「斯坦福監獄實驗」設計得好嗎?意義在哪?
成書的實驗報告:
《路西法效應——好人是如何變成惡魔的》(The Lucifer Effect——Understanding How Good People Turn Evil)改編的題材電影:《死亡實驗》(Das Experiment,德國2001年;The Experiment,美國2010年)
First, regarding some of my personal views on the Stanford Prison Experiment.
首先談一談我對斯坦福監獄實驗的一些個人看法.
Q 1. What changes in the design of that study do you wish you had made?
問題1:在實驗設計方面,有哪些改動是您現在希望做而當時沒做的?
There are several changes that would have made this study more scientifically valid.
我認為有這樣幾個改動可以讓當年的實驗變得更加科學可靠。
A) They should have been a Control condition to compare participants』 attitudes and values to those in the Experimental condition; that means among the many college students who applied
to be in the experiment, all would have been given the same personality measures and other background and attitude measures initially. Then half of them would have been randomly assigned to a wait list that did not participate directly in the prison study itself. After the experiment was completed, we would then compare their attitudes, values, and personalities --Pre-Post-- with those participants who played the roles of prisoners and guards. Doing so would allow direct comparisons of the impact of the experience of being in the prison setting of those students who participated with those who did not, but were equivalent to them prior to that assignment.
1. 首先應該設置一個對照組,和實驗組之間進行態度和價值觀念的比較。這就是說,在實驗開始前,對所有報名的學生先進行統一的性格量表測試,以及其他的個人背景和態度測試。之後,半數的報名者會被隨機分配到對照組,不直接參与監獄實驗。在實驗完成後,我們會將對照組被試的態度、價值觀念和性格進行實驗前後的比較,並將其和實驗組進行比較。這樣我們就可以通過比較在實驗開始之前各項參數相當的實驗組和對照組的被試,直接得出監獄條件對人的影響。
B) I should not have played the dual role of superintendent of the prison as well as being the principal investigator of the research. Over time, I became more and more of the superintendent and less and less of the researcher, in part because I had to deal with many emerging issues, such as prisoners having emotional breakdowns, meeting with parents who were distressed about the negative appearance of the sons who were prisoners, working with the parole board, handling various visitors, such as a prison chaplain, and supervising the three students working with me to be sure that each one was playing his role appropriately. My failure to focus on the role of researcher meant that when there was a rumor of prisoners』 escape attempt, instead of studying the psychology of the spread of that rumor, I assumed it was a real threat to the integrity of my prison, I wasted a lot of time trying to move all of my prisoners into local city jail -- where each of them had been put temporarily after they were arrested at the start of my study.
2. 我認為自己不應該同時扮演監獄主管和實驗首席研究者兩個角色。隨著時間的推移,我逐漸變得更像一個監獄主管,而脫離了自己研究者的身份。其中的部分原因是,當時的我需要解決不斷出現的新問題,比如說應對「犯人」的情緒失控,跟擔憂焦慮的家長溝通,跟假釋裁決委員會打交道,接待包括監獄牧師在內的來訪者,還要管理我的三個研究生,確保他們扮演好自己的角色。我沒能做好研究者帶來的後果是,當監獄裡出現了犯人越獄的傳聞時,我的第一反應不是去研究傳聞散播的心理學機制,而是把這個傳聞當做真實的威脅。我當時花費了大量的時間,試圖把犯人轉移當地的看守所。
C) I wish I had a larger budget than the mere $2000 which I had available for this entire experiment to pay for the physical setup of the prison, meals for prisoners and guards and staff, payment to prisoners and guards, as well as for the costs of expensive video tapes. In those days, the only videotapes were large one-inch Ampex tapes, that cost about $60 each, plus money to have them developed by a processing company. So instead of being able to videotape everything that happened during the day and night of the prison experiment, which would now be easily possible to do, I had to decide which events would be videotaped given we only had enough tapes for 12 hours total. That means we have no archival records of some of the very interesting things that occurred during the six of the prison experiment during its six long days and nights.
3. 我還希望我的經費能夠更多一些。當時我只有$2000美元用以支付場地費用,「犯人」伙食,給「犯人」和「獄警」的報酬,還有購買錄像帶的費用。在當時,可供選擇只有一英寸的Ampex 錄像帶,每一盒就要$60,還要加上送到店裡沖洗的費用。所以當時我們沒有條件錄製監獄裡白天黑夜發生的每一件事情,雖然在現在看來是再簡單不過的事情。我需要決那些事情是值得錄下來的,因為我們所有的錄像帶只夠錄12個小時的內容。這就意味著在實驗進行的六天裡面,有很多值得研究的瞬間沒有被記錄下來。
Q. Are there any regrets that I have still about the study?
問題2:對於這個實驗您有哪些遺憾?
A) I wish I could have repeated part of the experiment with a new set of guards who had been previously trained to be more humane, having gone through a compassion training exercise. With that prior experience would they be less hostile and evil in their behavior toward prisoners who they were supervising? The results of such a study could be used in the training of real prison guards in real prisons in the United States and other countries.
我希望當時能夠使用一批新的獄警,重複部分的實驗。這批獄警會提前接受訓練,並通過同情訓練,學著用更仁慈的手段對待犯人。在這些訓練過後,他們是否會對監管的犯人表現得不那麼敵對或者充滿惡意?這部分實驗的結果之後可以應用於美國和其他國家的獄警訓練。
B) I wish I could have repeated this experiment with women as prisoners and guards, not only all men. Would women prison guards behave differently than their male counterparts in how they treated and abused their prisoners? Would women prisoners form social networks to support one another as conditions got more difficult, rather than as we saw among men to become more socially isolated?
我還希望用女性的犯人和獄警來重複這次實驗。女獄警在對待或者虐待犯人方面,會和男獄警有什麼不同嗎?跟男犯人變得越來越孤立相比,女犯人在條件變得艱難時,會聯結起來、相互扶持嗎?
C) I regret not having terminated the experiment after the second prisoner had an emotional breakdown because then there was sufficiently dramatic evidence to demonstrate the power of situational forces to dominate and overwhelm individuals regardless of their personality. I did not do so after the first prisoner broke down after only 36 hours into the study, because my staff and I believed he was being deceptive, he was faking it.
我很後悔自己當時沒有在第二個犯人出現情緒崩潰時就立即終止實驗,因為在那個時候,已經有足夠戲劇性的證據可以展現情境壓力支配個體、壓制個性的的強大力量。在第一個犯人情緒失控(實驗開始36小時)時,我並沒有終止實驗的原因是,當時我的團隊和我自己都認為他是假裝的。
D) The final regret that I have is not having anticipated that I needed a larger staff to conduct a study that ran 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The staff of three students and me was not sufficient to do all of the many tasks required to keep the prison running efficiently as well as to do our scientific recordings and observations, and then to deal with the many unanticipated emerging problems, such as prison is having breakdowns and other prisoners having to replace them.
最後一個遺憾是,我當時沒能預見到,進行這樣一個一周七天、一天24小時晝夜不停的實驗需要大量的人力支持。三個研究生和我四個人組成的團隊沒有能力應付保持監獄正常運轉和觀察、記錄實驗數據的所有任務,更不用說那些出乎意料的突髮狀況,比如說應對犯人情緒失控,替換犯人這樣的任務。
Obviously there were times when one of us had to be asleep-- and I slept on the couch in my office, which was upstairs in the psychology department. To make matters worse, in the middle of the study one of the graduate students have to leave the deal with a family emergency, meaning there were only three of us to conduct the experiment and to staff our prison. Clearly we needed a much bigger staff to do the job as well as it should have been conducted.
當然,過一段時間我們中間就有一個人需要休息,我當時睡在樓上心理學院辦公室的沙發上。在人手緊缺的情況下,我有一個學生家裡有急事,需要中途離開,意味著我們只剩下三個人來運轉實驗,監管整個監獄。很明顯我們需要一個更大的團隊。
Q 3. What was the most powerful event that you experienced during that experiment that profound impact on you?
問題3:在實驗期間發生的對您影響最大、最深遠的事情是什麼?
Let me add one very personal experience that led me to terminate my experiment after only six days, when we had projected it to last for two weeks. On the fifth night of the study I invited my girlfriend, Christina Maslach, to come down to the basement to observe the remarkable group dynamics that were unfolding, and then we would have a late dinner together.
請允許我講一件非常個人的事情,這件事情直接導致我在僅僅六天後就終止了預定時間為兩周的實驗。在第五天的晚上,我邀請了我的女友,Christina Maslach,到地下室來參觀實驗展現出來的非凡的群體動態,之後我們可以一起共進晚餐。
She had been my PhD. student at Stanford University and now was a beginning professor at the University of California at Berkeley, and we had just decided to live together with the possibility of marriage in the future.
她之前是我在斯坦福的博士研究生,當時是加州伯克利大學的一位新晉教授。我們剛搬到一起住不久,打算將來結婚。
However, when she observed the guards humiliating, and traumatizing the prisoners in every conceivable way, she said she could not look at that horrific scene and ran out of the basement dungeon onto the courtyard in front of the psychology department. I did not understand her reaction, and taunted her about not realizing the remarkable experiences that were unfolding here.
然而,當她目睹了獄警們極儘可能地羞辱和傷害犯人的種種後,她說自己沒辦法再看下去了,跑出地下室、一直跑到心理學院前面的空地上才停下來。我當時完全沒辦法理解她的激烈反應,還一度嘲笑她居然沒有意識到實驗中展現出來的現象是多麼的驚人。
At that point she lashed out at me; saying that these were not prisoners or guards they were boys and they were suffering, and that I was responsible for what was happening to them. Furthermore, she said that I had been changed by the situation that I created; I had become the Superintendent of the Stanford prison, not just the senior researcher.
在這個時候,她痛斥我說,這些人並不是什麼犯人和獄警,他們只是一群男孩,而現在正在遭受非人的待遇。而我對在他們身上發生的一切負有不可推卸的責任。她還說,我被我自己創造出來的環境改變了,我變成了名副其實的典獄長,不再是一個實驗者。
Then she said, 「I don"t understand who you have become, because I know you as someone who loves students, and how can you look at these students suffering and show no compassion?」
她說,「你現在這個樣子我完全沒辦法理解,因為我所了解的你是一個愛護學生的人,而現在你看著學生受苦受罪而完全無動於衷!」
Finally, she asserted that: 「if this is the real You then I"m not sure I want to continue our romantic relationship!」
她最後說了一句話,「如果現在這個你就是你真實的樣子,那麼我不想再跟你繼續我們的關係了。」
I suddenly came to my senses, as if awakening from a nightmare, to realize how right she was and how wrong I was allowing such evil to flourish in MY PRISON!
我突然醒悟過來,就像從噩夢中驚醒一樣,一瞬間完完全全意識到她是對的,而我錯得不能再錯。我居然允許那麼多邪惡的事情在我的監獄裡面遍地開花。
At that moment, late at night, I decided that I had to terminate this experiment the next day, which I did.
在那天晚上,我決定在第二天終止實驗。後來我也是這麼做的。
(My team of graduate students and I conducted extensive debriefing of all the participants for several hours with only the prisoners, next several hours with the guards, and then combined intensive interaction of all of them. In addition, they all returned two weeks later to view the video tapes and photographic slides we had taken of them playing the roles of prison and guards in the SPE. We also followed up extensively with all of them to be sure that there was no lasting negative effect of this intensive unique experience.)
(實驗終止後,我的研究生和我一起分別對犯人和獄警進行了長達數小時的事後情況說明,然後對犯人和獄警全體進行了高強度的心理干預。另外,在實驗結束兩周後,他們全部返回,觀看了實驗的影像資料。這些資料記錄了他們在斯坦福監獄實驗中扮演犯人或扮演獄警進行的一系列活動。之後,我們對當時的參與者進行了大量的回訪和調查,確保他們在此次事件過後沒有長期的消極影響。)
Finally, what can I do with this woman when challenged by supreme authority in such a direct confrontation? I married her the next summer in the Stanford University Chapel on August 10, 1972. We have lived happily ever after for 45 years, sharing two wonderful daughters.
最後,對於這位對最高權威進行正面對抗的女士,我又該怎麼做呢?在第二年的夏天,八月十日,我們在斯坦福的禮堂舉行了婚禮。在隨後的四十五年中,我們有一段美滿的婚姻,和兩個出色的女兒。
Our dramatic confrontation, along with many vivid scenes of the SPE, can be seen in an excellent TV movie documentary (2006), The Human Behavior Experiments, by Academy Award winning director, Alex Gibney. That film also includes the dramatic research by Stanley Milgram on
obedience to authority.
而我們當初戲劇性的對峙,以及斯坦福監獄實驗的種種影像資料,都被記錄在2006年的電視紀錄片《人類行為實驗》中了。奧斯卡金像獎導演,Alex Gibney,執導此部紀錄片。影片還包含了 Stanley Milgram 的「服從權威」實驗。
( A curious coincidence was that teenaged Philip Zimbardo and Stanley Milgram, who later did the famous blind obedience to authority studies in the 1960s, were high school classmates at James Monroe High School in the Bronx, graduating together in 1950.)
(十分有意思的是,在二十世紀六十年代分別進行了著名的盲從權威實驗的 Philip
Zimbardo 和 Stanley Milgram,在青年時代是James Monroe高中 的同學,並同時畢業於1950年。)
I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards @安時,who translated the article for me.
This is the link to my Zhihu Live, in which I will talk more about my past experience.
這是我即將在 7 月 6 日舉行的知乎Live。到那時我會與大家分享更多有趣的經歷。
https://www.zhihu.com/lives/861654026167685120Also, I will publish a Zhihu e-book about my studies in psychology. I hope you will find it an interesting book.
同時,我也會在知乎上出版一本關於心理學的電子書。希望大家會喜歡。
Zimbardo 的這個實驗(與 Milgram Expt.⑴)在今天看來設計得十分不好,但對於實驗心理學的意義是極為重大的。
設計得不好的原因在於:- 對參與者造成了身體及心理上的傷害。
- Subject bias所有參與者均為斯坦福大學學生,所以實驗結果無法用於一般大眾 ( cannot be generally applied )。
- Demand Characteristics.因為實驗場地不真實而且實驗參與者都有獎勵(每人每天都有 $15 工資),所以實驗參與者做出的反應極大可能是因為他們認為這是被期望的 ( expected role ),覺得「既然都收了錢了就賣力演出吧!」......很多反應並非他們本身無意識做出的反應。
- Anecdotal Evidence 因為 Zimbardo 本人也參與其中,所以實驗結果不客觀,並沒有什麼數據,大量證據都是靠觀察或直覺聯想產生 ( anecdotal evidence )。 這樣的數據也造成了此實驗非常難重演 ( not replicative ),實驗結果無法使用於一般大眾。
- Lack of Ecological Validity實驗場地不真實導致無法把此實驗的結果等同到真實的監獄中。
- 實驗的報告指出並不是所有扮演守衛的參與者都是殘忍的,大部分守衛其實都還是好人。 = =
意義:Zimbardo(與其高中好友 Milgram 一起)給心理學界帶來了一個重磅震撼,讓所有心理學家開始思考心理學實驗的邊界。這兩個實驗是心裡學倫理 ( ethics ) ⑵ 的一個標桿(而且很顯然是 unethical 的標桿 XD ),讓心理學家們對於實驗參與者的保護得到了重新討論 &
對於我來說,這是個非常令人興奮的實驗呀。
Zimbardo 跟 Milgram 太好玩了,高中學的心理學裡要不是有他們這兩個實驗我還真不想在大學裡學心理學(另外 ⑶ ⑷ 也很有趣)......因為太喜歡他們,所以我跟好朋友還自詡 Vanny Milgram + Jessica Zimbardo (不要臉)。大一放暑假回國的時候還想拍一輯監獄照向他們致敬(因為他們也是高中好友呀),最後不了了之因為當時相機太爛拍不出想要的效果囧。Ref.:
⑴ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milgram_experiment⑵ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_ethics⑶ http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuyid=1970-03549-001⑷ http://www.psychwiki.com/wiki/Tajfel,_H._(1970)._Experiments_in_intergroup_discrimination._Scientific_American,_223,_96-102.Further Reading:What You Didn"t Know about the Stanford Prison Experiment http://skeptoid.com/episodes/4102 P.S. 請問你覺得莫名其妙在哪哇?沒說清楚所以搞不懂......因為沒用中文學過,所以很多可能用詞不當,就給出了原文,不好意思 T_T嚴格說津巴多的這個實驗,最成功的地方,並不是嚴格的實驗設計。
也就是說,套現在的實驗室研究準則來說,諸如變數控制之類,現在看起來都有不少的問題。就算是和米爾格拉姆的那個同樣著名的服從實驗相比,都要遜色許多。至少米爾格拉姆的研究中,可以通過改變一系列的設置,來驗證諸如心理距離權威性等不少變數對服從行為的影響,同時也相對比較好重複和驗證。而監獄實驗嚴格說只是一個有簡單操作的觀察法研究,所以最後對結果的表達,津巴多也是通過寫書來描繪和展現的。
這個監獄研究,真正厲害的地方,在於它成功的講了一個極其聳人聽聞的故事,它能夠引起轟動性的影響,應該有兩個非常重要的社會與文化基礎。
一是年代,這個實驗是在70年代初進行並發表的,當時的情況是像福柯之類的學者開始對現代性的很多東西進行反思和解構,對權力,規訓之類的討論和監獄實驗的結果其實是相一致的,民眾們也對強勢的政府和規則表達了相當的反對和不滿,同時對二戰軸心國罪行的反思也在進行,在這種背景下津巴多的這個研究無疑會受到極大的關注和討論。
二是西方的個人主義傳統,人們習慣於對於個體的行為直接進行特質歸因,即做壞事的就是壞人。當然現在經過社會心理學的幾十年發展,他們逐漸認識到並非如此。(但其實對東方文化背景的受眾來說,這個實驗的震撼性並沒有那麼大,白沙在涅與之俱黑這樣的話我們已經說了很多年了)所以這樣一個精英學子一周內變身邪惡獄卒的故事無疑具有極大的戲劇性。其實就算是放在今天,一樣是故事講得獵奇與出人意表的研究容易得到更多的關注與讚賞,所以可以想見這樣的一個實驗在當年會掀起多大的風浪了。
其他諸如倫理上的問題,很多答案都說的很好了,其中有一點,就是關於津巴多在實驗中的出席與表現。這一點其實我感覺也是老爺子一生都很難放下的,他後來所遭受的不少非議,以及他自己後來所提出的英雄主義之類的理念,其實也都是這個研究長久的迴音吧。
「斯坦福監獄實驗」 可能學過心理學的同學大多都看過這部電影,這是一部令人揪心的電影,我認為「斯坦福監獄實驗」不存在設計好與不好的問題,一開始這是為了每天獲取15美元費用的18名實驗者,他們自願體驗監獄中的生活,這接下來發生的事情都應該是屬於角色扮演。而這場活動的組織者,需要的就是實驗者進入角色後最真實的反應。
◆ 從主要人物的轉變過程
抹殺身份 - 角色扮演 - 進入角色 - 深入角色 - 逃離角色
為「看守」的頒發制服和墨鏡,為「囚犯」頭套、鏈條、女性連衣裙。抹殺身份,進入角色後,遵守看守指揮,按點吃飯,沒收私人物品並無法隨時享用煙草,以莫須有的罪名不斷加重囚犯的懲罰力度,一旦有人不停命令,「看守」便在眾人面前羞辱。讓囚犯在水桶里解決大小便,收走他們睡覺的床,並強迫「囚犯們」彼此做出性交的猥瑣動作……
「看守」進入實驗之前,都以為自己是個善良的人,直到獲得了無限的權利,權利讓他們的嘴臉變得醜惡,他們不斷的試探「囚犯」的底線,享受權利帶給自己的快感,我們從中也看到了人性的邪惡。
「囚犯」從一開始的順從,到受傷的自尊,到後面的集體反抗,直至逃離角色。他們的內心應該有一段曾經無助、扭曲、憤世等強烈的內心戲,只是這可能也只有當事人能體會這樣的心情,更何況這只是實驗,因為本身「囚犯」並沒有犯罪,如果「囚犯」沒有把自己帶入到已經犯罪的角色中,更容易放大出這種反抗的情緒……
◆ 意義在哪?
沒有意義。。。。。如果硬說是有,那就是這場實驗其實是【對人性的考驗】。。。。。
你覺得呢?
————————————一家之言,僅供參考!謝謝!我在看這個電影的時候,腦子裡一直在思考我們現在的社會形態和社會上各種組織機構的運作形態,心理學廣泛存在於人類社會中。我最近看了一些解讀弗里德里奇·哈耶克思想的文章,談論到民主形態和宗教信仰的自然產生和消亡,我認為和這個試驗都是相通的。
一個信仰的崛起和傳播和人對於自己的定位是一個類型的過程。試驗中,人被周邊的環境不停地改變,自我強化成各自的角色,並遵照自己限定的規則。現實中,極少數睿智的人,通過類似的手段統治或者控制了更多的人,形成宗教、信仰、主義和各種組織,比如黨派,國家。
這個實驗深刻的揭示了這樣的可能和一些方法,我們老祖宗寫的大成之作莫過於《商君書》了。其中有道之國,在於弱民這句話就是對於這個實驗最好的概括。那就是控制人民思想的方法論。時至今日,我們依然沒能逃脫這本書的內容。
我們在電影里看到的一切都可以在現在社會裡看到。- 封閉的環境:網路封鎖,輿情控制
- 對犯人的女性化導向,使之產生心理弱勢:腦殘文化的宣揚,娛樂節目的低俗化,無聊化,電視劇脫離現實化
- 對於制度反抗者的嚴懲:這個就不舉例了,太多了
- 對於監獄裡的虐待、城管打人、官員腐化,其道理跟那些試驗的孩子一樣,當空白的孩子被賦予各種社會角色,他們自發的變成了過度行駛這種權利的惡魔。
- 最關鍵的,從小教育就開始宣揚一個人對自己的定位,比如,愛黨愛國家,某某偉大領袖,對組織的忠誠。。。這就是潛移默化的影響,形成了影片結尾的那個片段:「無論我怎麼向犯人實施虐待,沒有人說一句話。」
The Stanford Prison Experiment was revolutionary when first performed. It changed the way people think about social psychology, confinement, and the nature of interpersonal power. However, in recent years the validity of the Stanford Prison Experiment has been called into question. Attempts to recreate the experiment have failed to get the same results. This indicates that what happened with these particular students was a random anomaly and not representative of humans as a whole.
One flaw of the experiment is that subjects often try to match what they believe the experimenter is looking for. So this means that the 「prisoners」 and 「guards」 were not acting naturally, but rather pretending. They purposefully exaggerated their behavior to produce crazy results. This doesn』t require a conspiracy or sabotage on the part of the subjects, merely a subconscious bias to please authority figures.
Another factor is that the experiment was done in the early 1970s during the height of anti-police sentiment in America. This means that the subjects likely had extremely negative views on police (especially at the highly liberal Stanford campus) and were more prone to be abusive in the role of policemen.
In addition, some subjects were literally told by the experimenter how to act. This completely violates the purpose of the experiment and negates its results.
For more of an explanation, see here: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freedom-learn/201310/why-zimbardo-s-prison-experiment-isn-t-in-my-textbook
極端條件誘導下,人性表現出的善與惡說明:本人只看過電影,沒有看過書籍,簡單談論一下個人看法。看法:實驗室構思很巧妙,但是違背了道德的底線。 實驗的意義深遠,人性有善惡之分。群體中只要有少部分的惡,在一定誘導條件下,惡就肆無忌憚地表漏出來。就如同多個哥們一起走,看到一個美女,有個人開始起鬨,大家肯定都情緒高漲地跟著吆喝。 1、實驗是在非常規條件下進行的,封閉的陌生生存空間。容易誕生人性中消極方面的情緒,比如憂慮、恐懼、多疑、對立、兇殘等。 2、實驗進行中,不斷的人為製造加劇消極情緒發酵的催化劑。比如食物短缺、尊嚴喪失、甚至生命受到威脅。 3、實驗進行中,不斷計劃兩個對立面的矛盾。 4、實驗的規則,強者可以制定規則。當強者惡的方面融入進規則中,那規則帶來的就是血腥與暴力。 5、人性中的善惡都帶有隱蔽性,當誘導條件不同時,表現的也各不相同。
這個實驗是模擬實驗,情境很真實,這些被試入獄都是由真的警察逮捕的,入獄後的待遇也和真實的囚犯相同。連津巴多本人都進入監獄長的角色了,足以見得情境有多真實。。。意義就在於大家都發現了人類內心的惡,我們之前是不相信自己內心存在惡魔的。這個算是社會心理學史上最有名的實驗了。
實驗進行到最後已經變成流血事件,這不是角色扮演者事先想要的,凶神惡煞的獄卒難道之前也不是這種暴躁性格,最後試驗結束時,扮演者都為自己的過分行為感到吃驚。
這個試驗的初衷是幫助聯邦政府完善監獄環境的測試,最初大家都覺得相安無事拿錢走人,津巴多教授也覺得這可能是個漫長、乏味的實驗,但有趣的是,在扮演者,包括教授本人迅速代入說扮演角色後,作為試驗設定中佔據優勢的一方,獄卒開始享受這種身份。
他們的這種變化,深深闡明了一個道理:絕對的權力具有絕對的腐蝕性。作為無規則約束的獄卒,不管其之前是怎麼樣的人,很快就陶醉在這種不對等關係賦予他們的絕對權威,絕對控制與絕對支配中了。你到底是你,還是你身上的"制服"?
中文版《路西法效應》的副標題是,好人是如何變成惡魔的。
至於實驗本身在心理學界有多大影響,待專業人士來答。有人看完了黑客帝國後便以為當今的人工智慧就是電影中那樣。這些人擁有神奇的想像力和有意無意的放大事情本身特徵的習慣。這叫追求感官刺激?
要了解這個實驗的意義,首先的清楚一個概念:這個實驗最大的權威是獄警嗎?不是 是監獄制度嗎 ?也不是。 實驗員津巴多才是最大的權威 一個由外力干預的實驗得出來的結論 毫無意義可言 試問一下:如此推崇人權的獄友們直接要求終止實驗 那這個實驗還可以進行下去嗎?
現在來看,這個實驗自然是設計得不行。
但是考慮一下歷史的進程和條件,那年代的心理學可沒現在這麼講究實驗設計……所以我們還是可以說一句這實驗挺牛逼的。
意義嘛……主要是開拓了一個新的領域吧!要知道初創時候的心理學專業領域還是比較狹隘的,所以前輩們主要是不斷探索新的思路。就今天的眼光來看,斯坦福監獄實驗的設計就是一坨粑粑的
就單ethic一點,如果有人在現在敢這樣做實驗,估計全球的心理學家都要上街遊行抗議
但是實驗結果卻是突破性的。
人向來就是一種自大高傲的動物
我們趨向於相信我們的行為和思想都是我們思考過後的結果,但是沒想到津巴多告訴我們其實隨便一個authority figure就可以改變我們的行為,讓我們違背倫理道德
斯坦福監獄實驗可怕就可怕在我們意識到以自由意志和獨立思考著稱的物種—人類節可以被那麼簡單的操控我不懂哲學或者心理學,我只想知道有沒有人覺得自己在實驗的第一天就想暴走。
津巴多是個天才心理學家。人性的善惡天生同時存在只是需要環境的轉變就會呈現出善惡的不同表現。人是群體動物容易受群體效應影響。
我覺得這個實驗涉及到人道主義的問題,一個不太恰當的例子就是日本731部隊做的那些慘無人道的實驗,對於純粹的學術研究來說簡直是非常寶貴的資料(據傳美國收走了那些資料並且保證那些研究人員戰後不被起訴),然而從人道主義層面來講貌似不太能讓人接受,當然這個實驗比731那個事差太多。。。
不少人看完表示人性經不起考驗,但他們為什麼不覺得去考驗人性本身就是一件無聊的事?
想知道了多少人是只看了電影來答的題。。。。。
初衷沒有問題,是試圖實驗角色扮演。但後來被實驗者已經喪心病狂,津巴多本人也收不了手近乎變態,給學生帶來了長久的心理陰影。啟示我們,人性是醜惡的,你不要想著製造條件去激發惡的那面,而是應該創造條件讓人們表現出善的一面。往小里說是自律和人際交往,往大里說就是機制的設計了。
實驗很好,也非常現實。
個人現在是在建築工程行業,分包商一般是個體小老闆之類的。剛好我分管的一個下包沒什麼實力,現場的工人管不住、項目部安排的計劃完成不了,老闆本人一次沒露過面全程遙控施工;他們的工序還是前後夾擊的關鍵點,很多進度節點需要他們配合才能完成,但因為上述的各種原因就是完不成,一拖再拖。前陣子現場節奏特別快,心裡壓力也很大,剛好催促了好幾天的工人、材料就是不進場,終於沒憋住,在電話里狂罵了一通。掛了電話冷靜下來,我們沒有任何直接利益關係、相互也不認識、甚至連面都沒見過。而我又是脾氣比較緩的那種,但在環境、制度和情形的三重作用下,我彷彿有了一種無上的權利去侮辱、諷刺和咒罵他。這是如何的恐怖?轉過頭來說現實前天在萬達等吃飯,看到有個領班一樣的小姑娘沖著兩個門童大聲的訓斥、嘶吼、發泄。她就是這樣的人嗎?肯定不是,因為他們店裡的確冷清的很突兀,她肯定也面對著來自店長巨大的壓力,她肯定下班之後也會和其他23、4歲的小姑娘一樣恢復嬌弱的樣子。可她當時瞄準附近沒什麼人去呵斥、發飆的神情是如何的恐怖?恐怖實驗只不過是把人性放在一個非常可能性的情形之下,然後放大了一部分過程(低血糖病發)和結果(致使死亡),但對於人性的描寫卻絲毫沒有偏頗。
反觀另外一些社會現實:police手段審訊、對待疑犯or罪犯、共享單車/雨傘把資源毫無管制的放逐在社會上、幹部退休之後地位一落千丈。。。有句話「不要考驗人性,在考驗的那一刻就註定了失敗」,是人性,也是常情,更是自然規律。具體到什麼時候?當文明播撒大地,實現共產主義吧~推薦閱讀:
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