如何訓練托福閱讀?

四個月的準備時間


快速閱讀的訣竅是:強迫自己接受一個觀點:「做托福閱讀題就是一個不斷尋找BUT 的過程」;

那麼我們就開始強迫自己接受這個理論吧!這樣既能做的快,又能做准題目,實現在短期內閱讀從15分到28分的實質性飛躍!

通 過訓練批判性思維從而實現快速閱讀托福文章,以及準確做出題目是非常有效的方法。因為批判性思維(Critical Thinking) 是最根本的英文文章的寫作技術之一,只有充分理解並且掌握批判性思維方式才能真正理解作者所要表達的意思。也只有掌握批判性思維才能真正又快又準的解決雅
思閱讀中的難題,對於CT 的訓練是遠比那些華而不實的技巧和沒有任何實際意思的閱讀預測要務實而高效的多。

詳細個性化諮詢微信:(答主私人微信號:Liweilianlaoshi,
需要轉載請聯繫我稿費事宜,本人長期諮詢留學考試輔導和留學申請指導,長期在知乎解答問題)

接下來我將用TPO 41-48中的最新文章節選和題目,來說明我的理論。(理論談不上,扯扯淡吧)

例 子1:比如Playing is a serious business. Children
engrossed in a make-believe world, fox cubs play-fighting or kittens teaming a
ball of string aren』t just having fun. Play may look like a carefree and
exuberant way to pass the time before the hard work of adulthood comes along,
but there』s much more to it than that. 每當你讀到 are
not just having fun ...., seems to ....應該很自然的想到後面的but ,
並且與前面構成明顯的對比。

例子二: 接下來帶領大家一起來通過訓練CT 來快速進行閱讀理解:

The Truth about the
Environment

For many environmentalists, the world seems to be (出現seems to
//looks like// maybe 都是為了後面的indeed//but //however 的轉折來鋪墊的)
getting worse. (總分結構的寫法,作者會延續這個中心句的思路一直寫下去,來證明中心句;當然如果有轉折的話,就需要把重點放到BUT 後面來進行。 )They have developed
a hit-list of our main fears: that natural resources are running out; that the
population is ever growing, leaving less and less to eat; that species are
becoming extinct in vast numbers, and that the planets air and water are
becoming ever more polluted.( 後面的細節的細節的例子都是用來證明前面的內容的,所以只要不出現BUT的強轉折,就需要在心裏面有期待:anticipation, 就是後面的句子細節都是延續的,這樣就會讀的快起來!!)

But a quick look at the facts shows a different picture. (出現了第一個轉折,是和第一段中的seems to be 這樣的轉折的前奏的鋪墊
First, energy and other natural resources have become more abundant, not less
so,(一個小的CT 來驗證觀點) since the book
The Limits to Growth was published in 1972 by a group of scientists. Second,
more food is now produced per head of the worlds population than at any time
in history. Fewer people are starving. Third, although species are indeed
becoming extinct, (Although也是CT的具體體現,又是一個批判性思維的句子)only about 0.7% of them are expected to disappear in the next 50
years, not 25-50%,(小的CT) as has so often been
predicted. And finally, most forms of environmental pollution either appear to
have been exggerated, or are transient - associated with the early phases of
industrialisation and therefore best cured not by restricting economic growth,(又是一個CT,需要了解BUT後面的重點) but by
accelerating it. One form of pollution - the release of greenhouse gases that
causes global warming - does appear to be a phenomenon that is going to extend
well into our future, (批判性思維的句型CT) but
its total impact is unlikely to pose a devastating problem. A bigger problem
may well turn out to be an inappropriate response to it.

總之這一段就是一個大的批判性思維的中心句,然後再結合三個小的CT 而快速構成的閱讀段落。

Yet (輕微轉折,小的CT) opinion
polls suggest that many people nurture the belief that environmental standards
are declining and four factors seem to cause this disjunction between
perception and reality.

(中心句直接潑出來中心句,給出是四個方面導致現實和理解的不同,接下來就是要展開四個factors 的s 的)

One is the lopsidedness built into scientific research.
Scientific funcing goes mainly to areas with many problems. That may be wise
policy,( 前面是maybe ,後面是轉折,又是輕微的CT) but it will also create an impression that many more
potential problems exist than is the case.

Secondly, environmental groups need to be noticed by the
mass media. They also need to keep the money rolling in. Understandably,
perhaps, they sometimes overstate their arguments. In 1997, for example, the
World Wide Fund for Nature issued a press release entitled: Two thirds of the
worlds forests lost forever. (前後對比的CT) The truth turns out to be nearer 20%.

Though these groups are run overwhelmingly by selfless
folk, they nevertheless share many of the characteristics of other lobby
groups.(這句中心句是比較難的,但是也確實是重要的CT句型,翻譯是:儘管這些小組是以無私的名義來進行運作的,但是他們同樣還是具有其他遊說小組的特徵,這句話你看懂了嗎?) That would matter less if people applied the same degree of
scepticism to environmental lobbying as they do to lobby groups in other
fields. (本句是虛擬語氣,意思是: 如果我們對於這些所謂環保組織施加相同程度的懷疑,那麼問題就不會這麼嚴重。「 A trade organisation arguing for, say, weaker pollution controls
is instantly seen as self-interested. (這個地方又是明顯的CT, 前面是instantly seen 是批判性思維的前奏,後面的YET 是轉折的後半部分,是重點) yet a green organisation opposing such a weakening is seen as
altruistic, even if an impartial view of the controls in question might suggest
they are doing more harm than good. ( 前後採用批判性思維寫的句子,翻譯為: 然而這些綠色環保組織仍然被認為是利他的和無私的,即使有部分的觀點建議說這會產生更多的危害(
但是我們堅信是好的,因為是環保組織)

A third source of confusion is the attitude of the media.
People are clearly more cuirous about bad news than good. Newspapers and
broadcasters are there to provide what the public wants. (小的批判性思維的表現) That, however, can lead to significant distortions of perception. An
example was Americas encounter El Nino in 1997 and 1998. This climatic
phenomenon was accused of wrecking tourism, causing allergies, melting the
ski-slopes and causing 22 deaths. (CT, 後面是重點)However, according to an artical in the Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society, the damage it did was estimated at US$4 billing but the
benefits amounted to some US$19 billion. These came from higher winter
temperatures (which saved an estimated 850 lives, reduced heating costs and
diminished spring floods caused by meltwaters).

The fourth factor is poor individual perception. People
worry that the endless rise in the amount of stuff everyone throws away will
cause the world to run out of places to dispose of waste.(注意這句話是典型的批判性思維的句型) Yet, even if Americas trash output continues to rise as it has
done in the past, and even if the American population doubles by 2100, all the
rubbish America produces through the entire 21st centurey will still take up
only on 12,000th of the area of the entire United States. 請重視這句話的思維翻譯是:即使美國的垃圾的增加速度是持續高的,即使美國的垃圾到了2100 年會翻倍,那麼全美國所產生的全部垃圾,也只佔到總的21世紀的垃圾的1/12000, 言下之意就是:這樣的問題並不嚴重,這個是不是一個典型的和常識相違背的思路和句型。

So what of global warming? As we know, carbon dioxide
emissions are causing the planet to warm. The best estimates are that the
temperatures will rise by 2-3°C in this century, causing considerable problems,
at a total cost of US$5,000 billion.

(本段開篇的句子,再次說明是CT的批判性思維的句型)Despite the intuition that something drastic needs to be done about
such a costly problem,economic analyses clearly show it will be far more
expensive to cut carbon dioxide emissions radically than to pay the costs of
adaptation ot the increased temperatures. (本句話的意思著實和我們的常識是完全不一致的,是完全違背常識的,翻譯過來是:儘管我們知道要為此而付出的昂貴代價的學費的問題是急需關注的,但是經濟分析人士認為大量減少二氧化碳的排放,而比為了適應增加的溫度所需要支付的費用要高很多) A model by one of the main authors of the United Nations Climate
Change Panel shows how an expected temperature increase of 2.1 degrees in 2100
would only be diminished to an increase of 1.9 degrees. Or to put it another
way, the temperature increase that the planet would have experienced in 2094
would be postponed to 2100. (後面的例子就是順接前面的觀點而進行展開的具體例子)

So this does not prevent global warming, but merely buys
the world six years.(小的轉折後面有來一個小的轉折) Yet(然而的表達又是轉折) the cost of reducing carbon dioxide emissions, for the United
States alone, will be higher than the cost of solving the wolrds single, most
pressing health problem: providing universal access to clean drinking water and
sanitation. Such measures would avoid 2 million deaths every year, and prevent
half a billion people from becoming seriously ill.

It is crucial that we look at the facts if we want to make
the best possible decisions for the future. It may be costly to be overly
optimistic - but more costly still to be too pessimistic.(最後一句話的寫作質量是很高的,翻譯是: 「似乎過於樂觀的成本必然是很高的,但是過於悲觀卻是代價更高的。)這句話同樣具有很強的批判性,在現實生活中,的確也是過於悲觀所產生的後果,要大大高
於過於樂觀,隨意一個窮人,普通人,最大的問題是不自信,雖然我們一直都不這樣認為?

通過批判性思維訓練將極大的提高閱讀速度以及更準確的做出托福閱讀題目。不會左顧右盼,最終選錯。

3,The investigators findings were
striking.(這是由形容詞形式的中心句,作為讀者要明白該段落接下來所有的意思都是圍繞著「為什麼是令人吃驚的結果「,在英文閱讀中有三個詞表示結果,分別是:result , outcome 和findings) In the late 1970s,the infant mortality rate for the children of
illiterate mothers was around 100deaths per thousand live births.(這是文盲媽媽組) At this point in their lives, thosemothers who later went on to
learn to read had assimilated level of childmortality (105/1000).(這是後來學習閱讀的媽媽組) For women educated in primary school,however, the infant mortality
rate was significantly lower, at 80 per thousand (這是本來媽媽就讀過小學的組)

到目前為止,還是沒有找到任何「striking」的痕迹,那麼讀者需要思考,這個「striking」到底體現在什麼方面?

In 1985, after the National LiteracyCrusade had ended,the
infant mortality figures for those who remained illiterate(仍然是文盲的媽媽組) and for thoseeducated in primary school (本身就讀過小學的媽媽組) remained more or less unchanged. For those women wholearnt to read
through the campaign, (然而後來通過訓練而讀書的媽媽組) the infant mortality rate
was 84 perthousand, an impressive21 points lower than for those women who were still illiterate. (這個地方就是非常明顯的下降,所以構成「令人吃驚的」結果。) The children of the newly-literate motherswere also 這個also是更進一步的表明,這個項目的另外一個優點) better nourished thanthose of women who could not read.

這個段落最要說明的重點就是要通過實驗調查結果顯示,只有本來是文盲後來掃盲之後的媽媽組,這個項目的意義最大。孩子的出生率和死亡率都得到了很大的改善。但是該題的難點就是很多同學,無法理清這2個段落的內在聯繫,不具有很強的批判性思維。所以看的很迷茫,從而做錯題目。速度也很慢。

? 1.First it will pass through
sharp metal bars which will tear open the plastic bags in which rubbish is usually
packed.

?   結構:全句有3個謂語動詞:will pass,will tear和is。其中主句的是will pass。句子主幹是it will passthrough sharp
metal bars。第一個which引導的定語從句修飾的是sharp
metal bars。第二個which引導的定語從句修飾的是the
plastic bags。這是大定語從句裡面還有一個小定語從句。句子可以拆分為:

? 1. First it will pass through sharp metal bars.

? 2. The metal bars will tear open the plastic bags.

? 3. Rubbish is usually packed in the bags.

?   翻譯:首先,垃圾要通過尖的金屬棒,金屬棒會把裝垃圾的塑料袋弄破。

? 2.When we talk about someone』s
personality,we mean the ways in which he or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels
that makethat individual different from others.

?   結構:全句有4組謂語動詞:talk,mean,acts/speaks/thinks/feels和make。其中主句的是:mean。句首是When引導的時間狀語從句。之後which引導的定語從句和that引導的定語從句都是修飾the ways的。句子可以拆分為:

? 1. We talk about someone』s personality.

? 2. We mean the ways.

? 3. He or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels in these
ways.

? 4. These make that individual different from others.

?   翻譯:當我們談到某個人的個性時,我們指的是他/她在行為,言談和思考以及感覺等方面的方式。這些方式使這個人區別於他人。

? 3.Competition is not only good in
itself, itis the means by which other basic American values such as individual
freedom,equality of opportunity and hard work are protected.

?   結構:全句有3個謂語動詞:is, is和are protected。其中主句的是:is, is。全句由兩個有遞進關係的單句構成。其中,which引導的是定語從句,修飾the means。句子可被拆分為:

? 1. Competition is not only good in itself.

? 2. It is the means.

? 3. Other basic American values such as individual
freedom, equality ofopportunity and hard work are protected by these means.

?   翻譯:競爭不但本身就是好事,還是其他基本的美國價值觀如個人自由,機會平等和勤奮工作等得到保護的手段。

? 4. The way people hold to the belief that a fun-filled,
painfree life equalshappiness actually reduces their chances of ever attaining
real happiness.

?   結構:全句有3個謂語動詞:hold,equals和reduce。其中主句的是reduces。句子主幹為:The way actuallyreduces their
chances of ever attaining real happiness。The way 後面是省略了which/that的定語從句。在這個定語從句中,還有一個that引導的同位語從句,修飾the belief。句子可以拆分為:

? 1. This way actually reduces their chances of ever
attaining realhappiness.

? 2. A fun-filled, painfree life equals happiness.

? 3. People hold to this belief.

?   翻譯:人們信奉的充實又無憂無慮的生活就等於幸福的信念實際上降低了他們獲得真正的幸福的可能性。

? 5. Those who oppose the building of flats base their case
primarily on theassumption that everyone prefers an individual home and garden
and on the highcost per unit of accommodation.

?   結構:全句有3個謂語動詞:oppose,base和prefers。其中主句的是:base。句子主幹為:Those base their case primarily
on theassumption and on the high cost。其中who引導的是定語從句,修飾those。that引導的同位語從句修飾the
assumption。

?   翻譯:那些反對建設公寓的人的理由主要是基於大家都喜歡單獨的住宅和花園的假設以及每個居住單位的高成本。

視頻解析地址:@李威廉老師 批判式突破閱讀高分(第一講)

本人將會持續更新用批判性思維的本質思維方法,結合你有限的辭彙量,來快速理解英文閱讀,從而解決留學考試(IELTS,
TOEFL,SAT,GMAT) 的閱讀高分問題。

詳細個性化諮詢微信:(答主私人微信號:Liweilianlaoshi,
需要轉載請聯繫我稿費事宜,本人長期諮詢留學考試輔導和留學申請指導,長期在知乎解答問題)


四個月的時間如果能夠堅持不懈的備考訓練,相信一定會有成效。雖然閱讀能力是一個長期積累的過程,但是藉助一定的原則技巧去備考閱讀在短期內閱讀能力還是可以有所突破。那麼該如何訓練托福閱讀呢?

1、辭彙5000以上是基礎

首先辭彙是基礎。從某種意義上來講,辭彙量的大小是閱讀理解高分的基礎和關鍵。如果辭彙量沒有達到基本要求5000以上,即使你有「葵花寶典」在手,也只能命喪考試的「毒招」之下。所以,以犧牲辭彙量為代價的技巧練習簡直是一種無用功。一定要保證辭彙量。

2、閱讀的核心訓練:精讀關鍵部位

精讀關鍵部位,主要是每一段的開頭和結尾部分。由於TOEFL的閱讀理解文章全部選自於正式出版物(publication),文章的邏輯(logic)結構非常完整(complete)和嚴謹(rigorous),而且出現的邏輯模式也是屈指可數。若大家經過系統的訓練,考生的預測可以做到非常準確的程度(accuratedegree)。這樣,通過閱讀文章的幾處關鍵部位,就能很快地把握整個文章的結構和內在的邏輯關係,也就解決了問題的四分三左右了。一定要多加訓練整理文章思路。

3、在備考閱讀訓練的過程中一定要注意做題原則及做做題步驟:

 一、做題原則

  考生在做題時,應牢記以下幾點:(1)每篇文章的題目基本上根據文章布局一步一步向前推進,即使有個別題打亂文章布局,在題干里總是有提供信息的關鍵詞將考生帶入文章的具體部位。(2)做題時,根據題干或選項的關鍵詞回歸文章尋找重現關鍵詞或其釋義的語言區域,同時排除相應的選項。(3)到難句子時,最直接有效的方式就是對其進行句子結構分析,迅速把握整個句子的意思,不要盯著單個的詞不放,不然就會因小失大。(4)每個問題的四個選項或者是對文章中相關部分的正確釋度、或者是歪曲原文、或者與原文毫不相干。換句話說,命題專家在設置試題時會玩一些文字遊戲,用各種表達形式讓考生沒有頭緒。考生應該明白自己的職責是辨別真偽,找到符合文章意思和題意的選項。

  二、做題步驟

  第一步:花兩三分鐘時間掃描每篇文章頭一兩個句子,定位文章難易程度。一般來說,平均每篇閱讀文章需要花費20分鐘的時間。如果遇到難度較大的文章,按部就班做題就有可能因時間不夠而做錯好多道題,帶來巨大的損失。因此首先定位文章難易程度,同時目測文章的含金量有助於科學分配閱讀部分的做題時間。

  第二步:採取「結構掃描」法分配閱讀具體一篇文章。所謂結構,即文章的骨架。閱讀文章是純學術文章,是北美學生在大學裡天天都能接觸到的教科書風格的文章,這些文章涉及人文社科各個方面。正確的閱讀文章的方法應該是把文章首句先吃透,因為文章首句往往就是文章的主題。然後把首段的其它句子儘快略讀,文章其他段落採取同樣的方法閱讀。各段落其他的句子一般來說都是用來說明各個段落的主題句的,沒有必要每個句子都徹底看個明白。所以,採取「結構掃描」法,意味著以最快的方式了解文章大意,從而正確引導下一步做題,而不至於出現大方向的理解錯誤。

需要注意的是的在備考的過程中一般以訓練真題為主,要掌握做題節奏。四個月一眨眼的功夫就會過去,千里之行始於足下,快快備考吧!祝你一切順利!


閱讀的本質就是「讀句子,理關係」。針對讀懂句子,你應該背單詞,查語法,分析幾百個長難句。這些基礎工作極其重要。針對弄清文章內部的關係,你應該分析真題,弄清上下句的邏輯關係,以及整篇文章的結構。4個月很快,抓緊時間。


首先背誦單詞,可以用無老師那本書;其次練習長難句分析;然後句間關係分析,理清段落結構;最後開始大量刷題練習。分類閱讀題材,積累背景知識。http://www.360class.cn


逐句精讀1-2套TPO的閱讀理解文章,從而吃透長難句中的重要元素,確保這些要素無論怎麼隨即排列組合構成句子都能夠很快讀懂。

可以讀語法書和精讀真題結合起來。語法書推薦《賴世雄經典語法》。

比如:

1. with介詞短語作後置定語

2. with介詞短語作狀語

3. 比較級more…than…結構中than的後面接句子

4. 現在分詞作狀語

5. 現在分詞作定語(前置後置)

6. 過去分詞作定語/狀語(前置後置)

7. 狀語從句(最常見的引導詞為whereas, though, while,
if, when和as)

8. 狀語從句的省略

9. 同位語結構

10. 主語從句(最常見的引導詞為that,
what, how,和whether)

11. 賓語從句(最常見的引導詞為that,
what, how)

12. 定語從句(最常見的引導詞為that,which,whose,who,介詞+which,where,和when)

13. 形式主語

14. 倒裝句

15. 強調句

16. 形容詞片語作後置定語


托福閱讀一直是很多考生認為相對簡單的部分,然而,就是這所謂的「簡單」,讓很多同學亂了方寸,失了分數,悔不當初。

那麼,托福閱讀「簡單」在哪裡呢?

在托福的閱讀考試中,很多同學時常表現出一些「簡單」的做題習慣。而正是這些壞習慣,使同學們總是覺得時間不夠,做題毛躁,正確率低,今天我就跟大家一起總結一下我們應當避免的這些「簡單」的不良習慣。

壞習慣一:沒讀文章就直接做題

有些同學在做托福閱讀時,文章根本不讀,直接做題。這種方法相當於瞎子摸象,對文章幾乎沒有感覺,整個文章的概念無法獲得。要提醒考生的是,近年考試中針對細節提問的題量有所增加。不讀文章直接做題是極其危險的。

壞習慣二:不能有效利用檢查時間

有很多考生做完題之後,或多或少剩下一些時間,但不能有效利用。有的考生東看一點文章,西看一道題,似乎在檢查,卻沒有明確的目標,有時候還反而把正確的答案改錯。我們認為在富裕的時間裡,考生應重點檢查兩類題:一類是個別的理解題;另一類是個別辭彙題。

壞習慣三:一字不漏讀完再做題

有些同學喜歡把文章一字不漏地細讀之後再做題。這種方法僅適合於兩種情況,其一,考生已具備相當的閱讀水平,長期以來運用這種方法效果甚佳;其二,某一篇具體的文章是考生所熟悉的內容,細讀文章並不會花太多的時間。

一般來說,大部分考生採用細讀文章方法,做題時間嚴重不足。考生不應該忘記,閱讀理解測試速度和理解兩個方面。

在做辭彙題時,許多考生認為做不對題與自己的辭彙量有關,認識單詞能做對,不認識單詞就會做錯。事實上,那些認識的單詞經常做錯,不認識的單詞反而能做對。

托福閱讀壞習慣的根源:

做不認識單詞時,考生會仔細研讀辭彙題的上下文,力求在上下文中突破。而認識單詞,忽略上下文的重要性,往往是裝模作樣的看一下上下文,便匆匆做出抉擇。然而,做好辭彙題關鍵在於透徹分析上下文--辭彙題的句子以及上下一句話,有時候,個別辭彙題也許需要在文章其他段落尋找線索。

關於托福閱讀壞習慣的一點建議:

閱讀有時候是一種不可思議的行為,有時候,你的腦子會因斷電而僵在某一點上,沒有任何收穫,但是當你放下這個難點,做完別題後再回過頭來處理這個難題時,一下子又會變得暢通無阻。如果出現這種情況,考生可以在草稿紙上標記這個難題,先預選托福閱讀題的答案,待有時間時再仔細推敲。

避開這些壞習慣,托福閱讀自然就好準備啦

公眾賬號:mission-liuxue


托福閱讀學習方法論

1 查出文章中所有不認識的生詞並整理背誦;

2 精讀每一個句子,不懂的句子反覆閱讀,分析句子成分,直到讀懂;

3 分析每個句子之間的邏輯關係;

4 總結每段的段落主旨和分析每個段落之間的關係

5 總結文章結構圖。(附圖是TPO45-1的文章結構圖)

6 如果題主自制力差,強烈建議找個靠譜的老師。


首先,恭喜你給自己留出了足夠的時間,4個月可以切割成3個階段,40天左右一個階段。第一個階段裡面,主要做好單詞和語法基礎的準備。建議你們背一下F-O-C-U-S的托福TPO辭彙伴侶,裡面不僅包含了基礎辭彙,還包含了托福閱讀專業辭彙,這樣一起提高,等到之後做題的時候用途非常大,不會出現還有很多單詞不認識的情況。語法的話,不建議自學,太多,太複雜,-F-O-C-U-S的托福閱讀預備教程很好,包含了常考的語法點,學起來節省時間還省勁,最主要的是有針對性,之後學習隨處可見。這一階段,至少儲備4000辭彙和所有語法知識。第二個階段,開始做題,是精細分析每一道題目,不是簡單地刷題,做完題目之後,要整理單詞,分析長難句,還要掌握托福4個單項的考試形式和考試方法,為了效率高,還是建議你和專業的老師學習方法和技巧,這樣精準,kanglei,wangyue,yangyakun,liuyizhneg,wangxiaolei 都非常不錯。第三個階段,主要就是利用前面20天查漏補缺,必須做好所有的提前準備,做到沒有瑕疵,後面20天,集中模考訓練,提前掌握考試節奏,最後就可以自信的走進考場,拿下高分。


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