Dario Nardis Neuroscience of Personality：mbti類型與神經科學

可能有些標題黨。

年代久遠，忘了具體在tumblr的哪兒看見的了，總之它在我的電腦里待了一年多了，渣譯

Dario Nardi recently published a book called Neuroscience of Personality. It contains his insights based on putting a 20 sensor EEG on 60 college students of various types, and then having them perform various activities.

Dario Nardi（此人好像是INTJ）最近（2011）出了一本書，叫《Neuroscience of Personality》。他給60個不同（mbti八維向）類型的大學生戴上有20個感測器的腦電圖儀，並讓他們干各種各樣的事兒，然後以得到的結果為依據寫了點東西

Since it includes both qualitative and quantitative research results, it』s probably not definitive proof of type or type dynamics. Still, I think his approach is interesting and his book helps shed light on how type relates to activity in the neocortex.

因為blahblah，研究結果並不能作為類型及類型動力的確鑿證據，但是blahblahblah，咱還是接著看看

Neocortex Brain Regions and Skillsets:

大腦皮層區域及對應技能

Note that A1, A2, and FZ, CZ, PZ were not used. His use of EEG has anumber of inherent limitations, including not being able to sense deeperregions of the brain (where a lot of fundamental physical and emotionalprocessing happens). His summation of the regions of the neocortex was:

該研究使用到的區域：

Fp1 「Chief Judge」

Fp1 裁判長

• Provide a reason 提供理由

• Decide between options 做決定

• Detect an error 檢錯

Helps us decide quickly and quickly, and explain our reasoning. Helps us ignore unwanted, negative ideas and feedback. 幫助我們快速做決定、解釋我們的推理、無視不想要的及負面的想法與反饋

Fp2 「Process Manager」

Fp2 流程經理

• Notice where you are in a task 注意到你任務進行到哪裡了

• Perceive that you are done 知道你已做了什麼

• Consider a new or unpleasant idea. 考慮新的或令人不爽的主意

Broadly, tracks whether we are at the beginning, middle, or end of a task. Helps regulate our emotions while processing negative, depressing or disruptive data. 廣泛，追蹤任務進行到哪兒了，幫助我們在收取負面信息時保持情緒平衡

F7 「Imaginative Mimic」

F7 富於幻想的模擬機

• Infer based on context 根據內容做推測

• Imagine another place or time 想像另一個時間或空間

• Mirror others』 behavior 模仿他人行為

• Ask 「maybe」 and 「what if」 「也許」「假如」

• Mentally play out a situation. 在腦子裡展開某情形

Home of the 「mirror neurons.」 Works as a kind of mental holodeck, where we play out scenarios in an imaginative context. 鏡像神經元的聚集地。像個腦中小劇場，我們在裡面演戲

F8 「Grounded Believer」

F8 虔誠的信徒

• Recall exact, literal details 回憶精確的細節

• Say a word or phrase with strong emphasis 以強調的語氣說出某詞句

• Identity what we believe 「我確信blahblahblah」

• Rate how much we like or dislike something 「滿分10分，打幾分」

• Ignore context. 無視某些內容

Gets active when you say what』s important to you in life. Helps guide our speech and recall detail about the things we consider important. Ignores context, so provides cross-contextual beliefs and details. 當你談及「於我而言什麼是重要的」時，該區域會變得活躍。引導我們的言行，回憶我們認為重要的事情的細節。無視一些內容，所以會得到一些混 的細節和偏離原狀的信念

(Side note: autistic people show low F7 and high F8)

（孤獨症人群F7不活躍，F8很活躍）

F3 「Deductive Analyst」

F3 （演繹）分析家

• Make logical deductions 邏輯推理

• Backtrack or correct your thinking due to a reasoning error 發生推理錯誤於是拐回去糾錯

• Follow a chain of reasoning 跟隨推理鏈

Gets active when we follow a branching logical structure or chain of reasoning towards a conclusion. Requires thinking in words or symbols. Most people who less activity here than in most regions. 當我們搞推理的時候這個區域會變得活躍。用文字，或者符號思考。大多數人這個區域不如其他區域活躍

F4 「Expert Classifier」

F4 專家級別的分類機

• Categorize a person, place, thing, event or idea. 給人事想法分類

• Have a sense for how well a concept fits a particular category. 很清楚「這玩意分到這裡合不合適」

• Links two concepts together. 把倆東西聯結到一塊兒

Gets active when we classify and define concepts. For example, is a dolphin a fish or mammal? Like F3, underutilized by most people. Requires domain expertise to build up accurate categories. 當我們下定義做分類時這個區域會變得活躍。比如，鯨是魚類還是哺乳動物？大多數人這個區域不如其他區域活躍。需要專業知識來得到準確的分類。

T3 「Precise Speaker」

T3 用詞精準的發言人

• Speak words 說話

• Compose complex sentences 搞出複雜的句子

• Attend to proper grammar and word usages. 注重準確的語法和用詞

• Listen to other people』s words. 聽他人說話

This region handles words, both yours and those spoken by others. It』s also used when performing tasks we』ve learned to do by speaking. If you talk to yourself while doing thinking (solving math problems, etc), you are likely using this region. 這個區域處理話語，你的和別人的都處理。在我們通過說話來學習某事時也會用到這個區域。如果你思考的時候跟你自己說話，你可能也在用這個區域。

Some people don』t use this region much, but instead may think in symbols, pictures, etc. 有的人這個區域用得少，可能是因為他們不用文字而是用符號、圖片等思考

T4 「Intuitive Listener」

T4 富於直覺的聽眾

• Notice someone』s tone of voice 注意到人的語氣

• Hear when something 「resonates」 or 「speaks to you personally 當碰到「這（說的）就是我啊」這種情況時聽得格外認真

• Feel someone is speaking in a phony or false way bu cannot say why. 感覺某人在裝腔作勢，但是說不出為毛

• Speak with powerful affect. 說話效果極好

This region handles tone of voice and other affective qualities of sound and voice. Also home to irritation and hostility.這個區域處理音調和其他有煽動力（- -）的因素，也是憤怒和敵意的發源地

C3 「Factual Storekeeper」

C3 賣事實的店主人

• Remember a fact. 記住事實

• Retrieve a memory that contains specific information such as date or time. 調取包含特定信息（比如日期）的記憶

• Recall a sequence of action steps. 回想某行動的步驟序列

• Prepare to move your body』s right side 動用身體右側

• Skillfully draw charts, tables, and diagrams 畫表格很吊

• Attend to sensations on the right side of your body. 處理身體右側的感覺

This region handles sensations and motor movement of the body』s right side. Neurons in this regions are laid out in a way that mimics actual body layout. Activates when recalling factual 「textbook」 knowledge. Briefly activates when a chunk of memory is retrieved. 這個區域處理身體右側的感覺並做出正確反應。這個區域的神經元能模擬真實的身體布局。回想事實的「教科書般標準的」知識時這個區域會變得活躍。勾起大片回憶時該區域啟動

C4 「Flowing Artist」

C4 縹緲的藝術家

• Remember of beautiful place. 記住美景

• Retrieve a memory based on aesthetic qualities. 從美學角度進行記憶調檔

• Recall whole-body affect. 回想「全身心的影響」

• Prepare to move your body』s left side. 動用身體左側

• Skillfully draw realistic, free-hand illustrations. 塗鴉很吊

• Attend to sensations on the left side of your body. 處理身體左側的感覺

The mirror image of C3 in some ways, but gets activated when we recall the most beautiful place we have ever visited. Home to fluid body motion and affect. This region is entirely nonverbal. 某種程度上是C3的鏡像，不同的是當「回憶你去過的最美的地方」時才會啟動。主管流體運動。這個區域是百分之百非語言的。

T5 「Sensitive Mediator」

T5 敏感的調停者

• Notice other』s input about your social behavior 注意來自他人的關於「你的社交表現如何？」的評價

• Are curious what someone thinks of you 很想知道某人怎麼看你

• Adjust your behavior in order to appease or conform to others』 expectations 為了安撫他人或滿足他人需求，調整自己的行為

• Feel embarrassed. 感到尷尬

Like F7, this region contains 「mirror neurons.」 When we use this region, we focus on others』 judgments regarding the appropriateness of our behavior. This region actively encourages us to change out behavior by providing feelings of embarrassment and possibly shame. Can also be activated when we wonder what others are thinking of us. 和F7一樣，這個區域包含「鏡像神經元」。用這個區域時，我們把重點放到他人對我們行為的得體程度的評價上。這個區域通過給予我們尷尬乃至羞恥感來積極鼓勵我們改變行為。在想知道別人怎麼看我們時這個區域也會啟動

T6 「Purposeful Futurist」

T6 目標明確的未來主義者

• Say the word 「will」; as in what will occur in the future. 用「將會」這詞描述未來

• Imagine yourself within a complex system. 想像自己在一個複雜的系統中

• Notice abstract spatial-structural relationships. 注意到抽象的空間聯繫

• Assign a symbolic meaning. 賦予象徵性意義

• Envision your future. 預見未來

This region is highly future oriented and relational. unless F7, is not 「as-if」 oriented, but aids in serious predictions of what will occur in reality. Holistic and weighs many abstract spatial relationships at once. Entirely nonverbal, so offerings seem obvious or mysterious. Also activated when we consider symbolic meaning. 這個區域高度面向未來，聯結性很強。不同於F7那種「好像會xxxx似的」，這區域是認真的。carry全場，並同時衡量各種抽象關係。百分百非語言，所以看起來挺神秘。當我們考慮象徵意義時這個區域也會啟動。

P3 「Tactical Navigator」

P3 富有謀略的領航員

• Identify tangible objects 識別實物

• Use physical and visual cues to move your body 使用物理及視覺信息作為移動身體的依據

• Attend to where you end and the rest of the world begins 注重「我在哪」「發生了什麼」

• Work a problem using rote memorization 使用死記硬背的方法解決問題

This region is the seat of the physical sense of self in the environment. It helps us integrate visual and kinesthetic cues to guide how me move our bodies. The better this region works, the faster we integrate a multitude of visual and kinesthetic inputs in order to act with rapid precision. 這個區域關乎「我的存在」。它幫助我們與官信息融為一體，藉此來指導我們移動身體。這個區域工作得越好，我們就「融入」得越好，這樣才能快速準確地行動。

P4 「Strategic Gamer」

P4 戰略玩家

• Weigh numerous pros and cons 權衡大量利弊

• Calculate and compare various risks versus their likely rewards 計算與比較各類風險和潛在獎勵

• Objectively evaluate many factors at once 客觀地同時衡量許多因素

• Locate and apply leverage (influence) 鎖定並介入（影響）

This region helps us grapple highly complex programs in a comprehensive, strategic way that simultaneously considers numerous risks, uncertainties, rewards and outcomes. Helps us weigh many pros and cons at once to arrive at intuitive solutions. Associated with skillful math performance. 這個區域使我們用一種全面的、戰略性的方式把持複雜的情形，同時還能考慮到風險、不確定性、回報與結果。幫我們一次性權衡大量利弊然後得到一個直覺性的解決方法。與數學技巧有關。

O1 「Visual Engineer」

O1 視覺工程師

• Read a chart or diagram 閱讀圖表

• Visually disassemble an object to visualize its components and how it works. 從視覺上肢解某物，理解它的構成和工作原理

• Visual how elements of an object will fit together to form a structure. 從視覺上衡量各個「零件」是如何聚集到一起成為一個結構的

• Mentally rotate an object in your mind』s eye 在腦袋裡對一個物體進行360度旋轉操作

People who rely on this region are natural engineers and architects, able to mentally rotate objects, follow charts and diagrams with ease, and project how building element will fit together in their mind』s eye. This region can also compensate for or mimic deductive reasoning, by visualizing tree structures or Venn diagrams. 天生依賴這個區域的人是天生的工程師和建築師，能夠在腦袋裡旋轉物體，輕而易舉看懂圖表，並僅在腦袋裡就能構造出零件如何構成整體。這個區域和歸納推理也有關，因為可以徒手「畫」樹形圖和韋恩圖

O2 「Abstract Impressionist」

O2 抽象的印象派

• View a photograph or painting 看一張照片或一幅畫

• Sense how colors, shapes, and other elements fit aesthetically. 感知到顏色、形狀和其他美學元素如何構築美

• Notice or set the theme of an illustration or photograph 注意到，或者為一組照片下定主題

• Gain an impression of a person』s character from their appearance. 通過看一個人的外表來得到印象

Like O1, this region is incredibly visual. Unlike O1, it is imprecise and holistic. It concerns itself with visual themes: the various inter-relationships of elements that convey an image』s overall blahnce and meaning. We may use this region to react quickly to a person or place, detect ugly or good design, or appreciate visual art. 和O1一樣，這個區域很依賴視覺。和O1不同，它並不準確，只有大體框架。它在乎「這一系列元素組成的畫面」對於自己的的平衡感與意義。當我們快速回應一個人或一個地點、檢測好的壞的設計、欣賞視覺藝術時這個區域會被啟動。

Summary

一句話總結

Fp1 Chief Judge: Focus on explaining, making decisions, noting errors, and screening out distracting information. 解釋、決策、檢錯，無視干擾信息

Fp2 Process Manager: Focus on process, either step-by-step for tasks, or open ended creative brainstorming, or both. 關注流程，無論是步驟型流程，還是開放型頭腦風暴，都關注

F7 Imaginative Mimic: Mirror others』 behavior, pick up skills by observing others, and make imaginative inferences. 模仿他人行為，通過觀察對方獲得技能，做想像性的推理

F3 Deductive Analyst: Follow a chain of logical deductions and backtrack to correct thinking due to reasoning errors. 跟從邏輯推理鏈，並拐回去檢錯然後更正

F4 Expert Classifier: Accurately place concepts by testing them against many categories at once to find a best-fit. 同時衡量許多類別，然後做出準確分類

F8 Grounded Believer: Evaluate people and activities in terms of like or dislike, and/or recall details with high accuracy. 衡量喜歡與不喜歡，並且以高精準度調取記憶

T3 Precise Speaker: Focus on content of the spoken word, attend to proper grammar, usage, enunciation and diction. 關注話語，關注合理的語法、用法、發音和用詞

C3 Factual Storekeeper: Easily memorize and execute steps of movement (dance steps, etc.), and/or recall facts. 輕易記住並且完成身體移動（比如舞步），回想事實

C4 Intuitive Listener: Focus on voice tone and other affective qualities of sound. Speak in a holistic way to influence. 注意語氣和其他影響聲音的因素，用一種carry全場的說話方式來影響

T4 Flowing Artist: Draw, paint, dance or otherwise use your body in a flowing, spontaneous, and/or artistic manner. 繪畫、跳舞或在一個自發的環境中以藝術性的方法使用你的身體

T5 Sensitive Mediator: Attend to how others respond to you and later your behavior to get more desirable results. 注意別人怎麼回應你，過一會你通過檢舉行為得到更想要的結果

P3 Tactical Navigator: Integrate physical space, motion, and visual clues to move skillfully through the environment. 吸收物理空間、運動和視覺信息，在一個空間內精妙地遊走

P4 Strategic Gamer: Weigh many pros and cons, risks and uncertainties at once in order to finesse complex situations. 同時衡量許多正反觀點和風險及不確定因素以便處理複雜局勢

T6 Purposeful Futurist: State what will surely happen in the future, and/or apply a symbolic meaning to a situation. 陳述什麼是在未來必定會發生的，或/並且給予某形勢象徵性意義

O1 Visual Engineer: Mentally rotate, measure, arrange, assemble and explode objects with a focus on functionality. 在腦袋裡旋轉、衡量、構建、組合和拆解物體，重點在它的功能上

O2 Abstract Impressionist: Notice holistic themes, patterns, and relationships in photos, paintings, and similar images. 注意到照片、圖畫和類似圖片的整體主題、形式和關聯

功能（沒咋譯，湊活看吧）

Extraverted Sensing (Se)

Se types:

• Show a 「tennis hop」 brain pattern.



• Easily go 「in the zone」 in a crisis situation. 易在危機發生時進入狀態

• Quickly integrate body and sensory information. 快速吸收肢體的感官的信息

• Easily bored and need external stimulation. 容易感到無聊，需要外界刺激

• Focus on literal or common interpretations. 關注字面意義或一般性解釋

• Favor details that are dramatic or in motion. 喜歡鬧劇

• The 「tennis hop」 brain pattern is one in which all regions of neocortex out low amplitude and out of sync. This is an effective state that requires little energy while the shifting frequencies allow the brain to quickly direct whichever regions are needed for a surprise, incoming task.這個形狀表明腦袋不活躍，所以，這個狀態對於「當進入變化的情形時可快速根據情況決定動用哪些區域」很省力

Introverted Sensing (Si)

Si types:

• Brain activity reflects their background, training, and job expertise. 腦活動反應他們的文化背景、專業訓練和工作

• Get 「in the zone」 when reviewing past events. 回憶過去時進入狀態

• Tend towards rote memorization, repetition, and in-depth reviews of daily events—all habits that help them burn new neural pathways. 傾向路徑記憶、重複、深刻的日常活動的記憶——幫助他們開闢一條新的但是預設的路徑

• Good at recalling information without a context and recalling kinship data. 沒提示也能回憶起信息

• Favor T5, which processes social feedback and T6, that helps us consider the future. T5活躍，這個區域處理T6的社會反饋，幫助我們考慮未來

• So Si seems to lead to reinforcement and specialization over time. ISTJs and ISFJs are both visual (favor O1 and/or O2). ISxJs favor Fp2 over Fp1, while ESxJs do the opposite. Si看起來會使人需要長時間的修鍊。ISTJs 和 ISFJs 是視覺系，喜 O1 和/或 O2， ISxJs Fp2>Fp1，ESxJs相反

Extraverted Intuiting (Ne)

Ne types:

• Often show a 「Christmas Tree」 pattern.

• Often experience creative highs. 常常在在創造過程中很嗨

• Provide fast, creative responses (sometimes too creative) 給出快速的富創造力的回應（有時創造過頭了）

• Find it difficult to get 「in the zone,」 and can do so only after practicing and internalizing an activity over weeks, months, or years. 難以進入狀態，只有在幾周幾個月甚至幾年後的聯繫和內化才能進入狀態

• Use regions that support imagination. 使用支持想像力的區域

• A 「Christmas Tree」 pattern is one in which the neocortex is active all over, each region is of high amplitude and out-of-sync with others. This pattern indicates cross-contextual thinking. This pattern is also very energy intensive, and may produce distractions and contradictions.腦袋超級活躍根本停不下來

Introverted Intuiting (Ni)

Ni Types:

• Show a whole brain, zen-like pattern 全腦性的、禪意的圖形

• Show this pattern when they attack an unfamiliar, novel pattern.

• Their zen state works best when focusing on a single question, without distraction.

• Enter the zen state when ask to envision the future.

• Usually benefit from a sensory focus

• Their whole-brain, zen-like pattern occurs when all regions of the neocortex are in sync and dominated by brain waves that are medium-low frequency and very high-amplitude. Other types only show this pattern when they engage in their specific area of expertise, unlike Ni-ers, who also show it when tackling a new problem.

• ENxJs usually benefit from a physical or sensory focus. NJs tend to be generalists compared to their SJs cousins. ENxJs 常常在關注物理世界時獲益。和SJ相比，NJ更像是通才

Extraverted Thinking (Te)

Te types:

• Show most efficient use of mental energy as they rely on evidence-based decision-making. 最有效的精力使用，因為依賴有理有據的決策

• Rely on T3, O1, C3 and Fp1. Tend to use other areas very little, even on tasks that would normally invoke them. 依賴T3, O1, C3 和 Fp1，其他區域很少用，即使在做會啟用其他區域的事兒也啟動不起來

• Rely on measurably sensory information

• Focus on goals and stimulated by task completion and error correction.

• Tend to move to action before accurate or what-if processing, so quick efficiency can become a pitfall.

• Show high activity in F8, which handles deeply felt personal values, often expressed negatively. F8很活躍，這個區域處理深沉的個人價值觀，往往以負面形式表現

• Female Te types show more diverse brain activity and are more responsive to social feedback. 女性TJ腦活動更多樣，對社會反饋更活躍

• IXTJs are more visual, attentive to tone of voice, and focus on implementation detail over quick decision-making. ESTJS attend more to details, are more open to brainstorming, and listen intently to authority figures. ENTJs can enter a creative mode similar to INTJs. ITJ更依賴視覺，ESTJ注重細節，ENTJ可進入類似INTJ的創造模式

Introverted Thinking (Ti)

Ti types:

• Show high use of four regions that afford complex logical reasoning: F3, F4, P3, P4

• Use F3 to linearly derive solutions. (highest for ESTPs followed by INTPs) F3線性推理找到解決方案（這個區域ESTP最活躍，然後是INTP）

• Use F4 to categorize and define concepts. (highest for INTPs, followed by ESTPs)F4分類與定義（INTP>ESTP）

• Use P3 to integrate visual-kinesthetic data. (highest for ISTPs then ENTPs)P3處理視覺動覺信息（ISTP>ENTP）

• Use P4 to holistically weigh numerous pros and cons of many uncertain or risky factors. (highest for ENTPs followed by ISTPs)P4同時衡量許多正反觀點和風險及不確定因素以便處理複雜局勢（ENTP>ISTP）

• Above regions are located away from direct sensory contact, so have a 「deep」 or 「detached」 quality.

• Tend to enter a dissociated state when arguing or meeting someone new. In this state, their neocortex shuts out raw emotions in order to enjoy objectivity.

• Least interested in listening. 最沒興趣傾聽

• Engage the above regions + Fp1 and Fp2 when examining a topic from multiple angles and integrating the angles into a coherent way. 從多個角度搞一個主題並把多個角度搞成一個整體時：Fp1 和 Fp2

• INTPs are likely to quickly stop listening as they assess the relevance of what others are saying.

Extraverted Feeling (Fe)

Fe types:

• Focus on social responsibility.

• Stimulated by communicating their explanations and decisions.

• Use Fp1 to suppress emotional impulses from deep in the brain in favor of sophisticated cognitive responses.

• Use Fp2 less, so may sometimes suddenly switch from highly composed to very angry.

• Use F5 a lot, which helps them adjust to social feedback.

ExFJs show high activity in T3, but least activity in visual regions O1 and O2. ESFJs are more left-brained, high in C3 and F7. ENFJs are might right-brained, showing high activity in F4 and T4. EFJ T3活躍，但O1和O2最不活躍。ESFJ更左腦，C3 C7活躍。ENFJ可能更右腦，F4和T4活躍

Introverted Feeling (Fi)

Fi types:

• Are consummate listeners who listen in a holistic way.

• INFPs can deeply listen for up to 10 minutes at a time, ISFPs listen briefly and then move to action. INFP認證傾聽10分鐘，ISFP簡單一聽該幹嘛幹嘛

• Show high activity in T3 and T4, which handle language.

• Carefully compose their own speech, attending to both content and delivery.

• Show high activity in F8, and are stimulated by rankings of importance.

• Show the least activity in interior regions that aid logic.

• Rely on left-brained (Fp1) decision making.

• INFPs may get to the core of a person』s psychology by listening for so long. INFPs are less likely to defend their own views or take action, though when they stop listening, region Fp1 becomes very active as they make a strong (and perhaps final) decision. INFP通過傾聽，就能聽「透」一個人，不大會維護自己的觀點或行動，但是，聽完之後Fp1區變得異常活躍，因為做了決定（也許是最終決定）

• ISFPs are attentive when others withhold information (like social feedback).

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Based on Nardi』s experiences, he would classify the strength of each functions as:

Dario Nardi會這樣分每個功能的長項

Se: Act quickly and smoothly to handle whatever comes up in the moment.

Si: Review and practice in order to specialize and meet group needs.

Ne: Perceive and play with patterns of relationships across contexts.

Ni: Draw upon to whole brain to realize an answer to a novel problem.

Te: Manager resources efficiently to quickly decide based on evidence.

Ti: Reason multiple ways to objectively and accurately analyze problems.

Fe: Evaluate and communicate values to enhance social relationships.

Fi: Listen with your whole self to locate and support what』s important.

以及，各個類型哪些區域比較活躍：