好話不說第二遍——論文寫作中的重述語意

引言：

在論文寫作中，很多情況下需要多次提到同一內容。典型的，Abstract, introduction, conclusion中經常會強調本文的重要實驗結果，而對於一篇論文而言，這些結果自然是相同的。那麼，一段話是否能夠在文章中重複出現三次呢？當然不可以。那麼如何來解決這個問題呢？這就是今天我們要分享的內容——論文寫作中的重述語意。熟練地運用重述語意並不容易，今天我們稍微簡單一點，給大家展示下前輩們是怎麼做的，也讓大家了解下重述語意是個什麼東西。

註：今天只講寫作，不討論文章內容

第一篇範文是中科大謝毅院士，孫永福研究員課題組2014年發表在JACS上的一篇文章，題目為Oxygen Vacancies Confined in Ultrathin Indium Oxide Porous Sheets for Promoted Visible-Light Water Splitting. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2014, 136 (19), 6826–6829.

A. 示例

作者在Abstract中是這樣寫的：

Herein, O-vacancies confined in atomically thin sheets is proposed as an excellent platform to study the O-vacancy–photocatalysis relationship. As an example,O-vacancy-rich/-poor 5-atom-thick In2O3 porous sheets are first synthesized via a mesoscopic-assembly fast-heating strategy, taking advantage of an artificial hexagonal mesostructured In-oleate complex. Theoretical/experimental results reveal that the O-vacancies endow 5-atom-thick In2O3 sheets with a new donor level and increased states of density, hence narrowing the band gap from the UV to visible regimeand improving the carrier separation efficiency.

在Introduction中則變成了這樣：

Herein, conceptually new O-vacancies confined inatomically thin sheets is first presented as an ideal material model for disclosing atomic-level insights into the role of O-vacancies in photocatalysis.Taking the typical oxide semiconductor cubic-In2O3 as an example, a perfect 5-atom-thick In2O3 slab and oxygen-defect 5-atom-thick In2O3 slab with O-vacancies are initially built and density functional theory calculations are implemented to study the effect of O-vacancies on the electronic structure.

B. 分析

下面我們來進行下簡要的分析，看看哪些相同的內容用了哪些不同的語句來進行表述。

1. Abstract第一句：O-vacancies confined in atomically thin sheetsis proposed as an excellent platform to study the O-vacancy–photocatalysis relationship.

在Introduction中變成了：Herein, conceptually new O-vacancies confined in atomically thin sheets is first presented as an ideal material model for disclosing atomic-level insights into the role of O-vacancies in photocatalysis.

重述語意基本技巧一：同義詞（片語等）替代

Proposed-->Presented; as an excellent platform--> as an ideal material model

重述語意基本技巧二：採用全新的表達

to study the O-vacancy–photocatalysis relationship -->for disclosing atomic-level insights into the role of O-vacancies in photocatalysis.

2. Abstract第二句：As an example,O-vacancy-rich/-poor 5-atom-thick In2O3 porous sheets are first synthesized via a mesoscopic-assembly fast-heating strategy, taking advantage of an artificial hexagonal mesostructured In-oleate complex.

在Introduction中變成了：Taking the typical oxide semiconductor cubic-In2O3 as an example, a perfect 5-atom-thick In2O3 slab and oxygen-defect 5-atom-thick In2O3 slab with O-vacancies are initially built and density functional theory calculations are implemented to study the effect of O-vacancies on the electronic structure.

重述語意基本技巧三：拆分與重組，詳略交錯

O-vacancy-rich/-poor 5-atom-thick In2O3 porous sheets--> a perfect 5-atom-thick In2O3 slab and oxygen-defect 5-atom-thick In2O3 slab with O-vacancies

synthesized via a mesoscopic-assembly fast-heating strategy, taking advantage of an artificial hexagonal mesostructured In-oleate complex-->are initially built

重述語意的好處：1)語句靈活而不單調，可以增強文章的可讀性，讀者的耐性以及審稿人的好感；2) 多種不同的表達形式可以讓讀者更好地理解所表達的意思

第二篇範文是University of Oregon， Shannon Boettcher課題組2015年發表在Chem. Mater.上的一篇文章，題目為Fe (Oxy)hydroxide Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysis: Intrinsic Activity and the Roles of Electrical Conductivity, Substrate, and Dissolution. Chem. Mater., 2015, 27 (23), pp 8011–8020.

這一篇文章中，語意的重述就更加徹底了，從語言結構，語句排列順序，語意詳略等各個方面進行了調整，使得表達更加豐富和多樣化。這裡我將具體內容列在下面，分析過程留給大家思考。如果感興趣的話可以留言，我們下一期可以以這一篇論文為例，具體分析如何重述語意，為什麼要這樣重述語意。

Abstract：

Here, we report a systematic investigation of Fe (oxy)hydroxide OER catalysis in alkaline media. At low overpotentials of ～350 mV, the catalyst dissolution rate is low, the activity is dramatically enhanced by an AuOx/Au substrate, and the geometric OER current density is largely independent of mass loading. At higher overpotentials of ～450 mV, the dissolution rate is high, the activity is largely independent of substrate choice, and the geometric current density depends linearly on loading. These observations, along with previously reported in situ conductivity measurements, suggest a new model for OER catalysis on Fe (oxy)hydroxide. At low overpotentials, only the first monolayer of the electrolyte-permeable Fe (oxy)hydroxide, which is in direct contact with the conductive support, is OER-active due to electrical conductivity limitations. On Au substrates, Fe cations interact with AuOx after redox cycling, leading to enhanced intrinsic activity over FeOOH on Pt substrates. At higher overpotentials, the conductivity of Fe (oxy)hydroxide increases, leading to a larger fraction of the electrolyte-permeable catalyst film participating in catalysis. Comparing the apparent activity of the putative Fe active sites in/on different hosts/surfaces supports a possible connection between OER activity and local structure.

Introduction：

Here, we report a systematic study of FeOOH OER catalysts in alkaline media with the aim of addressing each of the above issues. First, we prepared films by three different deposition methods and found evidence that FeOOH is the surface species responsible for OER. Using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to monitor mass in situ, we found that FeOOH dissolves in 1 M KOH electrolyte and that the dissolution rate increases with overpotential. Measuring FeOOH films with different thicknesses (mass loading) revealed that the geometric OER current density is constant with loading at low overpotentials, whereas it increases with loading at high overpotentials. These observations, coupled with our earlier in situ conductivity measurements, led us to propose a model in which only a fraction of the FeOOH film next to the conducting substrate is electron-accessible and OER-active. At more anodic potentials, the electrical conductivity increases, along with the fraction of the film that is OER-active. Finally, we report the OER activity enhancement of FeOOH on Au substrates, which appears to be dependent on the formation of mixed FeOOH-AuOx film upon potential cycling across the Au redox wave in the presence of solution Fe impurities or a FeOx film.

Conclusion：

We investigated the OER on FeOOH in alkaline media as a function of deposition method, film thickness (i.e., loading), and substrate type. At η = 350 mV, the electrical conductivity of FeOOH limits the number of Fe cations that can participate in OER, with only first ～0.1 μg cm–2 being sufficiently electrically integrated. These interfacial Fe cations are also influenced by the substrate, with the FeOOH on Au being substantially more active than on Pt. We found that the activation of FeOOH on Au depends on the electrode cycling history: Fe cations are activated for OER only when the Au substrate is cycled through the Au/AuOx redox transition. At higher overpotentials (η = 450 mV), the electrical conductivity of FeOOH increases, more of the film (up to ～5 μg cm–2) becomes OER active, and the geometric OER currents are similar on both Au and Pt. We also found that FeOOH films dissolved in 1 M KOH and that the dissolution rate was enhanced under anodic bias, suggesting the formation of soluble FeO42–.