如何評價CIA的武裝力量？

01-19

今天有時間了來把這個坑填上。

從頭開始講一下。說到cia的武裝力量，我們先來看看cia的組織機構是什麼樣的：

cia分成exucutive office（就是總頭頭）、directorate of intelligence（就是情報分析人員，俗稱的內勤）、directorate of operations（俗稱的外勤，又叫national clandestine service，國家秘密行動處這篇文章的重點）、directorate of technology（這個不用翻譯了吧，u2之類的玩意兒就是他們控制的）和一些支援單位（保安，對外聯絡和碼農民工之類的玩意兒）。

有人提到近些年cia進行了結構改革，把do和di合併了，重新根據任務分解成一個個「任務中心」。（感謝 @JK JK ）搜到一個圖大家可以看一下（無傷大雅，分工沒有變化）：

既然題目問的是武裝力量，那我們的重點就放到directorate of operations（clandestine service）這些外勤身上。

cia的外勤行動，一般分成三種形式：

第一種形式是從國防部下屬的socom（特種作戰司令部）借調部隊來組成行動組。其中跟cia合作最密切的當然是jsoc（聯合作戰司令部，下面再有縮寫就不備註了，反正來看這種東西的也都是軍迷）下屬的T1級別的特種部隊，比如devgru啊cag啊24sts啊什麼的。最有名的例子當然就要屬刺殺本拉登的行動了，看過電影的都知道，某美女cia agent跟同事一起花了N多年的時間找到了本拉登，然後借devgru的手把本拉登給搞掉了（當然cia的外勤也去巴基斯坦了，但是沒有直接參与暗殺，至於去幹嗎了等會兒會講）。

還有一些訓練任務也是這種形式，比如cia跟a國政府或者b國反政府合作，幫他們訓練武裝力量。這時候就派幾個油漆兵或者綠帽子去訓練一下掙點兒外快什麼的（一般訓練任務是真適合路特）。

上幾張影視作品中跟cia合作的海豹6的圖：

刺殺本拉登中拿hk416的海豹6

還有遠處拿mk48的海豹6

第二種就是召回已經退役的特囧。clandestine service找到一些原socom人員，讓他們繼續簽合同為國效力。這群人就是我們熟悉的grs（這個可能有人不太清楚，global response service）了。不知道大家有沒有看過一個電影叫《危情13小時》，主角就是這些cia的grs了，當時班加西暴亂，美國領事館和cia的駐地安全屋都被襲擊，多虧這些grs保護最後才沒全軍覆沒。這些人主要負責的就是cia駐地的安全和駐地內勤人員的安保工作，性質其實相當於黑水這種pmc，但是是受雇於cia的。當年有人跟我推薦這個電影的時候，就說是講的pmc的事兒，看完以後我就跟那人說了，你看著這些人像pmc，但人家是正經受雇於cia的grs，跟黑水那種屌絲可不一樣。

再上幾個電影里的grs：

刺殺本拉登里保護美女內勤的拿g36c的grs

危情13小時里帥氣的grs

最後一種就是正經的cia自己的武裝力量了。剛才說的clandestine service下轄一個sad（special activities division），可以理解成特別行動處下的特別行動科...注意了，sad原來可是隸屬於jsoc的t1單位，什麼概念呢？可以理解成他們戰鬥力跟美國最精銳的t1特囧部隊（devgru, cag, isa, 24sts）是一樣的。sad又分成sog（special operations group）和pag（political action group）。pag是搞政治宣傳的我們不去管他，sog才是我們要說的那些乾濕貨臟活的人。

sad下屬的特工叫pmo（paramilitiry officer），翻譯過來就是准軍事特工。pmo應該是這三種形式中最精銳的一部分，因為借調到cia的特囧不一定非得是t1的特囧，grs也不管你是不是t1特囧來了就收，但是pmo不一樣了，必須得是有本科學歷的t1特囧兵才有資格進sog（油漆兵的rrc和綠帽子的cif應該也有可能讓進）。

下面來說說這些人平時都幹嘛。保安和護衛任務肯定不是他們的活兒，都讓grs搶了。踹門和訓練肯定也不歸他們管，這個都讓socom幹了。就剩下收集情報了唄。注意他們收集的情報叫humint，俗稱人力收集的情報，跟那些屌絲nsa的it民工鍵盤俠可不一樣，都得冒著生命危險用肉體去收集的，收集的時候不殺幾個人都不好意思回去交差。當然突襲埋伏搞個暗殺，敵後騷擾搞個破壞，救個重要人質什麼的這類任務也不會少干（但是主要還是交給socom了），大家腦補一下諜影重重就可以了，裡面不論是主角小馬還是過來殺小馬的反派，都是正兒八經如假包換的pmo。

說說幾次pmo比較有名的行動：

douglas mackiernan，死在西藏，49年中國解放的時候從烏魯木齊轉移，過邊境的時候被當成共產黨打死了...這個死的真是冤枉。

hugh redmond，51年偽裝成賣冰激凌機的在上海收集情報，被tg抓了，關了19年死在監獄裡。據tg說是割腕自殺。

tucker gougelmann，75年美國從越南撤的時候，沒趕上最後的飛機，在西貢被越共抓了。被折磨了11個月終於死了...

lawrence freedman，92年黑鷹墜落前夕，在索馬利亞收集當地情報的時候開車壓上地雷，死了。

john spann，02年在阿富汗審訊恐怖分子的時候遇到監獄暴動，死了。

nathan chapman，02年在阿富汗調查一個基地組織安全屋的時候被打死。

上面的三個人都是這兩場戰爭中死的第一個美國人（john是開戰前死的，nathan是第一次交火死的），這下你們知道cia門口那些星星是怎麼來的了吧。還真應了那句話，讓人知道的pmo都是死的pmo。

douglas zembiec，有名的費盧傑獅子，07年在巴格達帶伊拉克人打反對派的時候死在槍戰中。

下面這個行動沒人死，所以pmo的名字也沒人知道，就是我剛才提到一會兒要說的刺殺本拉登。首先是sog下屬的jawbreaker小隊，聯合三角洲的a隊，在阿富汗的山區搜索本拉登。pmo負責的是跟當地的卧底接頭（目測是花錢買來的卧底）。然後找到本拉登以後，pmo就住到本拉登隔壁了，一直在本拉登房子周圍收集情報，等海豹6的人來。

電影中pmo的圖：

刺殺本拉登中拿m4a1的pmo

另一個拿握把m4a1的pmo

當然不要忘了我們的終極pmo小馬同志，pmo中的戰鬥pmo

拿usp和gl06的pmo

最後上一些死了的cia agent的資料，大部分是pmo。從文字描述可以看出他們的任務性質。

Douglas Mackiernan - The first CIA employee to be killed in the line of duty and the first star on the wall. Mackiernan had worked for the State Department in China since 1947. When the People"s Republic of China was established at the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949, the State Department ordered that the Tihwa (ürümqi) consulate where Mackiernan was stationed as vice consul be closed, and personnel were to leave the country immediately. Mackiernan, however, was ordered to stay behind, destroy cryptographic equipment, monitor the situation, and aid anti-communistNationalists. Mackiernan fled south toward India after most escape routes were cut off, along with Frank Bessac, an American Fulbright Scholar who was in Tihwa, and three White Russians. Although Mackiernan and his party survived the Taklamakan Desert and Himalayas, Mackiernan was shot by Tibetan border guards, probably because they mistook them as Communist infiltrators. Although Mackiernan"s death was reported on the front cover of the New York Times at the time of his death and his name appears on a plaque in the State Department lobby, the CIA did not reveal his service, because he was operating under diplomatic cover. His star was acknowledged to family members in a secret memorial ceremony at the Wall in 2000 but remained officially undisclosed until 2006, when his name was placed into the CIA"s Book of Honor.

Jerome P. Ginley - Killed in 1951, during a clandestine mission in East Germany along with Joseph Schussler, a US Army Intelligence Officer.

Norman A. Schwartz and Robert C. Snoddy - Both were pilots of a C-47 aircraft on a mission to extract a CIA operative from China. Their plane took off on November 29, 1952, from South Korea for Jilin province, China. They were preparing to pick up the agent with an airborne extraction system when the operative was compromised by Chinese forces on the ground and their plane was shot down. Both Schwarts and Snoddy were killed, while two other CIA crewmembers, Richard G. Fecteau and John T. Downey, were captured by the Chinese and held until 1971 and 1973, respectively. Schwartz"s and Snoddy"s remains were returned in 2005.

James "Pete" McCarthy Jr. - A paramilitary operations officer who died in 1954, on a training flight in Southeast Asia.

Four CIA Lockheed U-2pilots who died in plane crashes - Wilburn S. Rose (d. May 15, 1956), Frank G. Grace (d. August 31, 1956), Howard Carey (d. September 17, 1956), and Eugene "Buster" Edens (d. April 1965). Rose, Grace, Carey, and Edens were honored with stars in 1974.

William P. Boteler - Boteler was killed in a bombing attack on a restaurant frequented by CIA operatives that was committed by the group EOKA in Cyprus on June 16, 1956.

James J. McGrath - A native of Middletown, Connecticut, McGrath died following an accident while working on a high-power German transmitter in January 1957. His star was placed on the wall in 2007.

Chiyoki Ikeda - Ikeda died when Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 710 crashed in Indiana on March 17, 1960, while he was on temporary duty assignment in the United States.

Stephen Kasarda, Jr. - A native of McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania, Kasarda died on May 1, 1960, while stationed in Southeast Asia. He was working with air supply missions being flown into Tibet.

Nels L. Benson - Killed on April 13, 1961, in a training accident while instructing members of Brigade 2506 on the use of C-4 explosives in Retalhuleu, Guatemala.

Four CIA pilots were killed on April 19, 1961, while supporting the failed Bay of Pigs invasion on Cuba - Leo F. Baker, Wade C. Gray, Thomas W. Ray and Riley W. Shamburger. One more American was killed during the invasion, paratrooper Herman Koch Gene, but he was not part of the CIA.

John J. Merriman - A CIA pilot, he was shot down on July 26, 1964, while attacking a convoy of Simba rebels near Kabalo, Congo with his T-28 counter-insurgency (COIN) aircraft.

Barbara Robbins - Killed in a Vietcong car bomb attack on the U.S. embassy in Saigon, South Vietnam on March 30, 1965.
She was honored with one of the original 31 stars in 1974, but her name was not included in the Book of Honor until May 2011.

John W. Waltz - Died on June 6, 1965, in Baghdad, Iraq, while working as an Aide at the U.S. embassy.

He became ill and died from medical complications following emergency surgery.

Edward Johnson and Louis O"Jibway - Both were members of the CIA front company called Air America who were working as intelligence officers. They were killed when their helicopter crashed into the Mekong River in Southeast Asia on August 20, 1965.

Michael M. Deuel and Michael A. Maloney - Both were members of the CIA front company called Air America who were working as intelligence officers. They were killed, along with one more Air America pilot and a mechanic, when their helicopter crashed near Saravane, Laos on October 12, 1965.

Marcell Rene Gough - A maritime specialist who died in a vehicle accident in November 1965, in today"s Democratic Republic of the Congo, while on assignment to maintain equipment for operations designed to defeat communist-backed rebels.

9 officers were killed in action during the Vietnam War in South Vietnam or Laos from 1965 to 1975
- Unknown (d. 1965), Billy J. Johnson (d. 1968), Wayne J. McNulty (d. 1968), Richard M. Sisk (d. 1968), David L. Konzelman (d. 1971), Raymond L. Seaborg (d. 1972), John Peterson (d. 1972), John W. Kearns (d. 1972), William E. Bennett (d. 1975).

Ksawery "Bill" Wyrozemski - An air operations officer who died in a vehicle accident in 1967, in today"s Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Two CIA A-12 pilots who died in plane crashes - Walter L. Ray (d. January 5, 1967) and Jack W. Weeks (d. June 4, 1968).

Charles Mayer - An engineer in the Directorate of Science and Technology, who died in an airplane crash in Iran in 1968. He"s duties at the CIA were to monitor the Soviet Union"s missile capabilities.

Hugh Francis Redmond - Redmond was a member of the Special Activities Division who was posing as an ice cream machine salesman when he was captured in 1951, in Shanghai, China while boarding a ship for San Francisco. He was in captivity for 19 years until he died on April 13, 1970. The Chinese claimed he slit his wrists.

Paul C. Davis - Died in Russia in 1971.

Wilbur M. Greene - Greene was serving in the Vietnam War when he died during a gall bladder operation in April 1972.

Raymond C. Rayner - Rayner was killed by an unknown intruder who broke into his home on the night of November 23, 1974, on Bushrod Island, near Monrovia, Liberia.

James A. Rawlings - Killed in a cargo plane crash in South Vietnam in January 1975. He was declared missing and, a year later, the CIA issued a 「presumptive determination」 of death.

Tucker Gougelmann - Gougelmann was a Paramilitary Operations Officer from the CIA"s Special Activities Division who worked in the CIA from 1949 to 1972, serving in Europe, Afghanistan, Korea, and Vietnam. Gougelmann returned to Saigon in spring 1975 in an attempt to secure exit visas for loved ones after North Vietnam had launched a major offensive. He missed his final flight out of Saigon, and was captured by the North Vietnamese, who tortured him for 11 months before he died. Gougelmann was honored with a Memorial Star after the criteria for inclusion on the Wall was broadened and after "It was determined that although Gougelmann did not die in the line of duty while employed by CIA, his past affiliation with the Agency led to his death."

Richard Welch - Station chief in Greece was assassinated by the radical Marxist organization Revolutionary Organization 17 November in December 1975.

Denny Gabriel and Berl King - Former members of the CIA"s Air America, they were killed, along with a member of the U.S. Special Forces, when their plane crashed during a training exercise for a top-secret mission on July 13, 1978, in North Carolina.

Robert Ames, Phyliss Faraci, Kenneth E. Haas, Deborah M. Hixon, Frank J. Johnston, James Lewis, Monique Lewis and William Richard Sheil - Died in the 1983 Beirut embassy bombing. Haas was the station chief.

Richard Spicer, Scott J. Van Lieshout and Curtis R. Wood - Killed in a plane crash while on a covert mission during the Salvadoran Civil War on October 18, 1984.

William Francis Buckley - Station chief in Lebanon killed in captivity on June 3, 1985.

Richard D. Krobock - Killed in a helicopter crash during the Salvadoran Civil War on March 26, 1987.

Matthew Gannon - Gannon was the CIA"s deputy station chief in Beirut, Lebanon and was one of at least four American intelligence officers aboard the 1988 Pan Am Flight 103, sitting in Clipper Class seat 14J, when it was blown apart.

Robert W. Woods - Killed in a plane crash in August 1989, with Rep. Mickey Leland on a humanitarian mission in Ethiopia.

Michael Atkinson, George Bensch, George V. Lacy, Pharies "Bud" Petty, Gerhard H. Rieger and Jimmy Spessard - Killed when their Lockheed L-100 Hercules transport plane crashed on November 27, 1989, in Angola while supporting the rebel group UNITA. Also killed were 11 members of UNITA that were on board.

Barry S. Castiglione - Killed during the July 1992 ocean rescue of a colleague in El Salvador.

Lawrence N. Freedman - Killed by a landmine in Somalia on December 23, 1992.

1993 shootings at CIA Headquarters - The two fatalities of the attack were Lansing H. Bennett M.D., 66, and Frank Darling, 28, both CIA employees. Bennett, with experience as a physician, was working as an intelligence analyst assessing the health of foreign leaders.
Darling worked in covert operations.

Freddie Woodruff - Assassinated in Tbilsi, Georgia on August 8, 1993, while acting as the station chief involved in training the bodyguards of Georgian leader Eduard Shevardnadze and the élite Omega Special Task Force.

Jacqueline K. Van Landingham - Shot and killed in Pakistan on March 8, 1995.

James M. Lewek - Killed when a United States Air Force CT-43A crashed near Dubrovnik, Croatiaon April 3, 1996. Thirty-four other people on board were also killed.

John G.A. Celli III - Killed in a traffic accident in the Middle East in November 1996.

Leslianne Shedd - Killed when Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 was hijacked on November 23, 1996, by three Ethiopians seeking political asylum in Australia and crashed in the Indian Ocean.

Thomas M. Jennings Junior - Died in Bosnia-Herzegovina in December 1997.

Tom Shah and Molly C.H. Hardy - Died in the 1998 African embassy bombings.

Johnny Micheal "Mike" Spann - He was a Paramilitary Operations Officer from the Special Activities Division killed during a Taliban prison uprising in November 2001 in Mazar-e Sharif (see Battle of Qala-i-Jangi). His star, the 79th, was added in 2002.
Officer Spann was posthumously awarded the Intelligence Star for valor for his actions.

Nathan Chapman - He was the first American soldier to be killed in combat in the war in Afghanistan. At the time of his death, he was detailed to the CIA as a CIA paramilitary team』s communications specialist. He was killed on January 4, 2002, while investigating an Al-Qaeda safe house in Khost.

Helge P. Boes - Killed by a grenade during a training accident in Afghanistan on February 7, 2003.

Christopher Glenn Mueller and William "Chief" Carlson - Two paramilitary contractors from Special Activities Division killed in an ambush in Afghanistan on October 25, 2003.
On May 21, 2004, these officers" stars were dedicated at a memorial ceremony.
"The bravery of these two men cannot be overstated," then-Director of Central Intelligence George J. Tenet told a gathering of several hundred Agency employees and family members of those killed in the line of duty. "Chris and Chief put the lives of others ahead of their own. That is heroism defined." Mueller, a former US Navy SEAL and Carlson, a former Army Ranger, Green Beret and Delta Force soldier, died while tracking high level terrorists near Shkin, Afghanistan, on October 25, 2003. Both officers saved the lives of others, including Afghan soldiers, during the ambush.

Gregg Wenzel - An operations officer who was killed in Ethiopia in 2003, also was honored with a star on the CIA"s memorial wall. A former defense attorney in Florida, Wenzel grew up in Monroe, New York, and was a member of the first clandestine service training class to graduate after the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001. His Agency affiliation was withheld for six years. Overseas, Wenzel gathered intelligence on a wide range of national security priorities. In Director Leon Panetta』s words: 「At age 33, a promising young officer—a leader and friend to so many—was taken from us. We find some measure of solace in knowing that Gregg achieved what he set out to do: He lived for a purpose greater than himself. Like his star on this Wall, that lesson remains with us always.」

Gregory R. Wright, Jr. - Killed in Iraq on December 7, 2005, while working on a Protective Service Detail. His team was returning from an asset meeting when they were ambushed by unknown attackers.

Rachel A. Dean - Dean was a native of Stanardsville, Virginia who joined the CIA as a young support officer in January 2005. She died in a car accident in September 2006, while on temporary duty in Kazakhstan.

Maj. Douglas A. Zembiec - Known as the "Lion of Fallujah" for his deployment there with the US Marine Corps. Killed in a gun battle in Baghdad in May 2007 while leading Iraqis on a "snatch-and-grab" operation against insurgents, while serving with the CIA"s Special Activities Division. Officially, his star remains anonymous to this day; the CIA has refused to comment on Zembiec"s employment with the Agency. However, former U.S. intelligence officials stated in interviews with The Washington Post that Zembiec was indeed serving with the SAD Ground Branch at the time of his death.

Jeffrey R. Patneau - Died in a car accident on September 29, 2008, while posing as a State Department employee in Yemen.

Harold Brown, Elizabeth Hanson, Darren LaBonte, Jennifer Matthews, Dane Paresi, Scott Roberson, Jeremy Wise - Killed in the Camp Chapman attack in Afghanistan on December 30, 2009.

Unknown CIA employee - Shot and killed by a rogue Afghan, who was working for the U.S. government, at the U.S. embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan on September 25, 2011.

Glen Doherty and Tyrone Woods - Killed during the attack on the U.S. diplomatic mission in Benghazi, Libya, on the night of September 11–12, 2012. Both were former Navy SEALs and worked as CIA security contractors.
In addition, the US ambassador to Libya, Chris Stevens, and one other American diplomat, Sean Smith, were also killed in the attack.

The identities and circumstances of death of 16 officers are still unknown. Of the 16: one each died in 1978, 1984 and 1989, six in 2008, and seven at an undetermined time.