「小黃車」火到國外之後丨經濟學人精讀

文 / 梁洋Earnest

導讀

如今都市最亮麗的風景線,莫過於那些到處停放、外觀騷氣的共享單車了。

下面這篇文章選自《經濟學人》,就是外媒對當下沸騰的單車行業的冷思考。

精讀

The return of pedal power [1]

自行車回來了

In China, bikes are back

單車重返中國,再度流行開來

Some officials wish they weren"t

但一些官員並不希望他們回歸

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解析

1. 如何理解pedal power?

pedal是「踏板,腳蹬子」,自行車(pedal power)不就是用腿的力量蹬著踏板驅動前進的嗎?所以,「踏板之力」也就是「自行車」。

2. back這個詞好在哪兒?

想要表達「……又火起來了」,很多人首先想到的可能是:(be/become) fashionable/popular again,意思也很明了。

但標題的back實為雙關(pun),既說明自行車在空間上「回到原處(自行車道)」(come back),也在強調單車再度流行開來(be fashionable again),既簡潔醒目,又富有內涵。

3. 為何是weren"t,而不是aren"t?

In China, bikes are back

Some officials wish they weren"t

前一句為一般現在時,說明自行車的回歸與流行已成事實,後一句則是某些官員的願望(wish),這與現實不符,所以weren"t在這裡是虛擬語氣。

4. officials的態度與文章內容有何關聯?

導語提及officials,是為下文埋下伏筆,也就是說,下文會著重論述這些官員和他們對共享單車的不滿。

建議:讀英文報刊,先看標題和導語,會讓你對全文內容有一個預判,讓你更容易讀懂文章。

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① A MAN pedals a brand-new, orange and silver bicycle to his office door. He dismounts in the middle of the pavement, flicks down the kickstand and disappears inside. A woman approaches and waves her smartphone over a QR code near the rear mudguard. The lock snaps open and off she rides. These days, China"s once bicycle-clogged streets are choked with cars. But some urbanites are getting back on two (motorless) wheels, lured by the ease of using shared "dockless" bikes controlled by high-tech gadgetry.

參考譯文

一名男子騎著嶄新的銀色和橙色相間的自行車,到了他公司門口。他在人行道中央下了車,輕快地踢下腳撐,然後進了公司。一女子走向這輛車子,用她的智能手機掃描車尾擋泥板旁的二維碼。車鎖吧嗒一聲就開了,她騎上車便走了。在過去,中國的街道被自行車塞得滿滿的,如今這些街道都擠滿了汽車。不過,一些市民由於受到使用方便的「無樁」共享單車(由高科技小玩意所操控)的吸引,又騎著二輪(非機動)自行車回來了。

解析

5. 文中是如何形容摩拜單車的外觀的?

首先是brand-new,「全新的」、「嶄新的」;

其次是orange and silver,摩拜單車的顏色是「銀色(車身)和橙色(車輪)」,外號「小橙車」,以便與Ofo的「小黃車」區分開來。

6. 「二維碼」如何翻譯?

a QR code. (QR=Quick Response)

7. flick只是move那麼簡單嗎?

英英釋義,是辭彙辨析的關鍵。

請看《新牛津英漢雙解大詞典(第2版)》(以下簡稱「《新牛津》」):

flick: [no obj., with adverbial of direction] make a sudden sharp movement

這裡,flick與方位副詞搭配(如文中的down)時,有兩個形容詞對move加以限定,指的是「輕快地移動」。

所以,不管哪個外語寫作考試,都注重「鍊字」——用詞的準確性(辭彙的要求之一)。

8. 「...off she rides.」一句有語病嗎?

乍一看,你可能會認為作者犯了語法錯誤,這句話不應該全部倒裝嗎?然後你會列舉出以下規則:

方位副詞(如:down, up, out, in, off, on, away等)置於句首,句子採用全部倒裝的語序。

但是,語法書中還有一條特例:「主語為人稱代詞的句子除外」。

此外,與正常語序相比,off置於句首明顯增強了語言效果,使得人物形象更加生動。

9. clogged與choked意思相同嗎?

These days, China』s once bicycle-clogged streets are choked with cars.

同樣,我們分別找出兩詞(動詞原形)在《新牛津》里的英英釋義:

clog: fill up or crowd (something) so as to obstruct passage

choke:(常作be choked with)fill (a passage or space), especially so as to make movement difficult or impossible

顯然,兩詞意思幾乎相同,均可解釋為「堵塞(通道)」,也難怪作者會在一句話里換著用,這便是英文寫作對辭彙的另一要求:「多樣性」。

10. urbanite與citizen均可譯為「市民」,但區別在哪裡?

請看《新牛津》釋義:

urbanite: (informal) a person who lives in a town or city

citizen: an inhabitant of a particular town or city

我們再對inhabittant進行解釋:

inhabitant: a person or animal that lives in or occupies a place

最終,我們發現:兩詞在作「市民」講時差別就在於語體的區別:urbanite,用於像新聞報刊等非正式(informal)文章中,而在像學術論文等正式文體中,我們就應該使用citizen。

11. 如何描述「共享單車」?

shared "dockless" bikes controlled by high-tech gadgetry

[譯] 方便使用的「無樁」共享單車(由高科技小玩意所操控)

註:gadgetry為不可數名詞。

12. 如何辨析lure與attract?

請看《新牛津》釋義:

lure: tempt (a person or an animal) to do something or to go somewhere, especially by offering some form of reward

tempt一詞不好理解,還需再查:

tempt: entice or attempt to entice (someone) to do or acquire something that they find attractive but know to be wrong or not beneficial

這裡entice更是為我們辨析增加了困難,我們不得不再查一遍:

entice: attract or tempt by offering pleasure or advantage

這一次,我們終於能夠看明白了:

lure ≈ attract (a person or an animal) to do something that they find attractive but know to be wrong or not beneficial, especially by offering some form of reward (i.e. pleasure or advantage)

lure,指的是「尤其是通過給予某種形式的回報(如樂趣或好處)來吸引某人(或動物)做某件有吸引力的,但明知是錯的或不利的事情」。

這樣解釋起來好麻煩,簡潔一點,就是「引誘」或「誘騙」,帶有貶義色彩。

attract: cause to come to a place or participate in a venture by offering something of interest or advantage

attract,直譯過來就是「通過提供有趣或有利的東西,讓(人/物)來到某地或參與冒險行動」。所以,attract算是中性詞。

綜上,lure與attract存在感情色彩的差異。lure包含貶義,而attract為中性詞。

13. ease與convenience均含「方便」之義,但兩詞有何不同?

按照慣例,先看《新牛津》英英釋義:

ease: [mass noun] absence of difficulty or effort

(沒有困難或不費力)

convenience: [mass noun] the state of being able to proceed with something with little effort or difficulty

(能夠幾乎不費力或沒有困難地啟動某件事的狀態)

兩詞在意思上極其相似,但搭配卻不一樣:

convenience(《朗文當代英語辭典(第5版)》)

ease(《牛津英語搭配詞典(第2版)》)

14. gadgetry與device都屬於「裝置;設備」,該如何辨析?

首先,請看《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典(第7版)》對gadgetry的釋義:

gadgetry: [U] (sometimes disapproving) a collection of modern tools and devices

(統稱)小器具;小裝置

顯然,英英釋義未體現「小」的概念,我們再來看《柯林斯高階英語學習詞典(第3版)》的解釋:

gadgetry [N-UNCOUNT: oft adj N]

Gadgetry is small machines or devices which do something useful.

綜上,我們可以得出以下結論:

  • gadgetry不可數,與device不同;

  • gadgetry側重「實用的小裝置」,所屬類別更小。

15. 第一段交代了哪些背景信息?

首段開門見山,直奔主題,描繪了自行車因植入高科技再度流行的現狀。

但段末的「dockless」和high-tech gadgetry讓人不禁產生疑問:到底是什麼樣的高科技竟允許這些自行車隨處停放?這些都是作者為下文所做的鋪墊。

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② For years, bike-sharing schemes have been common in big cities around the world, including in China. Examples include Paris"s Vélib and London"s Santander Cycles ( "Boris bikes"). But these require customers to return the bicycles to docking stations. In China, a moreuser-friendly approach is spreading rapidly. It involves bikes that can be paid for using a smartphone and left anywhere. GPS tracking enables them to be located with a mobile app. A ride typically costs only one yuan ($0.15) on a sleek-framed bike in an eye-catching colour.

參考譯文

多年來,共享單車方案普遍存在於包括中國城市在內的全球各大都市。巴黎的Vélib和倫敦的Santander Cycles(「鮑里斯單車」)就是這樣的例子,但它們都要求用戶將自行車歸還至停車點。而在中國,一種更人性化的模式正在迅速鋪開。該模式需要自行車可以用智能手機付費,並能到處停放,因為全球定位系統(GPS)可以通過手機應用追蹤並找到這些自行車的確切位置。這種顏色醒目的流線型自行車騎一次通常僅需1元錢(約合0.15英鎊)。

解析

16. scheme與plan, arrangement有何區別?

請看scheme的英英釋義:

scheme: a large-scale systematic plan or arrangement for attaining some particular object or putting a particular idea into effect(《新牛津》)

從詞義來看,scheme是「大規模、系統性的計劃」,相對於plan或arrangement意思更具體。

17. 如何理解user-friendly一詞?

該詞直譯為「對用戶友好的」,這裡的「用戶」顯然不是專業人士,這就要求產品必須「方便使用、易於掌握」。

此外,-friendly作為後綴,構成很多合成詞,如environmentally-friendly。黨和國家所倡導建立的「環境友好型社會」就是an environmentally-friendly society。

18. 如何理解段末這句話的語法和寫作邏輯?

A ride typically costs only one yuan ($0.15) on a sleek-framed bike in an eye-catching colour.

這句話稍微有點長,但理解起來不難,我們先討論語法。

論語法,這是一個簡單句,前半句是主+謂+賓,後半句是兩個介賓短語,充當的是主語(a ride)的定語,即

A ride on a sleek-framed bike in an eye-catching colour typically costs only one yuan ($0.15) .

論寫作,英語跟漢語不同,主語的修飾語(如定語)一般多放在後面,而在漢語中,形容詞多放在名詞前,即「頭重腳輕」。所以為避免這種現象,該句的介賓短語就放在後面了。

19. 本段與第一段有何聯繫?

首段提到中國共享單車的案例,第二段是對比他國案例,深扒中國單車案例領先外國背後的高科技,起到了承接上文的作用。

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③ The first such service was launched in June 2015 by a startup called Ofo. The company now has around 2.5m yellow-framed bikes in more than 50 cities in China. Its main rival, Mobike, which started up only a year ago, says it has "several million" of its orange-wheeled bikes spread across a similar area. Bluegogo has half a million bikes in six Chinese cities. It plans to add a new city every two weeks.

參考譯文

一家名為Ofo的新興公司於2015年6月率先推出此類服務。該公司目前在中國50多座城市擁有大約250萬輛黃色骨架自行車,而它的主要競爭對手摩拜單車(Mobike)一年前才創辦,稱旗下有「數百萬輛」橙色車輪的自行車遍布相似地區。小藍單車(Bluegogo)在中國六座城市擁有50萬輛自行車,並計劃每兩周落戶一家新城市。

解析

20. 如何辨析:rival, competitor, contestant?

請看《新牛津》對各詞的英英釋義:

rival: a person or thing competing with another for the same objective or for superiority in the same field of activity

rival作「競爭對手」講,既可指人也可指物,競爭領域不限。

competitor:

  • an organization or country that is engaged in commercial or economic competition with others

  • a person who takes part in a sporting contest

competitor作「競爭對手」講,指的是「機構或國家」,側重商業或經濟領域的競爭;同時,也有「體育競賽的參賽者」之義。

contestant: a person who takes part in a contest or competition

contestant僅指人,作「競爭者」講,不限領域。

21. Ofo單車與摩拜單車在外觀上有何不同?

Ofo單車:yellow-framed bikes(黃色骨架自行車)

摩拜單車:orange-wheeled(橙色車輪)+ orange and silver(首段:橙色和銀色相間,即橙色車輪,銀色骨架)

22. 本段與上下文有何聯繫?

本段主要介紹共享單車在我國的傲人發展史,是對前幾段的補充,同時也為下文寫共享單車走出國門做了鋪墊。

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④ Several other companies are piling in, as are investors who believe the firms have global potential. Bluegogo was the first to launch overseas, in San Francisco in February. Ofo has recently started services in Singapore and San Diego, California. It was due to launch another one in Cambridge, England, as The Economist went to press. Mobike, too, is operating in Singapore and is eyeing other markets.

參考譯文

其他幾家公司正蜂擁而至,而那些認為單車企業可能國際化的投資者們也同樣在湧進來。小藍單車(Bluegogo)率先涉足海外市場,於二月份落戶舊金山。Ofo最近開始在新加坡和加利福尼亞的聖迭戈提供服務。本刊《經濟學人》(The Economist)印刷之時,這家公司再下一城,就要在英格蘭劍橋推出該服務了。摩拜單車(Mobike)也正在新加坡運營,並注視著其他市場。

解析

23. 如何理解pile in這個片語?

pile in按字面義就是「(人群)湧入」,這裡表達了其他單車企業「削尖腦袋都要擠進來」的熱鬧景象。

24. 如何理解下句中的倒裝現象?

Several other companies are piling in, as are investors who believe the firms have global potential.

as置於句首,句子出現倒裝現象,究竟為何?

請看下面的解釋,重點關注文字加粗部分:

A third group can be characterized as words that link content across clauses – not only, neither, nor, so, and as, all of which arc shown in (55). The clauses in (55b), (55c), and (55d) of course involve ellipsis as well as inversion, so that, for example, (55c) corresponds to and we can do it (, too). For many native speakers, inversion after as is no longer obligatory, at least with the auxiliary do, as illustrated in (55d).

(55) a. Not only am I unhappy with his behavior, but I frankly just don"t understand it.  

b. A: I don"t understand why she reacted that way. B. Neither do I. / Nor do we.  

c. She can do it, and so can we.  

d. He believes firmly in the goals of the project, as do I (inverted) / as I do (uninverted).  

以上內容摘自劍橋大學出版社出版的《教師英語語法》(The Teacher"s Grammar of English)。很顯然這應該算是權威的,我們從其中的用法說明以及例句可以得出以下結論:

1. 這類倒裝完全適用於主語是代詞的情況。  

2. 這類倒裝還是非強制性的,即可以倒裝也可以不倒裝。[2] 

25. eye與look at有區別嗎?

請看《新牛津英漢雙解大詞典(第2版)》對eye的解釋:

eye: [with obj.] look at or watch closely or with interest

意思是「仔細(或饒有興趣地)看, 觀察; 審視」,僅用look at或watch還表達不了eye的含義。

26. 本段與前幾段有何聯繫?

上一段著重寫共享單車在國內的擴張,本段將焦點放到國外,寫單車企業如何在海外市場騰飛,所以是承接上文。小小單車不僅風靡神州各地,也火到國外去了,達到了前所未有的高度,但也不免讓人擔心,「野蠻擴張」的背後是否潛藏著危機呢?

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⑤ The dockless system is prone to abuse. Some riders hide the bikes in or near their homes to prevent others from using them. Another trick involves photographing a bike』s QR code and then scratching it off to stop others from scanning it. With the stored image, the rider can then monopolise the machine. But customers caught misbehaving can have points deducted from their accounts, making it more expensive for them to rent the bikes.

參考譯文

但該無樁停放系統往往被濫用。某些騎行者將自行車藏在他們家中或家附近,以防他人使用。另一種伎倆是先拍照後刮掉自行車的二維碼,從而阻止他人掃碼。騎行者有保存的圖片,就可以獨佔這輛自行車。但用戶一旦被發現違規操作,(信用)積分就會從其賬戶中扣除,這會讓他們租車變得更貴。

解析

27. 本段列舉了用戶哪些違規操作行為?用戶可能受到怎樣的懲罰?

文中列舉了兩種違規行為,一是在家(附近)私藏單車,二是破壞二維碼並獨享單車。用戶因此可能受到信用積分被扣除、租車價格更高的懲罰。

註:本段句與句之間的銜接十分緊密,值得重點關注。

28. 如何理解本段最後一句的語法?

But customers caught misbehaving can have points deducted from their accounts, making it more expensive for them to rent the bikes.

改寫後:

But customers (who are caught misbehaving) can have points deducted from their accounts, which makes it more expensive for them to rent the bikes.

改寫後的句子是把分詞短語還原為定語從句,前幾篇精讀也有提到:分詞充當後置定語時,可以改寫相應的定語從句。

但是,我們也要注意:

  • 定語從句的使用讓句子顯得更拖沓,不夠簡潔;

  • 第二個非限制性定語從句指代前面一整句(扣除積分這件事),這在GMAT語法考試中就是錯誤的,因為邏輯表述不清,妨礙理解。

所以,出於語言的準確性和嚴謹性,請盡量採用分詞結構。

29. 本段各句之間是如何銜接的?

The dockless system is prone to abuse. Some riders hide the bikes in or near their homes to prevent others from using them. Another trick involves photographing a bike』s QR code and then scratching it off to stop others from scanning it. With the stored image, the rider can then monopolise the machine. But customers caught misbehaving can have points deducted from their accounts, making it more expensive for them to rent the bikes.

請關注加粗的文字,尤其是像another, then, but這些銜接詞,正是理解本段內容的關鍵所在,附有譯文,淺顯易懂,故不贅述。

30. 本段與前幾段關係如何?

上文陳述的是共享單車發展所面臨的各種利好,本段轉而開始介紹當前的不利情況,所以是讓步段。但依然是承接上文,文章第一段末"dockless"打上引號,雖是下段的鋪墊,但似乎還有一層用意,即暗示可能會造成丟失或被人為破壞的局面。

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⑥ A bigger problem for the new firms is persuading people to use bikes instead of cars. Thirty years ago, 63% of Beijingers pedalled to work. Now only 12% do. Many people think that cycling is only for the poor. A dating-show contestant famously quipped in 2010 that she would "rather cry in a BMW than smile on a bike."

參考譯文

這些新興公司所面臨的更大問題是說服人們騎車而非開車。30年前,有63%的北京人騎自行車上班。而現在這一比例只有12%。許多人認為騎自行車是窮人專屬。一名參加相親節目的嘉賓戲稱,她「寧願坐在寶馬車裡哭,也不願坐在自行車上笑」。

解析

31. persuade與coax, cajole有何不同?

請看《新牛津》對各詞的英英釋義:

persuade: cause (someone) to do something through reasoning or argument

coax: persuade (someone) gradually or by flattery to do something

cajole: persuade someone to do something by sustained coaxing or flattery

顯然,從用詞上說,coax, cajole都有persuade的含義,但二者更側重於「用好話哄或哄騙」,而persuade則是「以理服人」,與前兩者的感情色彩不同。

32. 「北京市民(或北京人)」如何表達?

Beijinger(s)一詞搞定。

33. quip這個詞包含什麼樣的感情色彩?

請看《新牛津》的英英釋義:

quip: make a witty remark [with direct speech]

該詞按字面翻譯是「作出詼諧的評論」,詞典的中文釋義是「說俏皮話」,多用於直接引語(direct speech)。

34. 段末直接引語部分體現怎樣的價值觀?

... she would 「rather cry in a BMW than smile on a bike.」

[譯] 她「寧願坐在寶馬車裡哭,也不願坐在自行車上笑」。——2010年江蘇衛視《非誠勿擾》女嘉賓馬諾

這哪裡是在「說俏皮話」,分明是在赤裸裸地宣揚拜金主義價值觀,但在本文作者眼裡,這句話就像是開的玩笑,拜金主義並不算什麼。

35. 如何理解本段與上一段在結構上的關係?

bigger這個形容詞比較級,旨在引出共享單車企業所面臨的另一問題,承接上段的第一個不利條件。

—————————————————————————————————————————

⑦ Cycling is also dangerous. About 40% of road accidents involve bicycles, according to a report in 2013. (Many bike lanes have been eliminated to make room for cars.) Some city authorities accuse the bike-sharing firms of causing congestion. This month the southern city of Shenzhen ordered limits on the number of shared bikes. Other cities, including Shanghai and Beijing, are considering similar measures.

參考譯文

騎自行車也很危險。據2013年的一則報告稱,40%左右的交通事故與自行車有關。(許多自行車道取消,以便給機動車讓路。)一些市政府指責共享單車公司造成交通堵塞。本月,南方城市深圳下令限制共享單車數量。包括上海和北京在內的其他城市正考慮出台類似舉措。

解析

36. eliminate是否可等同於remove?

eliminate: completely remove or get rid of (something)

remove: take away something (unwanted or unnecessary) from the position it

occupies

綜上,eliminate ≈ completely remove

37. authorities與authority有何區別?

  • authorities: 當局;當權者或機構;特指政府(照應導語中的officials);

  • authority: 不可數時,表示「權力;威信;授權」;可數時,指的是「(學術)權威;權威典籍;信息、證據的可靠來源」。

38. 本段在結構上起到什麼作用?

本段指出最後一個問題:無樁單車隨處停放,堵塞交通,遭政府限制,是對文章導語部分的具體解釋,也是前後照應的表現,使文章前後勾連,結構更加嚴謹。

—————————————————————————————————————————

⑧ But Chinese leaders like the services—they represent the kind of green innovation that China says it wants. In January the prime minister, Li Keqiang, told Mobike"s co-founder that her business model was "a revolution". Not, presumably, the kind that Mao led, but one that would have made the chairman feel at home with its profusion of two-wheelers.

參考譯文

然而,中國領導人卻對這些服務性企業表示贊同——它們體現了中國所希望看到的這種綠色革新。一月份,中國國家總理李克強對摩拜單車(Mobike)聯合創始人說,她的商業模式是「一場革命」。該革命估計不是毛主席所領導的那種,但它可能會是一場利用遍地單車而獲得毛主席認可的革命。

解析

39. services在文中為何不能理解為「服務」?

若services理解為「服務」,後面的they指代的就是Chinese leaders,但他們並未體現「綠色革新」,所以they指的是上述這些共享單車企業。這樣一來,「服務」並不是我們需要的詞義,「服務性企業」更符合文意(參考《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典(第7版)》)。

40. prime minister能否用來稱呼「總理」?

《經濟學人》用prime minister形容李克強總理,但外國的「首相」與我國的「總理」官職並不相等,如Prime Minister Theresa May(英國首相特里莎·梅)對應的是我們的習主席(president)。因此,我國官媒通常用premier來表達「總理」一職。

新華網英文網站使用premier

41. 你是否留意到,本文作者最後借題發揮,嘲諷了我國共享單車企業所引領的「綠色革命」?

本文作者畢竟代表西方社會,最後不忘在revolution這個字眼上做文章,將單車企業所引領的「綠色革命」與上世紀的「文革」作比較,嘲弄的嘴臉盡顯。因此,這明顯是西方意識形態主導下的新聞評論,筆者是不能接受的。

長期鑽研英文報刊的周學藝教授曾說:

如《紐約時報》等主要報刊,一提到中國就在「人權、貿易逆差、軍事威脅」等問題上大做文章。讀書看報,我們不但要讀進去,還要能跳出來。閱歷不深、常看這類報刊的年輕人要擦亮眼睛,提高警惕,千萬別讓他們潛移默化了。我們對他們的文章一定要持分析、批判的態度,並使之為我所用。[3]

謝謝閱讀。

參考文獻:

[1] The return of pedal power: In China, bikes are back | The Economist

[2] as do I 與 as I do(我也一樣)

[3] 周學藝. 《美英報刊導讀》(第二版)[M]. 北京:北京大學出版社,2010,31


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