目前人因工程學（Human Factor Engineering）有哪些研究熱點？

01-15

從IEA給出的定義來看實在是非常有應用價值的一門學科啊，目前的研究熱點有哪些呢？

我不邀自來，拋磚引玉。

可以先看下UK Health and Safety Executive列出的一些在HF中的Key
Topics:

Human Performances and Reliability:

·
Managing
human failures :
Human Factors in Risk assessment, Incident
investigation

·
Fatigue
and shiftwork

·
Staffing:
Staffing levels, Workload, Supervision, Contractors

Process and Design:

·
Procedures

·
Human
factors in design

o Control rooms

o Human computer interfaces (HCI)

o Alarm management

o Lighting, thermal comfort, noise and
vibration

·
Maintenance,
inspection and testing: Maintenance error, Intelligent customers

Communication, Training and Organization:

·
Safety
critical communications: Shift handover, PTW (permit to work)

·
Training
and competence

·
Organizational
culture: Behavioral safety, Learning organizations

·
Organizational
change

在Aaviation這個領域，我們不妨也可以看看Hawkins (1993)列出的Key Topics主要分成這幾個部分:

Human
Performance

·
Fatigue,
body rhythms and Sleep

·
Fitness
and Performance

·
Vision and Visual Illusion

Process and
Design:

·
Documentation
Procedures. e.g. checklist, maps, etc.

·
Display
and Controls

·
Space
and Layout

·
Cabin and its human payload

Communication,
training, leadership:

·
Motivation
and Leadership

·
Communication

·
Training/Attitudes

·
Education

我個人接觸得比較多的Maritime HF 裡面主要分這幾個research of interest:

·
Individual
Factors, 包括psychological capabilities

·
Performance:
主要是situation awareness, physical and mental workload

·
Human
Machine Interaction and Human Machine Interface design, 主要是control and
display, alarm management

·
Work
Environment and Physical Ergonomics

·
Communication
and teamwork

·
Culture,
Organization, Society.

其實嚴格地說這些分類都有交叉和相互影響，因為現在工業界幾乎不論任何領域，工作的人，都是處在一個複雜的sociotechnical system 裡面，有其他的human 和machine, 還有regulation 和policy，human 和overall system performance
實際上是受到很多方面的影響的。我給這幾個列表並不是在於給一個嚴格的taxonomy, 但是讓我們從中了解到工業界,尤其是safety-critical 的行業對於HFE的主要期待是在於理解human
performance的各個層面以及它對所交互的能產生價值的科技或者產品的關係，並採取所謂更加「人性化」的設計來讓交互的設施和複雜工作環境更能圍繞使用者來組織和使用，並由此提高系統的整體的可靠性，安全和效率。Design，可以說是HFE中非常核心的一個研究領域。

Safety-critical
的industrial sectors最主要關注的一個是效率，一個是安全。其實看下很多發生的事故, 不管是oilgas industry,還是aviation,
maritime, nuclear industry, 最多被提到的依然是人的unreliability引起的各種Human Error，包括memory lapse,
errant mental model, out-of-the-loop等等。著名的Swiss Cheese Model (Reason, 2000) 對Human Error有這樣一個解:「…all those occasions in which a
planned sequence of mental or physical activities fails to achieve its desired
goal without the intervention of some chance agency.」歸根結底去問為什麼會發生failure,很多的答案最終都聚焦於ill-design。這其實也反映了這些Error本質上基本屬於design-induced error ，不論學術界還是工業界都想利用HF的basic research 來加深對Design for
use的理解，讓HF knowledge融入到engineering 和 design 的過程中，最終目的是使得系統更加的可靠和安全。現在的HFE中最突出的可以算是design-based 或者design-oriented Cognitive System Engineering (CSE)的研究，在CSE下面的幾個key
research of interest主要包括user-centred design human-centred design (Boy, 2011; Norman Draper, 1986), ecological interface design (Bennett Flach, 2011;
Rasmussen, 1987; Rasmussen Vicente, 1989)。從另外一個角度去解析，往傳統的information
processing 方向的包括Situation Awareness Oriented Design (Endsley, 2011), 往系統方向是joint
cognitive system engineering, resilience, FRAM等 (Hollnagel Woods, 1999,
2005; Woods Hollnagel, 2006)。側重角度各有不同，但目的都是希望能夠address user』s need 並處理system complexity從而提高system performance - 畢竟任務越來越複雜，機器越來越高級，而人始終是最終扮演者獨一無二的決策者的角色。怎麼考慮實現 human machine/automation integration, 從individual 到 team到organization, HFE都是非常重要的應用手段。

有時間我再補充。我去，有些詞真的好難用中文說..

Reference:

Bennett,
K. B., Flach, J. M. (2011). Display
and Interface Design: Subtle Science, Exact Art: CRC Press, Inc.

Boy, G. A. (2011). A Human-Centered Design
Approach. In G. A. Boy (Ed.), The
Handbook of Human-Machine Interaction: A Human-Centred Design Approach.
England: Ashgate Publishing Limited.

Endsley, M. R. (2011). Designing for Situation Awareness: An Approach to User-Centered Design,
Second Edition: CRC Press, Inc.

Hawkins, F. H. (1993). Human factors in flight (2nd ed.) (H. W. Orlady Ed.). England:
Ashgate Publishing.

Hollnagel, E., Woods, D. D. (1999).
Cognitive Systems Engineering: New wine in new bottles. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 51(2), 339-356.
doi: Cognitive Systems Engineering: New wine in new bottles

Hollnagel, E., Woods, D. D. (2005). Joint Cognitive Systems: Foundations of
Cognitive Systems Engineering: CRC Press

Norman, D. A., Draper, S. W. (1986). User Centered System Design; New
Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction: L. Erlbaum Associates Inc.

Rasmussen, J. (1987). Skills, rules, and
knowledge; signals, signs, and symbols, and other distinctions in human
performance models System design for
human interaction (pp. 291-300): IEEE Press.

Rasmussen, J., Vicente, K. J. (1989).
Coping with human errors through system design: implications for ecological
interface design. international Journal
of Man-machine Studies, 31(5), 517-534. doi: Coping with human errors through system design: implications for ecological interface design

Reason, J. (2000). Human error: models and
management. BMJ : British Medical
Journal, 320(7237), 768-770.

Woods, D. D., Hollnagel, E. (2006). Joint Cognitive Systems: Patterns in
Cognitive Systems Engineering. USA: Taylor Francis Group, LLC.

內個。。。題目中Factor少了s

研究生在做HRA，主要是針對直升機、無人機的。由於剛剛研一還沒開始接觸項目，理論研究的話主要是對HRA的定量分析，人機交互系統（HMI）也比較熱。上邊評論的參考文獻基本都很好，搞人因還是很需要看看的。另外人因在船舶、核電站用的非常廣泛，研究的很多，可以嘗試一下。