student和study中u讀音為什麼不同？

01-08

希望我表述的足夠清晰。
首先，u的讀音是因為student中stu是開音節，而study的stud是閉音節所致。
其次，（簡單來說）開音節和閉音節的劃分是由母音字母后面有沒有輔音字母來決定。可是，在音節等我劃分中，"讀音決定音節劃分"，student的stu是開音節，所以d划到後面；而study中的stu是閉音節，所以d划到前面。
這個邏輯到底是什麼呢？到底是讀音決定音節劃分還是音節劃分覺得讀音呢？

如果說讀音是約定俗成的，那麼是不是說student和study不是同一個詞源呢？
最後，vivacious和vivacity是同一個詞源，為什麼a發音卻不一樣呢。。。
謝謝各位！

TFI.

Once a new word is derived or born, since not every word coiner is a phoneticist, the pronunciation of the new word is likely to be determined by the coiner, either arbitrarily or reasonably, and possibly modified by a succession of others in whole. That is, these "pronunciation determiners" are not necessarily syllable-conscious. Also, the pronunciation of a new word may be altered due to such a variety of factors as dialects, accents, phonological constraints, cultural or religious euphemisms, etc. So it"s quite common that a word sounds fairly different from its origin(s). In modern English, the poor correspondence betweeen sounds and letters in the spelling of a word is notoriously annoying but interesting.

Plus, syllabification of a word is practicable only when people know how to pronounce it. By no means does/can a word split into syllables if it"s not pronounceable. Remember that all linguistic principles always come after real practice.

Briefly, though the words study and student may have the same origin, many factors can cause them, or rather the vowel parts, to sound different. Given the difference, we divide them into stud-y and stu-dent respectively because u in study is a checked vowel that needs a coda [d] while u in student is a free vowel that doesn"t need a coda.

Hope this helps.

首先試著從歷時角度解釋一下study和student母音音值不同的原因：

查閱英語詞源字典得知，這兩個詞都是來自古法語(Old French)。

student (n.)

late 14c., from Old French estudiant "student, scholar, one who is studying" (Modern French étudiant), noun use of past participle of estudiier, from Medieval Latin studiare "to study," from Latin studium (see study (v.)). An Old English word for it was leorningcild "student, disciple." Student-teacher of a teacher in training working in a classroom is from 1851, American English.

study (n.)

c. 1300, "application of the mind to the acquisition of knowledge, intensive reading and contemplation of a book, writings, etc.," from Old French estudie "care, attention, skill, thought; study, school" (Modern French étude), from Latin studium "study, application" (see study (v.)). Also from c. 1300 as "a state of deep thought or contemplation; a state of mental perplexity, doubt, anxiety; state of amazement or wonder." From mid-14c. as "careful examination, scrutiny." Sense of "room furnished with books" is from late 14c. Meaning "a subject of study" is from late 15c. Study hall is attested from 1891, originally a large common room in a college.

study (v.)

early 12c., "to strive toward, devote oneself to, cultivate" (translating Latin occupatur), from Old French estudiier "to study, apply oneself, show zeal for; examine" (13c., Modern French étudier), from Medieval Latin studiare, from Latin studium "study, application," originally "eagerness," from studere "to be diligent," from PIE *(s)teu- (1) "to push, stick, knock, beat" (see steep (adj.)). The notion appears to be "pressing forward, thrusting toward," hence "strive after."

在法語中，u的讀音是高前圓唇母音[y]，就是和漢語的「語」的母音差不多。

這個兩個詞是在1200～1500之間借入到英語的。900–1400大概是中古英語期(Middle English)，而大概從1400開始英語的母音發生那個有名的母音大推移，母音音值發生了很大的變化，一直到1550之後才完成，從此過渡到了近代英語(Modern English)。

在古英語時期，英語中還是有[y]這個音的，然而到了中古英語，這個音失去圓唇變成了[i]。在study和student借入的1200～1500年之間，可以認為[y]這個音已經沒有了。中古英語期時，法語中的這個音一般被借用為[iu]，也就是接近[ju:]的音（也就是把前母音和圓唇原因兩個feature分別安到了兩個母音上）。

之後，在1400年之後發生的變化有：一些含有[ju:]的詞經歷了jod – dropping，變成了[u:]; 一些[u:]縮短變成了[?]，而[?]經過幾百年變成了[?]。

放一張維基百科上母音大推移的圖：

所以可以猜測study經歷了什麼：[iu]→[ju:]→[u:]→[?]→[?]

而在接近1500時通過法語借入的student比較幸運，可能由於介入時間較晚，保存比較完整，沒有從[ju:]變成[u:]，也就沒有了後面的一系列變化。

關於音節的劃分，[?]和[u:]的不同之處在於，[?]是checked vowel，而[u:]是free vowel。free vowel可以出現在音節尾，而checked vowel不可以。這是因為英語對音節尾的weight有一定要求。free vowel是長母音或者雙母音，比checked vowel的短母音重，更加穩定。

音節的劃分一般遵循響度(sonority)原則和maximal onset principle。一個音節的響度一般要形成一個小山，即nuclear響度大，兩邊響度低。響度的層級大概是低母音&>高母音&>半母音 &>流音&>鼻音&>摩擦音和破擦音&>爆破音（然而英語中以s＋爆破音開頭的詞是明顯的例外）。maximal onset principle指當一個音既可以分到前一個音，也可以分到後一個音時，優先分到後一個音的onset（因為一般來說，onset比coda更重要，有的語言的音節不允許coda，但是沒有語言不允許onset）。

所以，按照這兩個原則本來study的d本來也應該分到後面音節的onset，然而前面的[?]不同意，要求有coda，所以d給了前面的音節。

另外vivacious和vivacity本來想是不是和level 1 affix和level 2 affix有什麼關係，然而發現-ous和-ity又都是level 1 affix，就先不答了……

參考文獻：

Online Etymology Dictionary

維基百科

菅原真理子，2014，『朝倉日英対照言語學シリーズ３音韻論』

study: [13] Study comes via Old French estudie from Latin studium 『eagerness, intense application』, hence 『application to learning』 (English studio [19] comes from the same ultimate source, only via Italian). Studium in turn was derived from the verb studēre 『be eager, study』 (source of English student [15]). This probably went back ultimately to the Indo- European base *steud-, *teud- 『hit』, which also produced Latin tundere 『hit』 (source of English contusion and obtuse) and German stossen 『shove, hit』 – the underlying notion of study thus being the 『application of extreme effort』.

student： late 14c., from Old French estudiant "student, scholar, one who is studying" (Modern French étudiant), noun use of past participle of estudiier, from Medieval Latin studiare "to study," from Latin studium (see study (v.)). Student-teacher of a teacher in training working in a classroom is from 1851, American English.[student etymology, student origin, 英語詞源]

網上找的講真我也沒看明白

語言的發明者有時候其實就是故意好複雜規則讓老百姓學不會

要麼是借入年代不同，student 比 study更遲，發生分別發生在高盧羅曼語發生 u 變 y 的母音變化前後。要麼是對借詞採用模仿借用源實際發音的方式與直接按照拼寫的字母發音兩種不同的處理借詞發音的方式導致。。

我認識個德國人說study，就是斯讀第這樣。我跟他說是不是「斯達第」，他說yeah。之後我問他為什麼這麼讀，他就一直說yeah。也不回答我，之後繼續用他原來錯誤的讀音讀。我跟他說了好幾次，他就說yeah，我也不懂他什麼意思

我有一個秘訣就是e前面有一個輔音那麼在前面那個原音念本來的音

eg: st-ude-nt 裡面的u念本來的音因為有一個e e的前面有一個d

student是文讀，study是白讀。

說真的我也不明白為什麼這樣劃，詞典上寫的跟題主說的一樣，樓上給出了詞源，根據詞源兩個詞的u都讀/u/才對。然而英語讀寫分離