心理學概念里有哪些翻譯錯誤或者失當？

01-29

國內的心理學專業學習基本都是西方的東西，整個學科涉及無數的外文知識，翻譯錯誤或失當在所難免，一些甚至或已成了主流，想問一下都有哪些？
補個可能相關的鏈接：http://www.zhihu.com/question/54530226

self esteem 自尊

如果查詞典，肯定會查到這樣的翻譯。可實際上，這二者在概念上有著很大的區別。

翻開任何一本介紹人格的教材，self esteem 都會出現在非常顯眼的地方，並且佔據不小的篇幅。我摘錄了 Psychology and Life（19e）的一段話：

A persons self-esteem is a generalized evaluation of the self. （pp. 428）

SE是一個人對自己（自我）的綜合評價。已有的研究已經發現，SE 受到基因和環境的雙重影響，有些人天生就會有一種高的或者低的SE傾向。而外在環境對個體的評價，比如相貌的滿意程度也會影響SE水平。SE高的人通常認為他們在社會關係中表現地更好；反之，SE低的人則會懷疑他們的社會價值（Anthony, et al., 2007）。

由上述的簡要介紹，你可能一時半會理解不到self-esteem究竟是什麼，反正知道這個東西很重要。但是，一定不會把它和自尊相聯繫。我們日常生活中的自尊，大概是說自己的尊嚴。比如，我的自尊（心）受到了傷害；甚至把自尊和禮義廉恥聯繫地很緊密。《現代漢語詞典》中對自尊的理解是「尊重自己，不向別人卑躬屈節，也不允許他人侮辱」。

self esteem 更準確的翻譯可能是自我評價。

當然，我這裡講的是一般生活中我們對於自尊的理解，可能更多來源於日常經驗以及詞典。如果你要和一個學心理學的人聊「自尊」，對這個概念的限定就會更多了。

【theory of mind】

原來的翻譯：心理理論——好生硬的翻譯，使人誤以為這是關於心理的理論（？？？）

更準的翻譯：心理理解——ToM指的就是推測或理解他人心理狀態的能力

【mind wandering】

原來的翻譯：心智游移——小鴨子游啊游啊，游上了岸

更準的翻譯：走神——MW其實就是做事情的時候走神

【Implicit Association Test (IAT)】

原來的翻譯：內隱聯想測驗、內隱聯結測驗

更準的翻譯：內隱聯繫測驗——已經有中文綜述明確指出了

【self-enhancement vs. self-improvement】

原來的翻譯：（各種混用）自我增強、自我提升、自我提高……

更準的翻譯：

self-enhancement --&> 自我促進（好 --&> 更好；放大優點；下行社會比較；自我評價的積極偏差）
self-improvement --&> 自我改善（不好 --&> 好；改正缺點；上行社會比較；追求準確的自我評價）

【assessment center】

原來的翻譯：評價中心——是是是我知道這不是一個地方，但是……

更準的翻譯：集成測評體系

（持續更新中……）

inclusive fitness，翻譯成內含適應性。感覺正常人都理解不了，太有內涵了。。。

想到兩個：

Psychopath: 常被翻譯成精神變態，並和反社會的概念混淆在一起，但其實psychopath是完全不同的一個概念。更準確的翻譯應該是：冷血症。對他人沒有憐憫、charming、有超越普通人現實的自大感（比如：即便被抓了也還是堅信自己肯定能脫身）、操縱他人等等。President Underwood是很典型的。Psychopath是個先天神經發育的異常，後天心理因素影響不大，打個比方來說，和色盲是一樣的。

溫尼科特理論中的false self. 被翻譯成「假我」。「假我」感覺是個不好的東西，但其實false self不是壞的，是我們發展出來應對外界環境的適應性自我。這個好像沒有統一的糾正性翻譯，大家就假我假我地叫了。但每次翻譯都要還要解釋一下。

無情型人格，反社會型人格障礙是兩個完全不同的概念。

affectionless psychopathy（ reactive attachment disorder[1]的舊稱）

中文譯名無情型人格

然而，在中文參考資料裡面，無情型人格經常跟反社會型人格障礙（ASPD）/精神病態（psychopathy）/社會性病態（sociopathy）掛鉤

我們來看一下John Bowlby對於Affectionless psychopathy的定義

Affectionless psychopathy is an inability show affection or concern for others. Such of
individuals act on impulse with little regard for the consequences of their actions. For
example, showing no guilt for antisocial behaviour.

再看一下ICD-10關於反社會型人格障礙（ASPD）的定義[2]（DSM-V關於ASPD的定義，我覺得多少有點問題，用ICD-10做個對比）

ICD-10
The WHOs International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, tenth edition (ICD-10), has a diagnosis called dissocial personality disorder (F60.2):[51][52]
It is characterized by at least 3 of the following:
Callous unconcern for the feelings of others;
Gross and persistent attitude of irresponsibility and disregard for social norms, rules, and obligations;

Incapacity to maintain enduring relationships, though having no difficulty in establishing them;
Very low tolerance to frustration and a low threshold for discharge of aggression, including violence;
Incapacity to experience guilt or to profit from experience, particularly punishment;
Marked readiness to blame others or to offer plausible rationalizations for the behavior that has brought the person into conflict with society.
The ICD states that this diagnosis includes "amoral, antisocial, asocial, psychopathic, and sociopathic personality". Although the disorder is not synonymous with conduct disorder, presence of conduct disorder during childhood or adolescence may further support the diagnosis of dissocial personality disorder. There may also be persistent irritability as an associated feature.[52][53]
It is a requirement of the ICD-10 that a diagnosis of any specific personality disorder also satisfies a set of general personality disorder criteria.[52]

最後我們看一下Dr. Bowlby的依戀理論[3][4]

Wikipedia[3]
Attachment theory is a psychological model that attempts to describe the dynamics of long-term and short-term interpersonal relationshipsbetween humans. However, "attachment theory is not formulated as a general theory of relationships. It addresses only a specific facet":how human beings respond within relationships when hurt, separated from loved ones, or perceiving a threat.Essentially all infants become attached if provided any caregiver, but there are individual differences in the quality of the relationships. In infants, attachment as a motivational and behavioral system directs the child to seek proximity with a familiar caregiver when they are alarmed, with the expectation that they will receive protection and emotional support. John Bowlby believed that the tendency for primate infants to develop attachments to familiar caregivers was the result of evolutionary pressures, since attachment behavior would facilitate the infants survival in the face of dangers such as predation or exposure to the elements.

簡版概述[4]

mental health and behavioural problems could be attributed to early childhood.
Bowlby』s evolutionary theory of attachment suggests that children come into the world biologically pre-programmed to form attachments with others, because this will help them to survive.

最後再來看下affectionless psychopathy和pcychopathy的不同[5]

44 Thieves Study (Bowlby, 1944)
John Bowlby believed that the relationship between the infant and its mother during the
first five years of life was most crucial to socialisation. He believed that disruption of
this primary relationship could lead to a higher incidence of juvenile delinquency,
emotional difficulties and antisocial behaviour. To support his hypothesis, he studied 44
adolescent juvenile delinquents in a child guidance clinic.
Aim: To investigate the effects of maternal deprivation on people in order to see
whether delinquents have suffered deprivation. According to the Maternal Deprivation
Hypothesis, breaking the maternal bond with the child during the early stages of its life
is likely to have serious effects on its intellectual, social and emotional development.

Procedure: Bowlby interviewed 44 adolescents who were referred to a child
protection program in London because of stealing- i.e. they were thieves. Bowlby
selected another group of 44 children to act as 『controls』. N.b. controls: individuals
referred to clinic because of emotional problems, but not yet committed any crimes. He
interviewed the parents from both groups to state whether their children had experienced
separation during the critical period and for how long.

ASPD，psychopathy，sociopathy三個就已經足夠一般人混淆一陣子了

現在又加上一個affectionless psychopathy。

參考資料：

[1] Reactive attachment disorder - Wikipedia

[2] Antisocial personality disorder

[3] Attachment theory

[4] http://www.sakkyndig.com/psykologi/artikler/Bowlbyatt.pdf

abnormal psychology中文翻譯為「變態心理學」，我覺得翻譯為「異常心理學」更合適，「變態」二字有一種貶低和歧視的感覺！

執行功能 Executive Function ，以及其他相關翻譯，如執行控制等。

執行，在漢語中的含義一般是具體的、事務的、操作性層面的做任務。

而Executive Function ，是指計劃、監控、決策等高級功能，翻譯成「執行功能」容易造成誤解。

個人推測，這個譯法可能是受了港台把CEO翻譯成「首席執行官」的影響，但CEO這麼翻譯可能有一點自謙低調的成分，就像我們的官員自稱「公僕」。

印象最深的是「Strong」本來是個人名，結果曾經被翻譯為「強壯興趣量表」，當然這個錯的太離譜了大家都改了。還有就是「工業與組織心理學」，顯然應該是「產業與組織心理學」。但是用的人太多了，再改太困難了。

還有很多翻譯也都是將錯就錯了，比如「領導成員交換理論」，應該是「交易」更能凸顯原來的意思。但是中文審稿人都習慣了錯誤的叫法，因此我們老師告訴我們雖然錯了，為了避免投中文期刊被拒，還是得寫流行的錯誤叫法。

stereotype 刻板印象。不全算是翻譯的鍋。但現在一般建議稱呼為「類屬性思維」

第一時間就想起來了Schizophrenia，原翻譯是精神分裂症，現在台灣地區改成了思覺失調症。

個人認為思覺失調症更符合該症的癥狀描述。

self regulation翻譯成自我管理。。感覺翻譯成自我控制更好理解

算不上錯誤吧2333

suicide attempt不能翻譯為自殺企圖，而是自殺未遂

suicide ideation是自殺意念

（一些大牛的教科書裡面都寫錯了……）

disorder 國內翻譯為障礙，感覺翻譯為失能比較好。。disorder 的英文解釋大家可以看任何一本詞典。

abnormal psychology 應該是異常心理學

但不知道哪個鬼人給他翻譯成了變態心理學