面對愈演愈烈的政治正確,芝加哥大學校長站出來,反對言論控制(附英文原文)
最近, 很多美國大學為了【政治正確】搞起了所謂的safeplaces和trigger warning,因此取消了很多受爭議人物的演講,並且還迫使教授修改閱讀材料。
Safeplaces指的是為了防止冒犯到學校里的成員,禁止討論一些富有爭議性的話題,而那些備受爭議的人物也被禁止帶入校園,更別提發表觀點了。
而trigger warning指的是當一個觀點具有露骨的內容或者具有攻擊性時,需要提前告知讓讀者有選擇迴避的權利(eg, 「以下內容可能讓您感到不適」)。
面對【政治正確】這個引起過無數爭議的話題,大多數美國大學都採取了非常模糊以及中立的態度。在眾多隨波逐流躲避爭議的大學中,作為一股清流,有一個大學卻選擇對此絕對不妥協,它就是---【芝加哥大學】。秋季的新學期即將到來,芝加哥大學給全體新生髮了一封信,告知學生,學校反對過度避免人們感到社會不適感的行為。芝加哥大學的院長John Ellison近日明確指出學校不支持所謂的trigger warning(高能預警),也不能容忍所謂的safeplaces(安全空間)。
芝加哥大學校長Robert Zimmer,在《華爾街日報》發表了一篇關於大學教育的真正意義的文章,其中指出思想自由是真正教育的基礎,並堅決反對言論控制。
以下內容,翻譯自Robert Zimmer校長的最新演講。
大學本應是言論自由最該被保障的地方,現在卻正在親自給這種自由製造著巨大的危機。看看最近全美國的校園新聞吧:由於部分學生對演講者身份感到不滿而抗議,許多講座被臨時取消;而另一些講座則因為同樣的原因在中途被幾名觀眾的激烈喊叫給打斷。
一些大學生要求教授撤換課堂的閱讀材料,只因這些書籍的價值觀與他們不合。越來越多人因為發表與大眾觀點不一致的意見而被迫道歉。在很多情況下,這些妨礙少數人表達意見的行為受到了學校的管理層支持、甚至幫助。
然而,如果缺乏了直面、反思並辯論與不同的觀點,從而使學生們的觀念在四年之中有所觸動,大學教育還有什麼意義呢?
我想說的是,大學教育的真正意義就在於,提供一個重要的途徑 [此處原翻譯為批判性平台,經Talich指正改為重要的途徑] 以供學生們來實現自己的潛能,改變家庭的軌跡,並建設一個更加健康、更加包容的社會。
學生們不僅要學習各科的知識,更要學習對他們終生有益的思維方式:學生們要學會理解現象之後的背景、認識到「兩害相權取其輕」、學會如何解讀數據和建立證據。
他們要掌握如何思考複雜問題,如何為自己的觀點辯護,如何反思並重構自己的見解——而不只是一味地迷信自己所持的觀點。
學生們會發現,一些看似簡單、無可爭辯的現象,其實有著非常複雜的文化、歷史和環境背景;缺乏深入地了解這些背景是沒有辦法真正理解社會現象的。他們會意識到,任何行為都有很多方面的影響 ,因而決策絕對不僅僅是選擇「錯」與「對」那麼簡單,而是需要冷靜地考慮一系列後果、乃至於一系列未知情況,不管它們是否遂人意。
只有親身收集、分析、解釋各種形式的證據來得出意義,學生們才能真正體會到這種複雜性。
他們學著構想社會現實的另一種可能、 去證實或證偽他們自己的假說、去反思大眾不假思索就接受的傳統觀念。
真正好的教育,能給學生充足的思維能力與方法以實現任何人類實踐的成功。
如果用一個詞來總結大學真正最應該教給學生的東西,那就是「質疑」。正確而有效的質疑要反思、挑戰一個證明的全部部分:假設、論據和結論。
它要求我們尊重不同的視角、傾聽他人的意見、理解辯論的意義。更根本的一點在於,質疑的最高境界是對自己所持有的觀念進行全盤的重新思考,而這往往是最困難的一步。
在這個過程中,沒有什麼比一個鼓勵自由表達意見、鼓勵公開交換觀的環境更重要的了:只有它才能確保我們沒有因為困難而迴避最重要的問題、沒有因為挑戰了我們自己的觀點而拒絕從多樣化的角度思考。而要營造這樣的環境,學生、教員、乃至巡訪的演講者的多樣性必須被尊重——身份、思想和經歷 。沒有這一點,真正的教育不可能存在,而我們學生大學生涯的價值也將嚴重縮水。
表達意見的自由和思想交流的不受約束並不總是自然存在的:許多人珍視表達自己想法的權利、但卻不太重視他人相應的權利。多年來,大學們已經受到來自不同團體的壓力, 有的來自校內、有的來自校外,紛紛要求校方禁止一些演講者,有的是教員、有的是學生、有的來自於校外,發言。
這種施壓有時是出於個人或團體不希望其權威性受到質疑,有時是因為有部分人相信自己得特定價值觀、理念、觀點或方案是絕對正確的,而其他人務必只能聽從、不可討論。
有人說,大學應當是杜絕偏激思想的庇護所,因為觀點的衝突和挑戰帶來的矛盾超過了自由和開放話語的價值。
翻閱史卷,我們看到了達爾文的進化論被禁止討論、我們看到了麥肯錫時代意識形態壓力下的政治禁言、我們看到了無數種族和宗教歧視的排斥行為、我們也看到了各種強加於人民的「道德律令」。
今天一些大學所採取的禁言政策與歷史上這些打壓思想的行為別無二致。
任何人都不應該因為自己的好惡而嘗試妨礙他人發表意見。
大學應該清楚自己的核心教育使命—竭盡全力為學生提供最啟迪心靈、豐富人生的教育,而決不能在溫和和寵溺之間讓我們的學生閉塞了心靈。這意味著,我們必須把質疑和挑戰的精神發揚光大。
大學不能被看作是一個舒適的庇護所,而應該是不同思想碰撞、從而讓學生們學會在複雜環境中作出明智判斷的擂台。
學會挑戰信念、揚棄成見是優秀教育的本質性環節;這個過程也許有些痛苦,但只有這樣的教育才會讓學生能為自己、也為社會,建設出一個精彩的未來。
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以上的翻譯文一經發布,引發了很多關心美國政治的知友的密切關注。本來把這篇文章發出來,就是供大家參考學習和討論的,有不同意見和看法的知友都可以發表自己的看法,也非常歡迎知乎網友們能對文中的翻譯提出意見和建議。昨天,選。美的主播Talich老師就對文中的翻譯提出了不同意見,具體的可以看一下Talich老師最新發表的文章:https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/22304079
對於Talich老師指出翻譯「錯誤」,我們部分接受。有些是明顯的錯誤比如把Critical Pathway[重要的途徑]翻譯為[批判性的平台],這是翻譯的錯誤,我們也立刻改正了。但有些「錯誤」我們認為是譯者的風格,比如:圖片為Talich老師的評論文
對於Talich老師指出的另一些增添文字的問題:
我們的文章不是單純地做一個一對一翻譯的工作,而是表達出原文的本意。有些諸如supported翻譯成【 支持、甚至幫助】是為了強調作用,便於讀者理解。另外,至於其他評論中知乎網友所提出的Citation問題。我們不論在微信公眾號上還是知乎專欄上發文都有明確的citation和原文鏈接。而翻譯文章並非都是要把英文原文悉數發布出來,所以只是放了原文鏈接,掛一下VPN還是很方便就能看到的。
為了消除和避免更多的爭議,我們把這篇文章的英文原文全文附在下面。有英文閱讀能力強的網友可以直接閱讀原文。
Free Speech Is the Basis of a True Education
A university should not be a sanctuary for comfort but rather a crucible for confronting ideas.
By Robert J. Zimmer
Updated Aug. 26, 2016 11:01 a.m. ETFree speech is at risk at the very institution where it should be assured: the university.Invited speakers are disinvited because a segment of a university community deems them offensive, while other orators are shouted down for similar reasons. Demands are made to eliminate readings that might make some students uncomfortable. Individuals are forced to apologize for expressing views that conflict with prevailing perceptions. In many cases, these efforts have been supported by university administrators.Yet what is the value of a university education without encountering, reflecting on and debating ideas that differ from the ones that students brought with them to college? The purpose of a university education is to provide the critical pathway by which students can fulfill their potential, change the trajectory of their families, and build healthier and more inclusive societies.
Students learn not only through the acquisition of specific knowledge, but also through the attainment of intellectual skills that serve them their entire life. Students come to appreciate context, trade-offs and data. They master how to recognize complexity, to argue effectively for their positions and to reconsider and challenge their own beliefs.Students discover, too, that seemingly straightforward phenomena can have complicated cultural, historical and situational contexts that are critical to understanding their meaning. They realize that actions inevitably have multiple implications and that many decisions involve not simply choosing between 「good」 or 「bad」 but evaluating a set of consequences and uncertainties, both desired and undesired.Students grasp the complexity of collecting, analyzing, interpreting and deriving meaning from evidence of multiple forms. They learn to imagine alternatives, to test their hypotheses and to question the accepted wisdom. A good education gives students the intellectual skills and approaches essential to success in much of human endeavor.One word summarizes the process by which universities impart these skills: questioning. Productive and informed questioning involves challenging assumptions, arguments and conclusions. It calls for multiple and diverse perspectives and listening to the views of others. It requires understanding the power and limitations of arguments. More fundamentally, the process of questioning demands an ability to rethink one』s own assumptions, often the most difficult task of all.Essential to this process is an environment that promotes free expression and the open exchange of ideas, ensuring that difficult questions are asked and that diverse and challenging perspectives are considered. This underscores the importance of diversity among students, faculty and visitors—diversity of background, belief and experience. Without this, students』 experience becomes a weak imitation of a true education, and the value of that education is seriously diminished.
Free expression and the unfettered exchange of ideas do not always come naturally. Many people value the right to express their own ideas but are less committed to granting that right to others.Over the years, universities have come under attack from a range of groups, both external and internal, that demand the silencing of speakers, faculty, students and visitors. The attack is sometimes driven by a desire of an individual or group not to have its authority questioned. Other times it derives from a group』s moral certainty that its particular values, beliefs or approaches are the only correct ones and that others should adhere to the group』s views. Some assert that universities should be refuges from intellectual discomfort and that their own discomfort with conflicting and challenging views should override the value of free and open discourse.We have seen efforts to suppress discussion of Charles Darwin』s work, to insist upon particular political perspectives during the McCarthy era, to impose exclusionary acts of racial and religious discrimination, and to demand compliance with various forms of 「moral」 behavior. The silencing being advocated today is equally as problematic. Every attempt to legitimize silencing creates justification for others to restrain speech that they do not like in the future.Universities should be clear about their core educational mission—to provide students with the most enriching education possible. We cannot shortchange our students. This means that questioning and challenge must flourish.Universities cannot be viewed as a sanctuary for comfort but rather as a crucible for confronting ideas and thereby learning to make informed judgments in complex environments. Having one』s assumptions challenged and experiencing the discomfort that sometimes accompanies this process are intrinsic parts of an excellent education. Only then will students develop the skills necessary to build their own futures and contribute to society.Mr. Zimmer is president of the University of Chicago.(翻譯:Yuezhen Li, 編輯:Yuwei)
sources:
http://www.wsj.com/articles/free-speech-is-the-basis-of-a-true-education-1472164801
The University of Chicago is telling freshmen they will get neither "safe spaces" nor "trigger warnings」
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