地理大發現時期，奧斯曼帝國有沒有到訪過新大陸？奧斯曼與美洲的歐洲列強殖民地有沒有經貿文化聯繫？

01-14

奧斯曼的疆域和歷史書上那些我國古代疆域一樣，水分很大，歸順奧斯曼的巴巴裏海盜中不乏和新大陸有一些聯繫的，但是是不是足以把奧斯曼算成地理大發現的參與者還存疑。

奧斯曼的勢力也涉及過東南亞。16世紀奧斯曼和亞齊曾經建立過宗藩關係。

嚴格說，有微弱聯繫

奧斯曼帝國不是對新大陸沒有反應，嚴格說是有心無力，事實是打著奧斯曼帝國旗號的勢力遠比中國網民想像的多和範圍大。

舉一個著名的海盜頭子為例

他的名字叫揚詹森.凡.哈勒姆或穆拉德.里斯（ Jan Jansen Van Haarlem or Mourad Reis）。他是改宗成為穆斯林的荷蘭佬。但他為奧斯曼/摩爾效力。他攻擊過冰島和rland，或者和任何其他的歐洲海盜一樣駛向北大西洋（甚至也許美國）？從17世紀初開始，奧斯曼艦隊開始進軍到大西洋（早期，在1501年曾航行到加那利群島，而穆拉德.里斯於1585年奪取了蘭薩羅特中的加那利群島）。1617年奧斯曼帝國艦隊佔領大西洋馬德拉，襲擊前蘇塞克斯，普利茅斯，德文郡，哈特蘭，在1625年8月康沃爾郡和西部英格蘭的其他縣遭到奧斯曼海盜襲擊。 1627年奧斯曼海軍艦艇的陪同下，巴巴裏海岸的海盜，襲擊了設得蘭群島，法羅群島，丹麥，挪威和冰島。 1627和1631相同的，奧斯曼帝國的力量還襲擊的愛爾蘭和瑞典海岸。1655年40艘奧斯曼艘艦隊在布里斯托爾海峽佔領小島倫迪，這裡曾擔任北大西洋奧斯曼海軍和私掠業務的主要基地，直到1660年，奧斯曼船舶出現在北美東部沿海，尤其是被看見在像英國殖民地紐芬蘭和弗吉尼亞州。

Jan JanszoonFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThis article is about the 17th century Dutch pirate. For the Dutch cartographer, see Jan Janssonius. Jan Janszoon

Grand Admiral of Salé In office1619–1627 Governor of Salé (ceremonial) In office1623–1627 Appointed by Sultan Zidan Abu Maali Governor of Oualidia In office1640–1641 Appointed by Sultan Mohammed esh Sheikh es Seghir Personal details Born Jan Janszoon van Haarlemc. 1570Haarlem, North Holland, Netherlands Died 1641 or laterMorocco Nationality Dutch, Moroccan Children Lysbeth Janszoon van Haarlem, Anthony Janszoon van Salee, Abraham Janszoon van Salee, Philip Janszoon van Salee, Cornelis Janszoon van Salee Occupation Pirate Religion Islam Military service Allegiance Morocco Rank Grand Admiral (Reis) Jan Janszoon van Haarlem, commonly known as Murat Reis the Younger (c. 1570 – c. 1641) was the first President and Grand Admiral of the Corsair Republic of Salé, Governor of Oualidia, and a Dutch Barbary pirate, one of the most famous of the "Salé Rovers" from the 17th century.

Contents [hide] 1Early life 2Privateering 3Capture by Barbary corsairs 4Republic of Salé 4.1Plea from Dutch family

5Diplomacy 5.1Dutch captives 5.2Franco-Moroccan Treaty of 1631

6Notable raids 6.1Lundy 6.2Grindavík 6.3Sack of Baltimore, Ireland 6.4Raids in the Mediterranean Sea

7Capture by Knights of Malta 8Escape and return to Morocco 9Marriages and issue 10Popular culture 11Names 12See also 13External links 14Notes 15Works consulted

Early life[edit] Jan Janszoon van Haerlem was born in Haarlem, North Holland, Republic of the Netherlands in 1575. The Eighty Years War had started seven years previously and lasted all his life. Little is known of his early life, except that he married Soutgen Cave in 1595 and had two children with her, Edward and Lysbeth. He married Margarita, a Moorish woman, in Cartagena around 1600. They had four children; Anthony, Abraham, Phillip, and Cornelis. Privateering[edit] In 1600, Jan Janszoon began as a Dutch privateer sailing from his home port, Haarlem, working for the state with letters of marque to harass Spanish shipping during the Eighty Years" War. Working from the Netherlands was insufficiently profitable, so Janszoon overstepped the boundaries of his letters and found his way to the semi-independent port states of the Barbary Coastof north Africa, whence he could attack ships of every foreign state: when he attacked a Spanish ship, he flew the Dutch flag; when he attacked any other, he became an Ottoman Captain and flew the red half-moon of the Turks or the flag of any of various other Mediterranean principalities. During this period he had abandoned his Dutch family.[1] Capture by Barbary corsairs Sail plan for a Polacca, first built by the Barbary pirates around the 16th century, many scholars believe the Polacca was extensively used by Jan Janszoon. The ship could sail with a large crew of 75 and was armed with 24cannons Janszoon was captured in 1618 at Lanzarote (one of the Canary Islands) by Barbary corsairs and taken toAlgiers as a captive. There he turned "Turk", or Muslim (as the Ottoman Empire had some limited influence over the region, sometimes Europeans erroneously called all Muslims "Turks"). It is speculated by some that the conversion was forced.[2] Janszoon himself, however, tried very hard to convert his fellow Europeans who were Christian to become Muslim and was a very passionate Muslim missionary.[3] The Ottoman Turks maintained a precarious measure of influence on behalf of their Sultan by openly encouraging the Moors to advance themselves through piracy against the European powers, which long resented the Ottoman Empire. After Janszoon"s conversion to Islam and the ways of his captors, he sailed with the famous corsair Sulayman Rais, also known as Slemen Reis (originally a Dutchman named De Veenboer[4] whom Janszoon had known before his capture and who,[5] as Janszoon himself, had chosen to convert to Islam) and with Simon de Danser.[citation needed] But, because Algiers had concluded peace with several European nations, it was no longer a suitable harbor from which to sell captured ships or their cargo. So, after Sulayman Rais was killed by a cannonball in 1619, Janszoon moved to the ancient port of Salé and began operating from it as aBarbary corsair himself.

Republic of Salé Salé in the 1600sMain article: Republic of Salé In 1619, Salé Rovers declared the port to be an independent republic free from the Sultan. They set up a government that consisted of 14 pirate leaders, and elected Janszoon as their President. He would also serve as the Grand Admiral of their navy.[6]The Salé fleet totaled about eighteen ships, all small because of the very shallow harbor entrance. Even the Sultan of Morocco, after an unsuccessful siege of the city, acknowledged its semi-autonomy. Contrary to popular belief that Sultan Zidan Abu Maali had reclaimed sovereignty over Salé and appointed Janszoon the Governor in 1624, the Sultan merely approved Janszoon"s election as President by formally appointing him as his ceremonial governor.[7]

The walls of Marrakesh and El Badi Palace, by Adriaen Matham, 1640. Under Janszoon"s leadership, business in Salé thrived. The main sources of income of this republic remained piracy and its by-trades, shipping and dealing in stolen property. Historians have noted Janszoon"s intelligence and courage which reflected in his leadership ability. He was forced to find an assistant to keep up, resulting in the hiring of a fellow countryman from The Netherlands, Mathys van Bostel Oosterlinck, who would serve as his Vice-Admiral.[8] Janszoon had become very wealthy from his income as piratical admiral, payments for anchorage and other harbor dues, and the brokerage of stolen goods. The political climate in Salé worsened toward the end of 1627, so Janszoon quietly moved his family and his entire piratical operation back to semi-independent Algiers.

還有17世紀冰島人Gudridur Simonardottir 的奇遇

1627年，北歐帶路黨 Jan Janszoon 等人，夥同北非柏柏裏海盜，洗劫冰島沿海村鎮，擄走數百人。其中有人妻人母Gudridur Simonardottir，被販至北非為奴，受屈受辱。十年後與若干同胞一道被丹麥王克里斯蒂安四世贖回。丹麥有為這批身心受創傷者設立的康復中心和改造課程,負責人是神學院學生Hallgrimur Petursson。 Simonardottir比他年長16歲，日久生情，珠胎暗結。Petursson 放棄前程，隨Simonardottir回歸故里，得知Simonardottir前夫已死，兩人隨即完婚。婚後要忍受當地人各種閑話，從她在北非失身失節到年齡差距傷風敗俗等等。七年後Petursson時來運轉， Skalholt主教授予他聖職，從此蒸蒸日上，大展宏圖，青史留名。兩人白頭到老，Simonardottir比小她16歲的Petursson還多活8年。

把奧斯曼帝國看作是與葡萄牙，西班牙，荷蘭競爭的海洋帝國也是蠻有意思的一種觀點。19世紀中期，為應對荷蘭殖民者在蘇門答臘的擴張，亞齊(Aceh)人向奧斯曼帝國求援，兩者曾在16世紀建立過聯繫。亞齊蘇丹致信當時的奧斯曼蘇丹阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲，信中極力渲染荷蘭人的威脅，以亞齊與奧斯曼在歷史上的宗藩關係為由，請求援助。在此背景下，奧斯曼帝國得到這幅亞齊人呈送的東南亞地圖。

創建於 2017-03-23

著作權歸作者所有

有，而且土耳其人還是第一批發現新大陸的人，比哥倫布還要早314年。——土耳其蘇丹埃爾多安

根據英國衛報報道，埃爾多安確信土耳其人才是最早發現新大陸的人，比哥倫布還要早314年。

根據埃蘇丹轉述哥倫比的回憶，當他到達新大陸的時候，已經發現有清真寺屹立在古巴海岸了，他在新大陸上聽見了優美的邦克聲，從而歸信了伊斯蘭教，只不過因為忌諱萬惡的西班牙基督徒的種種輿論才沒有公開自己的信仰。

沒有，向西是地中海都是打了幾百年長久以來的死敵。

向東有廣闊的太平洋要跨越

西歐之所以開創大航海時代（都是最西邊的先開始）很大程度因為阿拉伯地區是連接歐洲文明和東方文明的通道，其中的貿易存在著巨額利潤，阿拉伯商人一直把持著這個商道，所以開闢新航線變成了迫在眉睫。反觀奧斯曼帝國就沒有這個急迫性。

1521年，奧斯曼海軍將領Piri Reis把從西班牙人手裡繳獲的美洲地圖畫在了自己的世界地圖集《Kitab-? Bahriye/海之書》里。

為了闡明來源，Piri Reis 還特地在地圖注釋6上寫上了

also from a map drawn by Qulūnbū [Columbus] in the western region 並依據由Qulunbu/哥倫布所繪的西方諸地地圖

這句話。

但這仍阻止不了後來，茫茫多的民科歷史發明家利用人們對奧斯曼土耳其文字的不熟悉，依據Piri Reis地圖胡編亂造一些「某某發現了新大陸」的東西。

這裡面包括孟席斯這種沽名釣譽的（「1421大明發現美洲」那位），也包括埃蘇丹這種謀求政治資本的。

土耳其如果一直是埃爾多安主宰，遲早會宣稱對塘沽和舟山的宗主權

我想他們應該是知道的，但是他們的海軍實力就在印度洋和地中海東岸，後來各個海洋強國逐漸把奧斯曼帝國內部的阿拉伯海上商人驅逐，攻擊，阿拉伯商人就在海上絕跡了。

沒有，內外方面各種原因都不會想要去遠洋航行。

奧特曼帝國本身不存在向外探索獲得新的財富來源地需求。在地理大發現的年代奧特曼帝國科技領先歐洲幾百年，生產力完爆歐洲人幾條街，封建秩序完整新興階層根本沒得混，東西南北都得不停地打生打死，完全壟斷與東方世界的貿易。從各個角度講完全不用再花那麼大功夫去找錢。

再說奧特曼帝國也沒法去遠航。地理大發現的兩條主線，一是向東繞過非洲到達印度以及遠東，二是向西繞一圈到達印度及遠東。。。最後找到了新大陸。奧特曼站在中間，不用向西那麼麻煩。向東到印度這種事情對奧特曼來說不要太簡單。

帝國時代3是和和印第安人通婚美國家族和奧斯曼土耳其抵抗騎士組織對不老泉水的控制權，俄羅斯和法國都出現