegoating: Displacing Blame to Reduce Guilt or Increase Control

1. 防禦投射（defensive projection）
人格心理學家Gordon Allport認為，丟鍋是諸多防禦投射中的一種。
防禦投射，指的是我們自己內心對某種衝動或想法感到恐懼，為了緩解這種恐懼，而認為是其他人有這樣的衝動或想法。（Allport argued that scapegoating can occur as a special case of defensive projection, that is, attributing to somebody else a thought or an impulse that is feared in oneself）
這一心理過程，往往發生在我們的無意識里，所以難以被我們察覺。

在「丟鍋」的過程中，個體或群體尋求將自己內心的自卑、罪責感或自我憎恨投射到另一個體或其他群體身上，認為別人才是不道德的、罪惡的，並通過孤立、排擠或其他方式懲罰「替罪羊」，來保證自己仍然是有道德的。
In scapegoating, the individual or group seeks to symbolically purge their own (largely implicit) feelings of inferiority, guilt, and self-hatred by perceiving a target individual or an outgroup as immoral or dangerous, and by expelling, isolating, or otherwise punishing that scapegoated target.
2. 逃避罪惡感
也有更近期的一些的研究指出，當人們意識到自己對某些事情的負面結果有一定責任，也意識到內心的罪惡感時，將指向他們自己的指責轉嫁到他人或其他群體身上，只是人們用來減少罪惡感的一種策略。More recent theoretical accounts in this vein (e.g., T. Douglas, 1995) posit that scapegoating is better understood as a strategy that people use to minimize feelings of guilt over their responsibility for a specific negative outcome by transferring blame for that outcome to another individual or group.
有趣的是，即使丟鍋的人知道，不會有人發現自己做錯了事，自己也不必真的付出什麼代價，他們依然會選擇將鍋丟給別人，以逃避自己良心的譴責Consistent with this re- vised view is research showing that people externalize blame for negative outcomes that would otherwise incriminate themselves or their group, even when self-presentation concerns are minimized
3.保持個人控制感
人們希望對自己身處的環境有一定的掌控力。這可以說是我們的基本心理需求之一。Classic (e.g., Bandura, 1977) and contemporary (Kay, Whitson, Gaucher, & Galinsky, 2009) perspectives converge on the notion that people are fundamentally motivated to maintain the perception that they have effective control over their environment.
而當發生不好的事件時，我們個人的控制感就會受到威脅。更令人不安的是，這些事件的原因往往是未知的，或是出於一些不可控的因素。 People』s perceived personal control can be threatened when they encounter a significant negative outcome, such as a disease epidemic or an economic recession, that appears to be due to unknown or chaotic factors.
這個時候，將責任丟到某個替罪羊的身上，就可以重塑我們的掌控感。相比事實的真相，替罪羊是一個已知的、可控性高的、可以被了解的存在。而相比起沒人背鍋的情況，丟鍋給他人之後，我們對於外部環境的感知，又恢復到事情發生之前那種有序、穩定而可控的「安全狀態」了。這也解釋了，為什麼人們即使不是自己犯了錯，也喜歡丟鍋給他人i
Focalizing responsibility for the negative outcome onto anscapegoat may serve as a strategy for restoring perceived controlnbecause scapegoats, in contrast to chaotic and impersonal forces,ncan be clearly identified, counteracted, and (at least) understood.nNote that this account of scapegoating is distinct from the previ-nously discussed account emphasizing moral value maintenance. Ifnpeople are confronted with a hazardous or an otherwise threateningnevent or circumstance that lacks an easily comprehensible andncontrollable cause, they may be motivated to explain it in a waynthat restores perceived control even if they do not feel significantnguilt over their responsibility for that negative outcome.

ntttt

「social一小時，回家緩半年」｜內向者需要變得更外向嗎？ - 知乎專欄

漫畫抄襲Sarah Anderson 作品，隱去了原作者信息，並進行了翻譯。

以下為原作者授權規範

3) Someone is stealing your work! What should I do?
First of all, thanks for being an awesome person and keeping an eye out for me!

It』s fine for people to post my comics because they wanted to share it. I mainly only worry about art theft if it』s happening on a mass scale, like someone pretending to be me or if they』re selling products. If you see any of that, your best course of action is to report it. If you saw someone post my work with a cropped out signature, it』d be nice if you could share a link to my site in the comments.
10) Can I translate your work?
At the moment, no. I used to allow it in the past, but because my work is now published, there are people hard at work translating the books. Which is a good thing! Yay!

爸。 - 知乎專欄