英文詞尾各種變形的原因是什麼?比如重讀閉音節末尾輔音為何雙寫? 為何輔音加y變ies ?
如題
重讀閉音節末尾輔音雙寫,是為了提示這是個閉音節,避免與開音節混淆。
比如sitting,如果寫成siting,容易被當成site + ing。當然,這只是有限的提示,並不能完全避免混淆。關於-y變-ies的原因,我找到了這篇文章(感謝 @張文治):http://blog.oup.com/2013/05/oddest-english-spellings-part-20-letter-y/
其中說,本來這些詞的末字母就是拼作i的,但是因為i這個字母不醒目,所以就把單詞結尾的i改成了y。這個改變影響了單數形式,但未影響複數形式。但這篇文章沒能解釋-ies中的e是怎麼來的,也沒有解釋為什麼加-ing的時候,y還是y。之前我想當然的認為英語中的複數詞尾ies是因為受法語的影響,在單數中因為ie寫著累贅,就漸漸縮合成y了。看到這個問題才搜了一下,看到了這樣的解釋:
This is one of many rules for adding suffixes, or endings, to English words. Most English speakers are unaware of the reasons for these rules; they just learn them and then follow them.
There is a historical reason for changing y to ie before adding certain suffixes. The change occurs before adding the s plural or the third person singular present tense s, as well as the past tense -ed. It does not occur before adding the -ing form, however.
Actually, final y is a version of i. Otto Jespersen, in Essentials of English Grammar (University of Alabama Press, 1964), gives a brief explanation of this vowel change:
"in M[iddle] E[nglish], vowels were frequently doubled to show length, and many of these spellings have been preserved e.g. see, deer, too, brood,...But neither a nor u were [sic] doubled; and instead of writingii it became usual to write y. This letter...has become a mere variant of i used preferably at the end of words, while i is used at the beginning and interior of words; hence such alternations as cry, cries, cried; happy, happier, happiest, happiness; body, bodiless, bodily, etc.But y is kept before such endings as are felt more or less as independent elements, e.g. citywards, ladyship, twentyfold, juryman. After another vowel y is generally kept, e.g. plays, played, boys; cf, however, laid, paid, said (but lays, pays, says: too much consistency must not be expected)." (p. 64)
This historical information helps explain why we change a y to ie before some suffixes, although it doesn"t explain why we retain the y before adding -ing. It"s probably so that the -ing can be a separate syllable.
Jespersen"t final comment above is very appropriate. The spelling system of English is anything but consistent.雙寫是為了不改變母音字母的讀音,但是y變ies我就不知道了。題主帳號被封了?那就關注問題的人看看吧。以下都是我的觀點,我不是什麼專家,只是對語音學有一點點很膚淺的了解。為什麼要雙寫呢,是為了不改變音節,進而不改變母音字母的讀音!兩個輔音字母可以劃分音節,一邊一個,前面的音節仍然是閉音節,可以保持母音的發音不變。比如cut-cut.ting, begin-begin.ning。PS:點號(.)是用以標記音節的界限的符號。為何輔音加y變ies ?請參見上面Uiauriz的回答,很不錯。文中說y變ies適用於變複數、第三人稱單數、過去式,但不適用於變現在分詞。事實上,y是i的一種版本。在中世紀英語中,母音經常會雙寫以顯示長度,然後大多數這種拼寫被保留,如see, deer, too, brood等等,但a和u不會雙寫;而對於i,它會變成y而不是雙寫成ii,於是y變成了i在詞尾更可取的變體,i則用於詞首和詞中。但似乎並沒有提到e。。
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關於雙寫問題的更新:1.要給各位說聲抱歉,下面關於雙寫的回答有不準確的地方(現已更正),給大家造成不便了,抱歉!也歡迎、感謝各位來指正;然後抱歉之前沒有認真看維基百科,雙寫問題其實可以用幾句話就概括的:Generally, this happens only when the word"s final syllable is stressed and when it also ends with a lone vowel followed by a lone consonant. In British English, however, a final -l is often doubled even when the final syllable is unstressed. This exception is no longer usual in American English, seemingly because of Noah Webster.The -ll- spellings are nevertheless still deemed acceptable variants by both Merriam-Webster Collegiate and American Heritage dictionaries.(詳細請見:American and British English spelling differences) 這個回答就當作雙寫問題在音節上的分析吧。2.感謝 @楊小九 的評論指正:我感覺結尾只能是一個輔音字母發出的一個輔音音素,fish ,push這種sh結尾也不雙寫
3.另外之前的回答還有疏漏:符合①條件但詞尾已有雙寫的就不必再變化了以及英式拼法l的雙寫
4.關於音節分類的地方加了一點中文翻譯,例子就不翻譯了。———————————————————————————————————————————但是有一個問題,「重讀閉音節末尾輔音雙寫」,你這樣說是不完整的。估計你是聽了老師這麼說,所以我還是跟你說一下有關音節的一些知識。現在很多的教材都把音節知識亂搞,什麼相對開音節,絕對開音節,告訴你,這是錯的!英文文獻都沒有這些東西了!還有什麼字母+什麼字母就是什麼音節,錯的,是什麼音節是看音標的,絕對不是字母(除了Silent-E,要看詞尾有e而且要是不發音的),如果以字母什麼組合的說法歸類的話,必定會有疏漏的,因為音節組成本來就是看音標讀音的。但劃分音節,字母和音標都要看。There are six different kinds of syllables in English:
1. Closed/Checked Syllables: A closed syllable has one and only one vowel, and it ends in a consonant. Examples include in, ask, truck, sock, stretch, twelfth, and on.閉音節:閉音節有且只有一個母音,並以輔音結尾。2. Open/Free Syllables: An open syllable has one and only one vowel, and that vowel occurs at the end of the syllable. Examples include no, she, I, a, and spry.開音節:開音節有且只有一個母音,並以此結尾。(即沒有音節尾)3. Silent-E Syllables: A silent-e syllable ends in an e, has one and only one consonant before that e, and has one and only one vowel before that consonant. Examples include ate, ice, tune, slope, strobe, and these.
不發音的e音節:不發音的e音節以字母"e"結尾,在此"e"前有且只有一個輔音(除了r),在此輔音前有且只有一個母音。4. Vowel Combination/Team Syllables: A vowel combination syllable has a cluster of two or three vowels or a vowel-consonant unit with a sound or sounds particular to that unit. Examples include rain, day, see, veil, pie, piece, noise, toy, cue, and true.母音組合音節:母音組合音節有兩個母音或三個母音或母音+輔音的組合。(區別於閉音節只有一個母音)5. Vowel-R Syllables: A vowel-r syllable is one which includes one and only one vowel followed by an r, or one vowel followed by an r which is followed by a silent e, or a vowel combination followed by an r. Examples include car, or, care, ire, air, and deer.r音節:r音節在r前有且只有一個母音音素,或在r後以不發音的e結尾。(注意此時不是第4條的不發音的e音節)6. Consonant-L-E Syllables: In these syllables, a consonant is followed by le. The vowel sound in these syllables is the schwa sound that occurs before the l. Examples include -ble, -cle, -dle, -fle, and -gle.輔音+le音節:輔音+le音節以le結尾,le讀成/(?)l/。
根據維基百科,開音節與閉音節的區別就是沒有和有音節尾。現在國內教材所謂的「相對開音節」是錯的,真正叫法是:Silent-E Syllable關於Silent-E,這篇文章講的不錯:不發音的e,或者你看看維基百科Silent e再說說「重讀閉音節末尾雙寫」,國內很多教材都這麼說,但是這是不完整、而且也不是所有「重讀閉音節末尾輔音雙寫」。雙寫的情況其實有2種,這是我良心總結出來的,老師估計只會說什麼「重讀閉音節結尾就雙寫」,所以聽好了:(適用於動詞原形變過去分詞、現在分詞和形容詞原形變比較級、最高級)①只有一個輔音音素(且這個輔音音素只有一個字母)作為音節尾的重讀閉音節(Closed/Checked Syllable)結尾的單詞(單詞尾已經雙寫的除外);為什麼說一個一個輔音音素作為音節尾,你看看ask這些單詞,兩個輔音音素作為音節尾,所以不雙寫;還有以x結尾的單詞,像fix,也是有2個輔音音素作為音節尾,這些都是包括在我說的粗體字內的。如果還是按照國內教材的那些說法,估計你都被坑死了。但如果符合這個條件,單詞末尾字母又已經雙寫的,就不用再雙寫了,如pass、fall。另外,英式拼法中,由以單個l為音節尾的音節(無論是否重讀)結尾的單詞,l也要雙寫。
②以重讀r音節(Vowel-R Syllable)結尾的單詞;這些我估計老師都不會說什麼r音節吧,可能還以為是什麼閉音節呢!所以在一開始我就先告訴你音節分為6類。像prefer要雙寫,但是suffer就不要雙寫,因為不是重讀。寫個不相關的答案,我覺得雙寫規則應該是這樣的,在重讀前提下(travel、cancel這種美式不雙寫),單詞結尾一個母音字母發出的單母音音素+一個輔音字母發出的單輔音因素。這個總結沒有依據,歡迎各位斧正。
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