FCI法國鬥牛犬犬種標準2014版（教你法國鬥牛犬怎麼分別好壞）

前言

大家購買法國鬥牛犬之前我比較推薦先研究一下標準，今天這篇是FCI的標準，還有另外一篇是美國AKC沿用的，大家綜合起來對照，當然小狗和大狗標準不能一概而論，但是大家可以參考，通過學習自己就知道法國鬥牛犬怎麼分別好壞了。

ORIGIN （起源）：France （法國）

DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE OFFICIAL VALID STANDARD （標準發布生效日期）：03.11.2014

UTILIZATION （用途）： Companion and Toy dog （伴侶犬和玩具犬）.

FCI-CLASSIFICATION （FCI-分類）：

• Group 9 Companion and Toy Dogs （第9組伴侶犬和玩具犬）.
• Section 11 Small Molossian Dogs（第11部分小型獒犬）.
• Without working trial（非工作犬）.

BRIEF HISTORICAL SUMMARY（簡要歷史總結）： Probably decending, like all mastiffs, from the Epirus and the Roman Empire molossers, relative of the Bulldog of Great Britain, the Alaunts (tribe of the Middle Ages), the mastiffs and small-type mastiffs of France. The bulldog we know is the product of different crossings done by enthusiastic breeders in the popular quarters of Paris in the 1880s. During that period, the Bulldog was a dog belonging to Parisian market porters, butchers and coachmen, it soon won over high society and the artistic world by its particular appearance and character. It rapidly became popular. The first breed club was founded in 1880 in Paris. The first registration dates from 1885 and the first standard was established in 1898, the year in which the French Kennel Club recognized the French Bulldog breed. The first dog of this breed was shown at an exhibition as early as 1887. The standard, modified in 1931-1932 and 1948, was reformulated in 1986 by H.F. Reant with the collaboration of R. Triquet (F.C.I. publication 1987), then in 1994 by Violette Guillon (F.C.I. publication 1995) and in 2012 by the French Bulldog Club committee（所有來自於伊庇魯斯和羅馬帝國的獒犬都起源於古代英國阿朗特部落（中世紀的部落）的鬥牛犬，同這些獒犬一樣，法國鬥牛犬作為法蘭西的小型獒犬也與古英國鬥牛犬有些許的血緣聯繫。據我們所知，這種鬥牛犬是19世紀80年代僅在巴黎流行的地區品種，是熱情的繁育者經由不同犬種的交叉繁育而最終形成的產品。在當時這種鬥牛犬僅僅屬於巴黎市場的搬運工人，屠夫和馬車夫，但因其獨特的外貌和性格，很快贏得了較高的社會階層和藝術家世界的青睞。它迅速變得流行起來。第一個繁育俱樂部於1880年在巴黎成立。第一個註冊日期在1885年，第一個標準創立於1898年，並且當年法國犬舍俱樂部（FKC）承認了法國鬥牛犬這一犬種。不過該品種的第一隻狗早在1887年的一個展會上就已經進行了展出。在1931年至1932年，1948年該犬種的標準進行了修改。到了1986年時，由H.F. Rean和R. Triquet合作對標準重新確切闡述（1987年FCI協會出版），然後1994年由 Violette Guillon進行了修改（1995年FCI協會出版）；2012年由法國鬥牛犬俱樂部委員會又進行了最新修訂）.

GENERAL APPEARANCE（總體外觀） ：The type is of a small-sized molossian. A powerful dog for its small size, short, stocky, compact in all its proportions, smooth-coated, with a snub nose, erect ears and a naturally short tail. Must have the appearance of an active, intelligent, very muscular dog, of a compact build with a solid bone structure. No point is exaggerated compared to the others, which could spoil the dog』s general harmony, in appearance and in movement（其類型為一種小型獒犬。力量型的小體犬，身短，矮壯，身體比例緊湊。體毛光滑，鼻子塌陷，耳朵直立，天生短尾。外觀必須活躍聰明，肌肉發達，結構緊湊，骨骼堅實。作為小型獒犬，其外觀和動態方面都應當比例和諧，不宜過分誇張）.

IMPORTANT PROPORTIONS（重要比例）： The length of the body – between the point of the shoulder and the point of the buttocks – slightly surpasses the height at the withers. The length of muzzle is about 1/6 of the total length of the head（身體的長度為肩部前頂點與臀部後頂點之間的距離，臀部略高於肩部，口鼻部的長度約為頭部總長度的六分之一）.

BEHAVIOUR / TEMPERAMENT（行為/氣質）：Sociable, lively, playful, possessive and keen companion dog（友善、活潑、頑皮、強佔有欲和敏捷的伴侶犬）.

HEAD（頭部）：Must be strong, broad and square, covered by the skin of the head which forms symmetrical folds and wrinkles, without excess（必須結實，寬闊的和正方形的，頭部的皮膚形成對稱的褶皺和皺紋，但褶皺不可過多）.

CRANIAL REGION（顱區）：

Skull（頭骨）：Broad, almost flat from ear to ear, domed forehead. Prominent superciliary arches, separated by a particularly developed furrow between the eyes. The furrow must not extend onto the skull. External occipital protuberance is barely developed.（寬闊，兩耳之間幾乎是平坦的，半球形的前額。突出的眉弓之間由眼部皮膚形成深溝形的皺紋。溝不應延伸到頭骨上。枕外隆凸不發達。）

Stop（額斷）: Pronounced（明顯的）.

FACIAL REGION（面部）： The head of the Bulldog is characterized by a shortening of the maxillary-nasal part as well as a slight to moderate slope of the nose backwards. The nose is slightly upturned (「snub nose」)（鬥牛犬的頭部特徵是由上頜骨+鼻骨部分縮短，略微向後傾斜成斜面。鼻子為略上翹「塌鼻子」 ）.

Nose（鼻子）： Black, broad, snubbed, with symmetrical and well opened nostrils, slanting towards the rear. The slope of the nostrils as well as the upturned nose must, however, allow normal nasal breathing（黑色、寬闊、短而扁、對稱且開啟的鼻孔，向後部傾斜。鼻子上翹使鼻孔傾斜成一個斜坡，然而不能妨礙正常鼻呼吸）.

Muzzle（口吻部）： Very short, broad, with concentric symmetrical folds（非常短，寬闊，具有同心對稱的褶皺）.

Lips:（嘴唇）：Thick, a little loose and black. The upper lip meets the lower lip at its middle, completely covering the teeth.The profile of the upper lip is descending and rounded. The tongue must never show when the dog is not excited. （厚，略微鬆弛且黑色。上唇接觸下唇的中部，完全覆蓋牙齒。上唇的側面輪廓下垂呈圓形。在狗不興奮的時候不能露舌頭）.

Jaws/Teeth（頜/牙齒）：Broad and powerful. The lower jaw projects in front of the upper jaw and turns up. The arch of the lower incisors is rounded. The jaw must not show lateral deviation, or torsion. The gap between the incisors of the upper and the lower jaw should not be strictly delimited, the essential condition being that the upper and the lower lips meet to completely cover the teeth. The lower incisors surpass the upper incisors. Sufficiently developed incisives and canines. Complete bite is desirable（寬而有力。下顎在上頜骨的前面並且向上。下切齒的齒弓是圓形。顎骨不能顯示橫向偏移，或扭轉。上下頜切齒之間的間隙不應嚴格限定，必要條件為上下嘴唇完全覆蓋的牙齒。下切齒超越上切齒。尖齒和犬齒髮育完全，可完全咬取）.

Cheeks（臉頰）： Well developed（發達）.

Eye（眼睛）：: Clearly visible eyes, striking with lively expression, set low, quite far from the nose and the ears, dark coloured, rather large, rounded, showing no trace of white (sclera) when the dog is looking straight forward. Rims of eyelids must be black（清晰明顯的眼睛，強烈充滿活力的表情，位置低，與鼻子和耳朵的距離適中，眼色是深色的，眼睛相當大，圓形，當狗向前直視的時候不露眼白（鞏膜）。眼圈必須是黑色的）.

Ears:（耳朵）：Medium size, wide at the base and rounded at the top. Set high on the head, but not too close together, carried erect. The ear is open towards the front. The skin must be fine and soft to the touch（中等大小，根部寬闊，頂部呈圓形。耳朵高於頭部，兩耳之間距離不可太近，耳朵直立。耳廓朝前並且是張開的。耳朵皮膚的觸感細膩、柔軟）.

NECK（頸部）：Short, powerful, slightly arched, without dewlap, broadens towards the shoulder

（短的，強有力的，略呈弧形，無贅肉，頸部與肩部相連的位置逐漸變寬）.

BODY（身體）:

Topline（背線）： Rising progressively, but not excessively, from the withers towards the loin. That conformation- also called roach-back–is typical for the breed

（從肩到腰逐步上升，但不過分，這個結構，又稱弓背。背弓是這一品種的典型特徵）.

Back（背部）：Broad and muscular, firm without slackness（寬闊並且肌肉發達，堅實而不懈怠）.

Loin（腰部）：Short, broad and arched（短、寬、圓拱形）.

Croup（尻部）：Well sloping（恰當的斜度）.

Chest（胸部）：Cylindrical and well let down (slightly under the elbows); very well sprung ribs, so-called 「barrel shaped」. Fore chest, broad and square-shaped, seen from the front（圓柱形，並且適當的向下（略低於肘部）；健康的肋骨，所謂的「桶形」。從前面看，胸膛寬闊呈正方形）.

Underline and belly（下腹線和肚皮）：Tucked up but not whippety（向上收起但又不能像賽跑的惠比特犬那樣）.

TAIL（尾巴）：Naturally short, ideally long enough to cover the anus, set low, rather straight, thick at the base and tapering at the tip.A kinked, knotted, broken or relatively long tail that does not reach beyond the point of the hocks, is admitted. It is carried low. Even in action,the tail must not rise above the horizontal.

（自然短，理想長度足以覆蓋肛門，位置低，直，根部粗，末端逐漸變細。尾巴有扭曲，打結，斷的或比較長的尾巴（不能超過後腿的跗關節）都是可以接受的。尾巴低垂，即使在行動中，尾巴也不能超越水平線）.

LIMBS（四肢）：

FOREQUARTERS（前軀）：

General appearance（總體外觀）：Forelegs upright (and straight) seen in profile and from the front（從側面和前面看，前腿垂直（正直））.

Shoulder（肩胛骨）：Must be well laid back（一定要角度適中）.

Upper arm（上臂）： Short, thick, muscular, slightly curved（短，粗，肌肉發達，稍彎曲）.

Elbows（肘部）：Close and tight to the body（緊靠身體）.

Forearm（前臂）： Short, straight and muscular（短，直，肌肉發達）.

Carpus (Wrist)（腕骨（腕））：Solid and short（實，短).

Metacarpus (Pastern)（前腿飛節（骹關節））： Short and slightly oblique seen in profile（短，從側面看，稍斜角）.

Forefeet（前足）：Round, compact, of small dimension, i.e. ?cat feet?, turning slightly outward. The toes are tight, nails short, thick and black（圓形，緊湊，體積小，即「貓足」，向外翻轉。腳趾緊，指甲短、粗、黑）.

HINDQUARTERS（後軀）：

General appearance（總體外觀）：The hindlegs are strong and muscular, a little longer than the forelegs, thus raising the hindquarters. The legs are upright as seen both in profile and from behind（後腿結實而肌肉發達，比前腿稍微長一點，從而提高了後軀。從側面和後面看，後腿都是垂直的）.

Thigh（大腿）：Well muscled, firm（肌肉發達，結實）.

Hock joint（後腿跗關節：）：Quite well let down, neither too angulated nor too straight（恰當的向下，既不太彎曲也不太筆直）.

Tarsus （後腿跗骨）：solid（結實）.

Metatarsus (Rear pastern)（後腿飛節（後骹關節））：Short（短）.

Hind feet（後腳）：Round, compact, turning neither inward nor outward（圓形，緊湊，既不向內也不向外）.

GAIT/MOVEMENT（步態/運動）：The legs moving parallel to the median plane of the body, whether seen in front or in profile. Free, powerful and smooth movement（雙腿平行於正中身體的平面，無論是在前面或側面看。自由的， 強有力的而且流暢的運動）.

SKIN（皮膚）：Firm（緊緻）.

COAT（皮毛）：

Hair（毛）：Smooth coat, close, glossy and soft, without undercoat（皮毛光滑，緊密，光滑柔軟，沒有底絨毛）.

Colour（顏色）：fawn, brindled or not, with or without white spotting（鹿色，斑紋或不是斑紋，有或沒有白色斑塊）.

Coat with colouring（有色皮毛）：

Brindle（斑紋）： Fawn coat moderately characterized by transversal dark brindling creating a『tiger-marked』 effect, strongly brindled coats must not cover out the fawn ground colour. A black mask may be present. Limited white spotting is admissible（鹿色的皮毛中適度的生長著特有的橫向暗褐色條紋，進而形成「虎斑」的效果，強烈的深色斑紋不能完全覆蓋住鹿色的基底色。臉部覆蓋黑色面罩。面積有限的白色斑塊是可以接受的顏色）.

Fawn（鹿色）：Solid coat, from light fawn to dark fawn, sometimes presenting a paler colouring of the inclined parts, with or without a black mask, although masked subjects are preferred Sometimes accompanied by limited white spotting（純色皮毛，從淺鹿色到深鹿色，有時身體內側部分顏色稍微變淺，臉部覆蓋黑色面罩或者沒有黑色面罩，當然帶面罩的是更為理想的首選。有時身體上帶面積有限的白色斑塊）.

Coat with white spotting（皮毛上帶有白色斑塊）：

Brindled with moderate or important white spotting（斑紋帶有中度或重度的白色斑塊）：So-called『pied』, the spotting being ideally distributed over the entire subject. Some blotches on the skin are admissible（即所謂的「花衣」，白色斑塊的理想狀態是分布在整個身體上。有些斑塊長在皮膚上也是允許的）.

Fawn with moderate or important white spotting（鹿色帶有中度或重度的白色斑塊）： So-called『fawn and white』, the spotting being ideally distributed over theentire dog. Some blotches of the skin are tolerated. The nose is always black, in all coat colours, never brown or blue. The all-white subjects provided the edge of eyelids and nose are black–are admitted but not bred for, because of a risk of deafness（即所謂的「鹿加白」，白色斑塊的理想狀態是分布在整個狗的身體上，有些斑塊長在皮膚上也是可以接受的。鼻子必須是黑色的，而且身體不能有褐色或藍色的體毛。眼瞼和鼻子為黑色，身體全白色，也是被承認的顏色，但是不能作為繁殖種犬，因為這樣的狗有耳聾的風險性）.

SIZE AND WEIGHT（尺寸和重量）：

Height at the withers（肩高）：Males: 27–35 cm. Females: 24–32 cm. A deviation of 1 cm above and below the standard is tolerated

（公：27–35厘米。母：24 - 32厘米。上下偏差1厘米，也是可以被接受的）.

Weight（體重）： Males: 9–14 kg. Females: 8–13 kg. 500 g more than the standard weight is allowed when the subject is typical

（公：9 - 14公斤。母：8 - 13公斤。如果體型勻稱，超過標準體重500克也是允許的）.

FAULTS（缺陷）：

Any departure from the foregoing points should be considered a fault and the seriousness with which the fault should be regarded should be in exact proportion to its degree and its effect upon the health and welfare of the dog

（ 任何偏離上述要點的，應視為缺陷，而缺陷的嚴重性應與其程度及對狗的健康和幸福的影響成正比）.

? Strongly flecked with black brindle with white coat（白色皮毛上長著明顯的黑色虎斑條紋）.

? Fawn and white coat strongly red speckled（鹿加白色的皮毛上長著強烈的紅色斑點）.

? In fawn coats, deep black trace extending along the spine（鹿色皮毛上沿脊背方向長著黑色的條紋）.

? White stockings in brindles and fawns（虎斑色皮毛和鹿色的皮毛，而四肢卻是白色的襪子）.

? Light-coloured nails（白色的指甲）.

SEVERE FAULTS（嚴重缺陷）：

? Overtyped, exaggerated breed characteristics（過分誇張的特徵）.

? Muzzle too long or excessively short（口吻太長或太短）.

? Tongue visible when mouth is closed（閉嘴時露舌頭）.

? Light eyes (hawk eye)（眼色淺（鷹眼））.

? Horizontal topline from withers to loin（從肩部到腰部的背線呈水平線）.

? Excessive depigmentation of the lips, nose, eyelids, the rim of which should never be entirely depigmented

（過度褪色的嘴唇，鼻子，眼瞼，其邊緣不應完全脫色）.

? Pincer bite（鉗咬合）.

DISQUALIFYING FAULTS（失格）：

? Aggressive or overly shy dog（好鬥或過於害羞的狗）.

? Any dog clearly showing physical or behavioural abnormalities shall be disqualified（任何狗清楚地顯示身體或行為異常，應被取消資格）.

? Lacks type: insufficient ethnic characteristics which result in the dog not really resembling other subjects of the breed

（缺乏類型：沒有足夠的品種特色，導致狗長得像其他品種）.

? Completely closed nostrils（鼻孔完全封閉）.

? Torsion or lateral deviation of the jaw, resulting in the tongue constantly being visible（反向或橫向偏斜的下巴，導致舌頭在閉嘴的時候依然露出）.

? Dog with lower incisors articulating behind upper incisors（下切齒長到上切齒的後面）.

? Dog with permanently visible canines (fangs), mouth being closed（閉嘴是依然露出犬牙（尖牙））.

? Heterochrome eyes (wall eye)（兩隻眼睛顏色不同（角膜白斑））.

? Colour of nose other than black（鼻子不是黑顏色）.

? Ears not carried erect（耳朵不能直立）.

? Taillessness or ingrown tail（沒有尾巴或尾巴向內生長）.

? Dewclaw on hindquarters（後腿上長有狼爪懸趾）.

? Reversed hock（後腿跗關節反向）.

? Long, wired-haired or woolly coat（長毛，硬毛型長捲毛，或類似羊毛型的捲毛）.

? Colour not in accordance with what is prescribed in the standard, namely black, black with fawn markings (black and tan) and all dilutions of black with or without white spotting

（標準顏色以外的毛色均不符合規定，即純黑色，純黑色帶鹿色記號（黑加棕黃色）和稀釋的黑色，帶有或不帶白色斑塊）.

? Size and weight outside the standard limits（尺寸和重量在標準範圍之外）.

? Respiratory distress（呼吸窘迫）.

? Deafness（耳聾）.

N.B.（注）：

? Male animals should have two apparently normal testicles fully descended into the scrotum（公犬應當有兩個明顯外露的睾丸，不能隱藏於陰囊中）.

? Only functionally and clinically healthy dogs, with breed typical conformation, should be used for breeding（只有機能健康，品種特徵典型的犬只才能作為種犬繁殖）

The latest amendments are in bold characters（最新一條修訂條款是性格勇敢）