進階篇——第十章 非謂語動詞(三)
本章概述
對於非謂語動詞,筆者曾提到這樣一個觀念「非謂語本身不是動詞,但是或多或少保存了動詞的特性」。如果按照動詞特性保留的完整程度把非謂語做個簡單的排序,保留度越高越靠前,那麼結果是:不定式>動名詞>分詞。動詞的一大特點是有時態與語態的變化,因為非謂語有動詞特性,所以它們也有時態與語態的變化。
作形容詞用的分詞並沒有時態和語態的變化,它的動詞特性最弱。分詞作狀語的時態與語態,來源於其狀語從句中作謂語動詞的時態與語態。本章將重點講解動名詞與不定式的時態和語態.
一、動名詞的被動態
動名詞的被動態與主動態用法完全相同,只是表被動。
1.不帶時間屬性的動名詞被動態
(1)被動的動作變成了一種過程、習慣、事件等帶有名詞特性的動詞,在句中充當名詞性成分;
(2)表示一種具有可重複性的、被動的行為。
III.介詞+動名詞被動態
I was very late that
morning on my way to school and was afraid of being blame.We plant trees to
prevent soil from being washed away easily.The fact of being
supported by so many people is a great comfort.2.帶有時間屬性的動名詞被動態
(1)帶有時間屬性的動名詞表示發生在謂語動詞之前(已經發生)的、被動的動作;
(2)目前的、被動的狀態。
二、動名詞完成態
動名詞完成態很少使用,因為動名詞本身就能夠表達發生在謂語動詞之前的動作,只有在特彆強調「過去」或「已經」時,才需要使用動名詞完成態。
三、動名詞完成被動態
動名詞完成被動態與主動態用法一致,只是表示被動。
I dont remember
having ever been given a chance to try this method.我不記得給過我機會來試這個辦法。
Do you remember
having been sent such an e-mail?你記得曾經給你寄過這樣一封電子郵件嗎?
The house showed no
sign of having been damaged.這棟房子沒有已經受損的跡象。
He prided himself on
having never been beaten in chess.他為下棋從未被擊敗而自豪。
Tony was very unhappy
for not having been invited.托尼因沒有被邀請而非常不高興。
注意,動名詞完成態,如果作主語,也會犯了「主語過長」的禁忌,威脅了謂語動詞地位。例如:
Having been cheated many times
makes me dont trust anyone anymore. (不佳)Having been cheated many times,
I dont trust anyone anymore. (佳)
不定式的時態與語態
不定式保留的動詞特性最多,所以它的時態與語態變化最多,常用的如下:
一、不定式的被動態
不定式的被動態與主動態的用法完全一樣,只是動詞由主動含義變成被動含義。
二、不定式的完成態、被動完成態、進行態、持續態
不定式的完成態、被動完成態、進行態、持續態通常只出現在包含主系表結構、被動語態以等句子中。原因是,此類句子含有系動詞或者助動詞be,如果使用動名詞或者分詞,容易讓人理解為謂語動詞結構。
1.不定式的完成態強調過去的或已經發生的動作。
For in all adversity of fortune,
the worst sort of misery is to have been happy.在所有的不幸中,最不幸的是曾經幸福過。
He pretended to have fallen
asleep when little Tom came to him.當小湯姆來找他時,他假裝已經睡著了。
The student seems to have caught
a cold because of the bad weather.這個學生好像因為壞天氣感冒了。
I am sorry to have kept you
waiting.對不起,讓你久等了。
Im glad to have met your
parents here.我很高興在這兒見到了你父母。
The manager is said to have
arrived back from Paris.據說經理已經從巴黎回來了。
注意:
不定式的完成態還可以表示虛擬,表示過去本應該發生卻沒有發生的動作。
Hed like to have been offered the job
and (to have been) given the opportunity to prove himself.他真希望別人給了他這個工作,給了他一個機會證明自己。
The game was to have
taken place in USA.比賽原計劃在美國舉行。
Mr. white planned to
have gone abroad last week.=Mr. white planned to
go abroad but he didnt.
懷特先生原計划上周出國的。
同樣的意思也可用上述動詞的過去完成時加動詞不定式的一般式來表達。例如:
I had hoped to visit
the great pyramid.=I hoped to have
visited the great pyramid.=I hoped to visit it,
but I didnt.我本希望參觀大金字塔的。
2.不定式的完成態表示過去的或已經發生的、被動的動作。
The book is said to have been translated into several
languages.據說這本書被翻譯成了多種語言。
No harm seems to have been done.
似乎並沒有造成損害。
Youre lucky to have been
accepted.你很幸運,你已經被接受了。
3.不定式的進行態表示與謂語動詞同時發生的動作。
He seems to be thinking about
the question right now.她似乎正在思考這個問題。
He pretended to be doing his homework when he heard his
fathers sound.他聽見父親的聲音,假裝正在做作業。
The president was reported to be
visiting the hospital.據報道總統正在訪問那家醫院。
We didnt expect you to be
waiting for us here.我們沒指望你在這等呢。
4.不定式的持續態表示一直持續的動作。
All the scientists in
this field are known to have been working on theproblem for many
years.眾所周知,所有這個領域的科學家已經研究這個問題多年了。
至此,本書所有關於非謂語動詞部分的講解全部結束。從篇幅上也能看出,非謂語動詞是整個語法體系最難最複雜的板塊,需要抽絲剝繭般地仔細學習。最後,筆者想對非謂語動詞做兩點總結:
1.非謂語動詞本身並不具備任何邏輯屬性
非謂語動詞,尤其是不定式與動名詞,可能具有時間屬性,但所有非謂語動詞本身是不具備任何邏輯屬性的。很難搞清楚也沒有必要搞清楚I am glad to meet
you.中的不定式到底是結果狀語還是原因狀語,因為它只是表示「見到你」和「感到高興」幾乎同時發生。還有許多傳統語法書上列出的「不定式作結果狀語表示意料之外,現在分詞作結果狀語表示意料之中」這條規則也經不起推敲。2.非謂語的本質是以改變詞性的方式與謂語動詞共存
由於謂語動詞的獨裁地位,句中的動詞通常不得不選擇降級——改變詞性,才能與謂語動詞共存。
備註:
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有些讀者反應知乎的專欄看起來不是很方便,且本人也認為知乎在通訊這塊體驗較差,所以
做了一個簡單的個人微信公眾號,尤其目前公眾號微信號對個人賬號限制較多,所以做得很簡陋。此公眾號的目的是方便大家閱讀和購買《英語語法高手之路》,以及與讀者朋友們更有效的交流,我把所有的文章鏈接都粘在一篇文章里了。
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非謂語欣賞
Walking with a friend in the
dark is better than walking alone in the light.在黑暗中有朋友相伴前行,勝過獨自一人在陽光里行走。
——海倫?凱樂
To live is to
function. That is all there is in living.活著就要發揮作用,這就是生活的全部內容。
Better to light one candle than
to curse the darkness.與其詛咒黑暗,不如燃起蠟燭。
To save time is to lengthen
life.節約時間就等於延長生命。
Eat to live, but do not live to
eat.吃飯是為了活著,但是活著不是為了吃飯。
After the verb 「to love」, 「to help」
is the most beautiful verb in the world.除了「愛」之外,「幫助」是世界上最美的動詞。
Its impossible to love and to
be wise.愛令智昏。
To love is to risk not being
loved in return.To live is to risk death.
To hope is to risk despair.
To try is to risk failure.
But risks must be taken, because
the greatest hazard in life is to risk nothing.去愛就要冒著被拒絕的風險。
生存就要冒著死亡的風險。
希望就要冒著絕望的風險。
嘗試就要冒著失敗的風險。
但是必須冒險,因為生活中最可怕的莫過於不冒任何的風險。
A man becomes learned by asking
question.人以好聞而博學。
To wait for luck is the same
thing as waiting for death.等待幸運無異於等待死亡。
Certain defects,
when placed in a good setting, shine more brightly than virtue itself.某些缺點,如果放在合適的場合,甚至會比沒得還要耀眼。
When falling in
love, some lose their head, others lose their heart.在陷入情網的時候,有些人昏了頭,有些人傷了心。
The second half
of a mans life is made up of nothing but the habits acquired during thefirst half.一個人後半生完全是由他前半生養成的習慣決定的。
Only a life
lived for others is a life without worthwhile.只有為別人而活,生命才有價值。
Life is like a
game of chess, changing with each move.人生如棋,每走一步都可能改變全局。
The Chinese word
for crisis is divided into two characters, one meaning danger and the othermeaning opportunity.危機有兩層含義:危險和機遇。
A good life is
one inspired by love and guide by knowledge.美好的人生是由愛激勵,由知識引導的。
——羅伯特?羅素
Life is a
tragedy when seen in close-up, but a comedy in long-shot.人生近看是場悲劇,遠看是場喜劇。
——卓別林
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