BIM的五個公理(Antony McPhee)
BIM有時候看起來挺複雜,果真如此嗎?
nn誠然,BIM的流程和程序是挺複雜的,你試著去理解一些相關標準就明白了。
nn如果有辦法把複雜的廢話都砍掉,只保留一些最基礎的原則,去應對所有BIM面對的爭論和困境,那就好了。
Like in Mathematics. Mathematics is all aboutn logic, but that logic has to be based on something, has to start somewhere.n This is where Axioms come in. An Axiom is "a self-evident truth thatn requires no proof". Maybe that is a step too far for BIM. But what aboutn a "universally accepted principle or rule".Axioms have to be basic otherwise they aren hard to apply. Euclids first for geometry is "A straight line segmentn can be drawn joining any two points.", the second "Any straight linen segment can be extended indefinitely in a straight line."Could we do the same for BIM? Have somen "universally accepted principles."就像在數學領域中,講究的是邏輯推理,而所有的邏輯推理都是基於一些最基礎的東西,逐漸推演開來的。這些最基礎的東西,就是公理。
nn所謂公理,就是一些不言而喻、無需證明的事實。
nn公理必須是極其基礎的,否則就很難使用。比如歐幾里得幾何中的第一公理就是「任意兩點之間可以畫一條線段」。第二公理是「直線可任意延長」。
nn當然,把「公理」這個說法搬到BIM領域中,有點扯遠了,那我們換個說法,叫「普遍的原則或規則」。
nn
我們能不能給BIM定義一些類似這種「普遍的原則或規則」呢?
DEFINITION ofn BIMFirst we need to be clear about what we aren talking about, what we mean by BIM.BIM is a generic term for anything thatn involves software that directly associates data with geometric information.The term BIM is used to describe the thing -n the Building Information Model, the process - Building Information Modellingn and management - Building Information Management.Usually BIM applies to buildings, orn facilities, but may be applied to other things like infrastructure and GISn (Geographical Information System). Really anything in the built environmentn that has a physical form and meaningful data.BIM的術語定義
首先得明確,我們談論的BIM是什麼。BIM是一個通用術語,它包含了所有能把數據與圖形直接結合起來的,軟體和操作。
nnBIM可以指代一個事物——建築信息模型(BuildingnInformation Model),可以指代一個過程——建築信息化模擬(Building Information Modelling),也可以指代一種管理模式——建築信息化管理(BuildingnInformation Management)。
nn一般來說,BIM應用於建築或構件,但也可能與其他系統結合使用——比如基礎公共設施,或者地理信息系統。簡而言之,一切建造環境中的、有物理形狀,且攜帶數據的事物,都可以與BIM進行關聯。
The AXIOMS
So now we are on the same page what are then essential axioms we can use to apply to BIM topics and issues.公理現在我們就哪些基本公理可以用於BIM話題和問題,達成以下共識。1.BIM can ben used by anyone for anything.BIM is not limited to certain purposes orn particular groups.BIM is not just for design, construction or operation. It isn not just for design analysis, clash detection, facilities management. Nor isn is just for buildings, infrastructure or GIS. The data in BIM models isn agnostic, it doesnt care who uses it or for what purpose.It can be used to educate, to inform, inn contracts, to create VR, for disaster planning, even preparing terroristn attacks .Allied with this is there is no theoreticaln limit to the type of data. If there is data that you would find useful you cann add it (or pay someone to add it). Just dont expect someone else to do it forn free - see Axiom 2.公理1:BIM可以被任何人用來做任何事。
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BIM並不被限定於特定目的,或者特定團體。它不僅僅是用來做設計、施工或運營維護。它的功能也絕不僅限於設計分析、碰撞檢查、施工組織管理。同樣,它的應用領域也不僅限於建築、公共設施、或地理信息系統。BIM數據是不帶感情的、中立的,它們不在意誰來使用它們、以什麼目的來使用它們。
nn它可以被用於教學、報告、合同中,用於創造虛擬現實場景、災難疏散計劃,甚至是恐怖襲擊演習。
nn相應地,關於BIM攜帶的數據也沒有理論上的限制。任何你認為有價值的數據,都可以自己加入,或者付費讓別人加入到BIM模型中去。——當然你不能指望誰來免費幫助你加入這些數據。
2. The BIM youn do directly benefits what you do.If not, you are doing someone else』s work forn them.The reason you use BIM software and processesn is to improve the efficiency and quality of the work you do and aren responsible for.If you dont think you are, apply Axiom 1 -n BIM can be used for anything, and work out how it could benefit what you do.This Axiom is not just about personal gain.n This is an important aspect of BIM. Processes where each participant isn benefiting will always be more robust, have greater take up, and longevity.But more importantly it is criticaln participants only work within their area of expertise and responsibility.n Architects should not use BIM to do structural analysis. Design professionalsn and contractors should not be responsible for providing data that isn specifically structured for FM purposes.Providing data to others is fine, butn providing data that is fit for someone elses purpose is a step too far.Andn unnecessary.Structuredn data is accessible no matter how it is structured. Standards may help if thosen standards are adequate, but lack of standards does not make it an impossiblen task.
公理2:你在BIM上做的事情,直接為你自己的工作產生利益。——否則,你一定是在為別人幹活。
nn使用BIM軟體和方法的原因,一定是為了改善自己所從事、所負責工作的效率和質量。如果你沒覺得如此,請參考公理1——BIM可以做任何事情,只是你需要搞明白怎麼從中受益。
nn這條公理不僅說的是個人提升,而是包含整個團隊的提升——這一點對於BIM來說尤為重要。在一個團隊協作流程中,每一個參與者的獲利都能夠被放大,讓整個團隊的生命力更加旺盛。
nn更加重要的是,每一個參與者,都只是在自己的專業領域,和職責範圍內參與協作。建築師不會用BIM去做結構分析,設計人員和施工承包商,也沒有義務為了物業設施管理,去提供特殊構建的數據。
nn為他人提供數據是OK的,但為滿足他人的目的,專門提供特殊數據,就走的太遠了,這對於任何人來說都沒有必要。
nn當然,如果有結構化的數據你是可以輕易調用的,無論它是怎樣構建的,前提是有充足的標準去構建這些數據,然而由於缺少標準,使得完備的結構化數據構建,成為一項不可能完成的任務。
Contractors should be responsible forn extracting the data they need for construction from design consultants data,n FM consultants should be responsible for extracting the data they need forn operations from contractors data, realtors responsible for extracting then data they need for sales from FM data, etc...So if you find yourself in a situation wheren what you are doing is of no benefit to what you do, you are within your rightsn to say no, - we dont do that, or demand to be paid to do it.Conversely, if you are doing it for your ownn purposes and someone else is benefiting from it, you give them free access ton it, after all it is not costing you anything.施工承包商有責任,在設計機構提供的數據中,提取自己需要的施工數據;運維人員有責任在施工方提供的數據中,提取自己需要的運維數據;地產商則是有責任在運維數據中,提取自己需要的銷售數據,等等。
nn所以,當你發現你需要處理或提供的數據,不能直接為自己的工作帶來好處的時候,你是有權利拒絕的——不好意思,我們不做這個,或者說,我們不免費做這個。
nn相反地,如果你正在處理和提供的數據,本來就是為了滿足自己的目的,而同時為別人開了一個埠,來免費搭順風車,這是沒什麼損失的。
3.BIM replacesn or enhances something you already do.BIM is something you do instead of other lessn efficient and less accurate methods.If you are following Axiom 2 - you are usingn BIM for your own benefit, you will be using it to do things you were alreadyn responsible for.You dont draw in Autocad AND model inn ArchiCAD, you dont manually create a schedule in Excel AND create then schedule in Revit.You dont do a structural design by linking ann analysis package to your model AND calculate it all out with pen, paper andn calculator.You dont use a BIM model and a total stationn to set out ceiling hangers AND measure them out with a measuring tape.You dont have a room full of drawings &n folders AND have an integrated FM database.This also applies to management. There may ben a new position called BIM Manager, but it isnt a new profession. Its an manager who uses BIM to do the things managers do already.
BIM is a tool to get things done. It is not an thing in itself. If you are doing BIM for no measurable purpose you aren wasting your time.公理3:BIM取代或提升你當前已經在做的部分工作
nnBIM這種工作方式,實際上是代替傳統方式中低效率和低精確度的那部分工作。
nn如果你遵從公理2——你是為了自身利益去使用BIM技術,那你應用的點一定是你已經在負責的工作,而不是創造出一個自己不需要的工作。
nn比如,你不可能既在autoCAD中畫一份圖紙,然後又去ArchiCAD中建立同一個項目的三維模型;你也不可能手動的在Excel里建立一張施工規劃表,然後再去Revit中再重新建立一張表。
nn你不可能靠一個有計算功能的插件來設計結構模型,然後再用紙、筆和計算器去驗算結構的安全性。你也不可能靠BIM模型和全站測量儀在確定了天花吊頂標高,然後又去手動地用捲尺去測量它。
nn你也不可能一邊有一屋子厚厚的文件夾和圖紙,同時又有一個完備的綜合運維資料庫。
nn對於項目管理人員也是一樣的道理,或許一個項目中,會有一個新的職位叫做BIM項目經理,但是注意,這可不是一個全新的職業,而只是原來的項目經理,裝備了新的BIM技術,他管理的還是原來的那一攤事兒。
nnBIM是為了解決麻煩而應用的,它並不是麻煩本身。如果你和你的團隊為了做BIM而做BIM,又沒有什麼可量化的目標,那這可就是浪費時間了。
公理4:脫離軟體談BIM,都是耍流氓。
nn
從根本上講,BIM就是一群特定的、具有「BIM功能」的電腦軟體組成的技術。
nn所謂具有「BIM功能」的軟體,就是指那些,至少能夠儲存和操縱圖形,並能夠把附加信息關聯到這些圖形上的軟體。
nn舉個反例,只能夠創造圖形的,而不能附加關聯信息的軟體,比如autoCAD, SketchUp, Rhino,就不是BIM軟體。
nn同樣,只能管理非幾何信息的軟體,比如資料庫或電子表格,也不是BIM軟體。
nnBIM經常被稱為「過程管理」,但別忘了,所謂過程管理,管理的恰恰是這些具備BIM功能的軟體。可能你需要管理的是數據的輸出和交換,但為了達到這個目的,你必須對這個數據的來源——也就是涉及到這個數據的軟體本身的功能,和局限性有深刻的理解才行。
nn脫離對軟體的了解就想搞定BIM管理,只能是痴人說夢。
nn關於「OpenBIM」,有些人認為依靠它可以讓軟體變得不重要,意味著數據可以脫離於軟體,被使用任何BIM軟體的人隨意調用和交換。這或許是一個可以實現的終極理想,但這個理想本身一定還是基於一個軟體,這個軟體也許可以通過兼容一切數據格式,來解決當前各方數據不兼容的問題。
如果這個理想能夠實現,那就意味著當前所有BIM軟體提供的數據,都能被這個軟體兼容,否則就得退出BIM市場。
nn所以說,談到BIM,你必須考慮你正在使用的軟體帶來的影響因素,這個環節是無論如何也跳不過去的。
5.BIM works best with Collaboration.Sharing your data means others share theirn data with you.BIM works best if your combine it with collaboration withn others, but you can still use BIM without any collaboration.An architect can use Revit to just createn drawings and schedules but never give the model to anyone. The architect isn still doing BIM, benefiting from it by being more efficient and accurate, evenn though there is no collaboration.If you think about it BIM cant just ben collaboration. If none of the collaborators produce or can offer BIM, how cann there be any collaboration? There is nothing to collaborate with.Collaboration is a secondary consideration.n Establishing what BIM will be done (Axiom 1), that there is a benefit (Axiomn 2), and that it is doing something that it is required because it is alreadyn being done (Axiom 3), has to be done first.But once that happens collaboration isn definitely low hanging fruit.Consider the example above. If the architectn share their model with, say, a quantity surveyor who uses the model to measuren quantities, the architect will get costing advice much quicker and more oftenn (as will the client), leading to the architect wasting less time on abortiven work.公理5:BIM在協作中能發揮更大價值。
nn共享你的數據,意味著你能反過來享受他人共享的數據。
nnBIM技術在你與他人進行協作的時候,會發揮出更大的作用——當然你仍然可以不參與協作而獨立地使用它。
nn一位建築師可以用Revit建立一個模型,並利用它建立施工組織計劃表,然後,他完全可以不把這個模型交給任何人。對於他自己來說,使用BIM技術依然會帶來好處——提高設計效率和設計質量,即便這個過程中他完全不和任何人進行協作。
nn其實你仔細想想,BIM不可能只協同,不工作。如果在一個協同流程中沒有人安排任務,也沒有人做具體的工作,那還談什麼協作?沒什麼可以協作的嘛!
nn協作是作為次級重要的事情去考慮的,那什麼是首要的呢?根據公理1確定要做什麼,根據公理2確定工作的具體利益目標,根據公理3找出目前的工作流程中,哪些是可以被提高或替代的,這些才是首要的任務。
nn而一旦這些任務被明確了,所謂協作也就容易的多了。
nn舉個例子,比如一個建築師能夠在設計過程中,不斷把他當前的建築模型分享給造價師,那造價師就能更高效、更頻繁地把成本建議,反饋給建築師,這也就讓建築師更少地出現失敗的設計,而浪費時間。你看,這個協作的過程是自然而然地,不需要有人去設計,造價師免費受益,而最終受益更多的是建築師自己,這不違反第二公理。
Of course there are other considerations thann just the Axioms when looking at BIM.Some examples Ive seen are:- Whether the effort or expense is worth the outcome.
- Whether it is possible with current technology andn skill sets.
- Whether there enough time in the program forn implementation.
- If it is not worth the effort, how could the effort ben reduced, or the outcome enhanced to make it more valuable?
- If it is not currently possible when will it ben possible, or what is possible now, what is practical now?
- Compare how much extra time is required against then benefits. Can the program be adjusted to allow more time upfront?
當然,除了這五個公理,我們探討BIM的時候還有一些其他的要點。比如說:
nn- 應用BIM的收益是否大於成本;
- 當前的技術和技能是否可能推行BIM?
- 當前的項目是否有充足的時間來應用BIM?
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但這些不是BIM的基本原理,它們只是一些需要被克服的困難。
nn- 如果收益小於成本,那能否降低成本,或者想辦法提高收益?
- 如果當前的技術暫時不能實現,那什麼時候可能實現?當前能實現到什麼程度?
- 能不能把時間成本和最後的總體收益做一個對比,如果值得的話,能否把一些工作提前處理以帶來更多的時間?
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- BIM can be used by anyone forn anything.
- The BIM you do directly benefits what you do.
- BIM replaces or enhances something you already do.
- BIM is not possible without BIM capable software.
- BIM works best with collaboration.
n n
如何使用這五個公理
nn綜上所述,下次你再參與關於BIM的討論的時候,把這五個公理記在心裡,能讓你快速解答一些蠢問題。
nn我們再來回顧一下這五個公理:
nn- 公理1:BIM可以被任何人用來做任何事。
- 公理2:你在BIM上做的事情,直接地為你自身的工作產生利益。
- 公理3:BIM取代或提升你當前已經在做的部分工作
- 公理4:沒有脫離軟體的BIM
- 公理5:BIM在協作中能發揮更大價值
我們來做一組測試,來試試看能夠回答哪些問題。
nnA:你不能用BIM干那些事。(可以用公理1來回答)
nnB:你得給我這些數據,這是你份內的事兒。(可以用公理2來回答)
nnC:BIM會額外增加一大堆的工作。(可以用公理3來回答)
nnD:用什麼軟體你自己定,都可以。(可以用公理4來回答)
nnE:合同上沒寫合作條款,所以我們沒法用BIM。(可以用公理5來回答)
Supplementary quiz for the dedicated:
A. You can do BIM with CADn software.B. It is extra work to get ourn schedules out of Revit.C. The primary purpose of BIM isn for facility operations.D. We cant use BIM because theren is no BIM Execution Plan.E. COBie doesnt cost anything.(A=4, B=3, C=1, D=5, E=2)再來一組補充測試:
nnA:你用CAD軟體弄個BIM不就完了。(可以用公理4來回答)
nnB:在Revit模型中提取時間管理表是浪費時間。(可以用公理3來回答)
nnC:BIM的首要工作就是設備管理。(可以用公理1來回答)
nnD:沒人制定總體協調方案,我們沒法用BIM(可以用公理5來回答)
nnE:COBIE(建築施工信息交換)沒啥成本(可以用公理2來回答)
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