意識能否認識意識？

01-27

一個人能否知道另一個人的想法？很多時候可以通過行為習慣推斷別人的下一步行動，但是能不能以此來推斷別人的想法？很多時候經常在剎那間知道別人的想法，但是也無法判斷它的正確性。

引用幾段 Anscombe：

I am sitting in a chair writing, and anyone grown to the age of reason in the same world would know this as soon as he saw me, and in general it would be his first account of what I was doing; if this were something he arrived at with difficulty, and what he knew straight off were precisely how I was affecting the acoustic properties of the room (to me a very recondite piece of information), then communication between us would be rather severely impaired.

……
All I am here concerned to do is note the fact: we can simply say 『Look at a man and say what he is doing』 — i.e. say what would immediately come to your mind as a report to give someone who could not see him and who wanted to know what was to be seen in that place. In most cases what you will say is that the man himself knows; and again in most, though indeed in fewer, cases you will be reporting not merely what he is doing, but an intention of his — namely, to do that thing. What is more, if it is not an intention of his, this will for the most part be clear without asking him.

我們在絕大多數情況下可以毫無障礙地讀出一個人的直接的意向行動（intentional action）是什麼，比如說看到一個人在吃飯，他在幹什麼？吃飯啊！這種情況下我們問為什麼或者問「你在幹什麼」的時候，多半是要問一些更加深層的東西，這沒錯，但是這並不意味著「吃飯」本身就不是那個人的意向行動了。反過來，如果這我們都讀不出來的話，那麼我對於那個主體的生活方式毫無疑問是非常無知的。想像你跑去一個原始部落，或者觀察一種你從未見過的物種的生活方式。如果你連它是在玩耍還是在進食都分不清楚的話，很難想像你能有效地記錄這個物種的生活。

當然，這不是說我們在任何情況下都可以毫無障礙地看穿一個人的內心。

There is a point at which only what the man himself says is a sign; and here there is room for much dispute and fine diagnosis of his genuineness.

然而，不是說他愛怎麼說就怎麼說了。

So that while we can find cases where 『only the man himself can say whether he had a certain intention or not』; they ate further limited by this: he cannot profess not to have had the intention of doing the thing that was a means to an end of his.

最後強調一點：知識的本質是可錯的，那些從原則上來說就不可錯的東西，不是知識，而是（語言使用的）規範。當你違反了這些規範的時候，你沒有說出一些假的句子，這已經不再是真假的問題了，你根本就沒有在說人話。

意識源於大腦，研究意識需要大腦，因此用意識研究意識就會脫離意識真實本身越來越遠。

意識源於物質，意識對物質具有認識改造功能。兩個人的意識都源於物質，那麼就能互相認識。