請問伊斯蘭教有社會救濟的社會功能嗎?
作為比較有影響力的幾個宗教,基督教和佛教在歷史上都承擔了一部分社會救濟的功能,例如資助窮人和災民,擔任醫院的職責等等。請問伊斯蘭教有相關的內容嗎?如果有的話,當伊斯蘭的社會救濟功能和教義衝突的時候,又會如何取捨呢?
謝邀。
我們來一瞥哈利法歐麥爾·本·阿卜杜阿宰茲在任的兩三年時間內的治理方針和社會福利水平來管中窺豹:
『Umar went through the state』s affairs and looked in to all the areas where the Sharee』ah rules were being manipulated or abused. Some of the matters that he changed included:
歐麥爾審查了國情並調查了教法被錯用或利用的情況。他做出的改革包括:
? Instead of relying on taxes, he requested all the governors to encourage the citizens to practice agriculture.
不再過度依靠稅收,他要求行政官們鼓勵農業。
? He dictated that if anybody had a piece of land which he/she did not cultivate for three years, the land was to be taken and given to somebody else who would cultivate it.
他要求,如果有人擁有一塊土地但三年都沒有開墾耕作,這塊土地會被回收並被轉授於將用其耕作的人。
? State officials were excluded from entering into any business.
政府公職人員禁止參與商業貿易。
? Unpaid labour was made illegal.
剋扣工錢屬犯法行為。
? Pasture lands and game reserves (which had been previously reserved for families of high ranks) were evenly distributed among the poor for the purpose of cultivation.
牧場和娛樂園林(之前都是由高官的家族享受)被均分給窮人用以耕作。
? He urged all officials to listen to the complaints of their citizens. In addition, he used to announce that if any subject had seen an officer mistreating the people, the officer should be reported to the leader and that subject would be given a reward ranging from 100 – 300 dirhams.
他要求所有官員聆聽公民的意見。此外,他曾公告如果有人看到官員虧待人民,此人應向上級舉報這位官員,舉報者將收到100-300迪拉姆的獎勵。
? He wrote to his prison guards not to handcuff any jailed person for it prevented him from performing Prayer. He also wrote to them: 「If your power over people were to lead you to treat the prisoners unjustly, then remember the Power of Allah over you.」
他寫信告知獄卒不要用手銬銬住囚犯因為這會使他們難以禮拜。他在信中也說:「如果你們對囚犯們的權利使你們不公正地對待他們,那麼謹記安拉對你們是有權利的」
資料來源:http://www.khilafah.com/umar-ibn-abdul-aziz-the-fifth-rightly-guided-khaleefah/
伊斯蘭的五項主命功課之一叫做「天課」(Zakat, 阿拉伯語願意是「純潔」、「凈化」的意思),即任何年收入可以滿足自己和家人溫飽且有盈餘的穆斯林,都要把盈餘的四十分之一(2.5%)用作施捨,以資助窮人、無人照顧的老人、孤兒、無力謀生的殘疾人等等。這樣的規定使得財富多者多捐助,需求多者多受益,持續性地減小社會中的貧富差距。
在歐麥爾·本·阿卜杜·阿宰茲執政的時代,貧窮被徹底消除,負責分發天課的官員提著錢袋出去,又提著錢袋回來,報告哈里發說「人人自給自足,無人接受天課」,於是哈里髮帶領隨從攜庫糧在冬天上雪山,將穀物撒於雪上,以免鴿子、鳥雀挨餓。
伊斯蘭非常強調扶弱濟貧,關於鼓勵施捨、賑濟的教誨在古蘭和聖訓中隨處可見。
「如果你們公開地施捨,這是很好的;如果你們秘密地施濟貧民,這對於你們是更好的。這能消除你們的一部分罪惡。真主是徹知你們的行為的。」(2:271)「敬畏的人,在康樂時施捨,在艱難時也施捨,且能抑怒、又能恕人。真主是喜愛行善者的。」(3:134)「我們只為愛戴真主而賑濟你們,我們不望你們的報酬和感謝。」(76:9)
伊本·阿巴斯傳述,先知(願主福安之)說「如果一個人自己吃飽肚子,而他的鄰居餓著肚子,他不是一個信士」(https://sunnah.com/adab/6/12)
祝君平安。
有啊,很多很詳細,比其他宗教強多了。唯一的問題是:限定受眾穆斯林
可以說,穆斯林的扶貧政策是最優秀的,比佛教基督教還要優秀,
但是僅限穆斯林,如果你不是穆斯林,對不起,拜拜
具體如何社會救濟我就不說了,到處都是,
其實你們可以想一想,為什麼穆斯林在下層傳教兇猛,說白了,還不是教義符合下層民眾胃口,其中很關鍵的一項就是扶貧啊
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