國慶期間霧霾席捲京城,PM2.5多少我們才可以放心去跑步?
- 20161002勇氣每日通訊
Health problems that air pollution is associated with include:
A. Damage to airways of the lungsB. Increased risk of asthma development
C. Worsening of existing asthma or other lung conditionsD. Increased risk of heart attacks and strokes Increased risk of death from lung cancer and cardiovascular disease
「1952年12月5日開始,倫敦連續數日寂靜無風。煤炭燃燒產生的氣體與污染物被厚厚的雲層蓋住,引發了連續數日的大霧天氣,能見度只有幾米。倫敦大霧期間,平均每天排放1000噸煙霧顆粒、2000噸二氧化碳、140噸鹽酸、12噸氟化物以及370噸二氧化硫,它們最終轉化成800噸硫酸,也是造成污染最大的罪魁禍首。數據表明,死亡高峰與二氧化硫及煙塵的濃霧高峰基本一致。」
重度霧霾(PM2.5)的天氣,別說跑步了,就是正常出行也會危害到人身健康,這點基本常識跑者們都應該理解。那麼中度、輕度霧霾跑者們是否可以「挑戰」一下呢?
說到這裡,我們有必要回憶下2014年的北京馬拉松,又號稱「霧霾馬拉松」:以北馬為案例,能跑進4小時的跑者名次大概在5000名左右,在三萬名出發的跑者中屬於前17%的選手,非常不錯了。但就是在這種4小時好手跑北馬,他在4小時中平均每分鐘吸入空氣150升,吸入的PM2.5量為為12.6mg。「10月19日,2014年北京國際馬拉松準時鳴槍開跑。霧霾成了本屆北馬的關鍵詞,有網友調侃選手都算聚眾「吸毒」,更多網友喊出「保重」。
北京市環保局實時監測數據顯示,上午8時,距離起跑點天安門廣場最近的北京前門監測站得到的AQI值高達424,達到六級嚴重污染水平。」
12.6mg是一個什麼概念呢?直觀地說,帶一個新的N95白口罩跑北馬,4小時下來口罩就黑透了。而這還是很有跑步經驗的老手,至於動輒五六個小時完賽的跑步新手來說,跑得更喘,呼吸更多霧霾,危害似乎更嚴重:「One startling figure was just how much more air a runner takes in during a marathon – four hours of such a strenuous activity equates to more breathing than an entire 24 hour day at rest.
Further number crunching revealed that the Beijing marathon runners likely inhaled 12.6mg of PM2.5 during the four-hour race because the AQI was 350 that day and the average breathing rate during exercise is 150 liters per minute. 」
「New runners often experience rapid heavy breathing. As a new runners heart rate increases, his/her body automatically knows it needs more oxygen, so the most natural thing to do is to breathe faster. The reason this isnt helpful is because the breaths are usually shallow and even though the runner is breathing rapidly, hes not getting the oxygen deep into the lungs where its taken by the blood stream to the muscle to make energy. A new runner needs to concentrate on a deep inhale and a big exhale to clear the lungs of CO2.」
可見,如果是不太能掌握好自己呼吸節奏的跑步新手,就需要把自己的「霧霾天跑步門檻」降低一下了,不然在同等條件下你會比那些有經驗的人吸更多的霾。
似乎這成為了很多人宅在家裡的理由?然而科學家們建議,有時候出去跑步還是比窩在家裡生病好太多,而後者的危害比霧霾更嚴重:在英國衛報的這篇《Air pollution: should it stop you exercising?》文章中,作者反而提倡霧霾大家不能因噎廢食,不能因為霧霾就徹底放棄運動。確實,說的很對,但是這隻能是在「PM2.5超過100都算是重度霧霾」的英國才成立,筆者並不認為這適用於帝都。另一篇發表在Sports Medicine學術周刊的文章《Physical Activity, Air Pollution and the Brain》利用實驗樣本,從另一個角度闡述這件事。長期在霧霾中運動會抵消運動帶來的益處,但是未必真的有直接證據顯示霧霾會對大腦造成一定的損傷:「The health benefits of exercise are generally greater than the health risks posed by pollution, certainly at normal UK levels. Most people in this country are unlikely to be affected by pollution when exercising」
霧霾天真的適合跑步嗎?儘管有一些文獻和資料保持著曖昧的態度,但是普遍結論支持霧霾天盡量不要運動的觀點。當然,筆者只發現了一篇文章,認為有一種情況在霧霾天運動完全沒有問題,那就是下雨或者雨後。除下雨天外,根據空氣污染指數分級標準:「The evidence suggests that regular exercise in highly polluted air might not result in the same neurological benefits that are observed in non-polluted air.However, to the authors』 knowledge there is not enough evidence to suggest that regular exercise in highly polluted air causes more damage to the brain due to air pollution exposure than benefits of physical activity」
PM2.5 在150以下(中度污染以下)的霧霾天戶外跑步,我們還是可以接受的。對,PM2.5指數150就是我們跑者的底線。0-50 Ⅰ 優 可正常活動
51-100 Ⅱ 良 可正常活動 101-150 Ⅲ1 輕微污染 長期接觸,易感人群出現癥狀 151-200 Ⅲ2 輕度污染 長期接觸,健康人群出現癥狀 201-250 Ⅳ1 中度污染 一定時間接觸後,健康人群出現癥狀 251-300 Ⅳ2 中度重污染 一定時間接觸後,心臟病和肺病患者癥狀顯著加劇>300 Ⅴ 重度污染 健康人群明顯強烈癥狀,提前出現某些疾病
本期編輯:Ming
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