標籤:

一帶一路在未來對中國的哪些行業和相關公司產生怎樣的影響?

大神們隨便說點什麼,一帶一路是現在的關注熱點,預測和暢想一下究竟能夠給中國的經濟和相關行業帶來多大的效益?


有好多朋友發過這個段子,我以為你們都看過,親,你不高興我就刪啦!

非洲:我有石油和礦產。

歐美:我給你開採!

非洲:被你們剝削上百年了,我現在要自己建廠,自己加工原材料。

歐美:你沒錢沒路沒水沒電沒頭腦,建個毛?!

中國:非洲兄弟,我來幫你!

中國:你看啊,礦區上游正好有條河,咱把這一攔,就是個大型水電站。

中國:有了電,就得把路也跟上:我們直接電氣化鐵路打通礦區和港口,讓資源好挖又好賣!質量你放心,我們家的中鐵和中鐵建修高鐵都是世界第一, 港口全球前十咱家佔七個,中國交建和招商局專門干這個。大英國建航母都買的咱的龍門吊。

在鐵路沿線和港口附近,我們再給建兩個工業園區,專門往歐美出口零關稅的消費品。這個我們經驗十足,中信集團、華夏幸福、泰達都是老油條了。

非洲:太夠哥們了!可是我沒錢......

中國: 沒事兒,我借給你!進出口銀行有優貸(優惠貸款)、優買(優惠買方信貸),國開行有中非發展基金,工行、中行有商貸、隨你挑。很簡單,只要拿礦產、石油和國家主權擔保一下就行。實在不行,你們的可可,芝麻,也能運到中國還款(註:中國吃的香油,很多是衣索比亞出產)。利率嗎,肯定比日本和美國高不了太多……

非洲:那,那我美元外匯儲備不夠咋辦?

中國:這太好了啊!咱兩個央行抓緊弄個貨幣互換,以後咱哥倆交易,用什麼美元!

非洲:就這麼辦!

中國:對了,既然通了電,那過去用不上的電視機、微波爐啥的也得配一下吧。我們這海爾、格力都是全球第一;給你修水電的中國電建還能拉著 美的電器 給你把白色家電都送貨上門。價格嘛,好商量,我們現在搞家電下鄉,買一批送一批。

非洲:我們這兒電視台沒什麼節目,天天就是看新聞和廣告,要電視沒什麼用吧

中國:正好!北京有個四達公司,專門把我們特別好看的電視劇翻譯成豪薩語、斯瓦希里語等當地語言。以後你們看廣告看煩了,就看我們非洲版的《三生三世》,《亮劍》,《射鵰英雄傳》。兄弟之間,好東西,要分享!

中國:還有啊,現在都4G了,上網嗖嗖地。你這2G網路得讓華為中興給升級一下,價格是歐美的1/3。絕對親兄弟,剁手價。

非洲:這個我喜歡啊!

中國:你看,咱們現在把貧窮落後的家鄉搞的這麼好,保不齊有人會眼紅,會羨慕嫉妒恨。所以咱得保衛勝利果實啊。

非洲:這個,咋保衛啊?

中國:不如團購點梟龍?再來批 99A?這可是好東西,物美價廉還抗造,陸軍指揮學院包教包會包分配。(註:南京陸軍指揮學院的外國學員中,已經出了5位總統、1位副總統、1位總理、8位國防部長 )。這事兒你就交給出門右拐的保利和中航技就行。

非洲:成了!兄弟一生一起走!

多看新聞時政。


說點經濟層面的戰略意圖,貼一篇自己寫的報告,大家批評指正!

「一路一帶」是中國資本輸出計劃的戰略載體。在經濟層面上,「一帶一路」的戰略目的有兩大層次:近期著眼於「基建產能輸出+資源輸入」,遠期著眼於「商貿文化互通,區域共同繁榮」。基於以上分析框架,我們可以梳理出國內產業發展的五大主題機遇:

一、「通路通航」主題:包括交通運輸業(港口、公路、鐵路、物流),鐵路建設與相關設備,航空服務、設備、整機生產等。在「一帶一路」建設中,交通運輸是優先發展領域,以加快提升我國與周邊國家交通基礎設施的互聯互通水平,並形成區域交通運輸一體化。

交通運輸業(港口、公路、鐵路、物流)將率先直接受益於亞歐交通運輸大通道的建成,為帶動區域經濟發展創造條件,將加快推進公路、鐵路、民航、海運等多種運輸方式的互聯互通,吞吐量將明顯提升。連雲港至鹿特丹港聯通的新歐亞大陸橋,將強化其在國際陸路運輸中的骨幹作用。中國也將全力打造與我國第三大貿易合作夥伴——東盟地區的海陸空綜合交通方式:海上——將中國和東南亞國家臨海港口城市串連起來;內河——中國出資瀾滄江-湄公河河道建設,打造黃金水道;公路——南(寧)曼(谷)、昆(明)曼(谷)公路已經開通,東南亞正在形成兩橫兩縱的公路通道;鐵路——中國計劃以昆明和南寧為起點,建設泛東南亞鐵路聯繫東南亞陸路國家。

交通基礎設施建設和運營「走出去」,也將帶動鐵路建設與相關設備,航空服務、設備及整機生產等產業增長。我國在基礎設施建設、港口運營、設備製造等領域的管理與技術優勢,推動中國標準、技術、裝備、服務和交通運輸企業在更大範圍和更高層次上「走出去」。中國的港口有用豐富的基礎設施建設和運營經驗,鐵路建設「走出去」給其他基礎設施類公司走出去提供了良好的樣板。同時,「21世紀海上絲綢之路」東南亞及南亞國家存在強烈的建設大港口的需求,我們認為這些領域的優質企業存在建設和運營「走出去」的良好前景。尤其是在鐵路建設方面,突破國家界限的「歐亞鐵路網計劃」,也會刺激鐵路建設的發展,據不完全統計顯示,目前有意向的鐵路工程已達到0.5萬公里,和歐亞鐵路網的8.1萬公里規劃目標相比還有巨大的空間。而且中國依靠壓倒性技術和成本優勢,將成為鐵路建設的最大受益方。

二、 「基建產業鏈」主題:包含建築業(建築及基礎設施工程),裝備製造業(設備及配套類裝備製造),基建材料(鋼鐵、建材、有色等)。

從需求端來看,「一帶一路」的沿線國家,無論是從國內需求或是未來區域經濟合作的角度分析,這些國家對於基礎設施建設的需求均極其旺盛。一帶一路沿線國家由於財政緊張的原因,基建投資支出不足,普遍呈現基礎設施落後的現狀——人均GDP、人均公路里程、人均鐵路里程等指標均遠低於我國,亞洲和非洲的沿線國家較中國分別有10%和20%的城鎮化提升空間,而中國在自身城鎮化過程中累積的大量經驗和產能可以對外輸出。從國內來看,西北部區域各省區鐵路、公路及高速公路密度在全國均屬後列,新疆、青海、甘肅躋身倒數5位,寧夏、陝西居於中後段水平,為實現「一帶一路」各國間的基建對接,中國西北部的城市建設、交通運輸網路等基建領域投資需求很有空間。

從供給端來看,伴隨著固定資產投資增速下台階,我國建築業及製造業產能過剩的問題日趨嚴重,「基建輸出」能夠大幅緩解我國建築業、製造業的產能過剩問題。在「一帶一路」的戰略大背景下,我國參與設立「金磚國家開發銀行」與「亞洲基礎設施投資銀行」很大程度上表明了我國加大對外開展基建投資業務的戰略構想。根據總體基建投入約佔GDP的5%估算,「一帶一路」沿線對基建的需求或達到每年1.05萬億美元,而中國對外承包完成額2013年僅為0.14萬億美元,僅占其中的13%。主觀意願和客觀條件形成合力,未來我國建築業和製造業企業「走出去」的步伐將大幅加快,海外市場廣闊的產業擴張前景將逐漸打開。

在「一路一帶」的戰略政策支持下,對外工程承包施工企業「走出去」能形成較大的出口拉動,有效對沖國內需求端的下滑,從而帶動整個「基建產業鏈」。目前全球經濟復甦緩慢,國內經濟也面臨艱難轉型。目前貿易環境下,追求出口增長容易引起的諸多摩擦和矛盾,而對外投資的方式更容易被接受,用對外投資啟動外需是比出口更好的選擇,利用施工企業輸出方式能帶動國內設計、諮詢、製造、材料、勞務、金融、保險、服務等多行業的輸出,對沖國內需求端下滑。不同於外貿出口通常的低成本和低附加值,施工企業「走出去」方式有效帶動的是中國附加值較高的產品,如機電產品,符合國家產業升級的目標。

三、「能源建設」主題:包括中國油氣進口的管道建設相關產業,電站建設、電力設備等。

拓展新的油氣資源進口途徑是「一帶一路」緊迫的戰略目標。近幾年我國對油氣資源的需求在快速增加,但我國的油氣資源進口主要通過馬六甲海峽的海陸運輸,獲取途徑較為單一,能源安全較易受到威脅,拓展新的油氣資源進口途徑十分緊迫。

「能源建設」主題之下,構建中國陸上的能源大通道戰略,將直接利好中國油氣進口的管道建設相關產業。與西部新疆接壤的中亞國家油氣資源極為豐富,是僅次於中東的第二個油氣資源最為豐富的地區。目前我國從中亞及俄羅斯進口的石油量佔比仍然偏低,天然氣近幾年從中亞的進口量在不斷攀升,但隨著天然氣的普及,國內需求量的快速增長,通過新疆從中亞的進口量仍將持續增加。

未來,為滿足新增進口量的輸送需求,新疆將建設多條能源管道,包括:中亞天然氣管道D線,西氣東輸三線、四線、五線工程,輪南-吐魯番、伊寧-霍爾果斯等幹線及天然氣管道,中哈原油管道二期工程等,構建中國陸上的能源大通道。配套的輸油管道、天然氣的輸送管道、電網以及道路運輸等,這些領域必然迎來進一步的利好。加強與沿線國家能源資源開發合作,鼓勵重化工產業加大對礦產資源富集和基礎設施建設需求較旺的沿線國家投資,實現開採、冶煉、加工一體化發展,推動上下游產業鏈融合。

需求面來看,一帶一路」沿線發展中國家的電力消費水平極低,發展空間巨大。根據2013年的電力消費統計數據來看,「一帶一路」沿線非OECD國家的人均年電力消費量僅僅約為1655.52KWH,而同期OECD國家的人均年電力消費量約為7579.49KWH,前者僅僅為後者的21.84%左右,因此單從電力消費角度來看,「一帶一路」沿線的非OECD國家的未來電力消費水平將會有極大的增長空間,伴隨著電力消費量的增加,必然會帶動這些國家的電力投資,從而帶來巨大的電氣設備需求。

由於這些國家國內製造業比較薄弱,「一帶一路」所涉及的主要國家電氣設備嚴重依賴進口。上述國家的總體進口比例約為56.73%,按照此比例並且結合「一帶一路」涉及地區的未來投資趨勢計算可以得出,在2014-2020年期間,「一帶一路」沿線地區非OECD國家大約有年均1396.06億美元或更多的電氣設備進口需求,今後我國的電力企業有可能會分享這個巨大的海外市場。

供給面來看,現階段我國電氣設備的產能嚴重過剩。2013年,我國發電設備產量約1.2億千瓦,約佔全球總量的60%,而我國的年均裝機水平只有5000萬-6000萬千瓦,產能嚴重過剩,因此我國的電氣設備企業有「出海」消化這些過剩產能的迫切性。

我國電氣設備的技術水平在諸多領域都已屬於世界先進水平,具備了在國際市場上的競爭優勢。目前我國的水電項目及設備在國際上是極具競爭力的,全球的水電工程中大約有80%是中國企業建設的。在光伏市場方面,我國的太陽能電池產品的轉換率在國際上處於先進水平,並且出口組件約佔全球市場份額的60%。

通過「一帶一路」戰略的逐漸展開,我國電氣設備走出去的步伐將進一步的加快,我國的電氣設備在「一帶一路」沿線地區的非OECD國家市場上佔有40%左右的市場份額應該是可期的。照此比例計算,我國電氣設備企業2014-2020年期間在「一帶一路」沿線國家的出口總額將可能達到約984.35億美元/年左右,這將使我國的電氣設備企業大幅受益。例如根據印度電氣電子製造商協會的統計,中國的電氣設備在2012年已經佔有了整個印度電氣設備市場的44.92%的份額,而且據印度電力部統計,2012年到2017年,印度已開工建設的裝機容量為7.6萬兆瓦,其中超過六成的設備可能由中國製造商提供。

四、「通商」主題:商貿與文化產業

長期來看,道路聯通、貿易聯通中同樣伴隨著文化溝通,「絲綢之路」自古是文化交匯的體現,其交流合作的內容涵蓋了文化、旅遊、教育等人文活動。培育具有絲綢之路特色的國際精品旅遊線路和旅遊產品,可以積極推進特色服務貿易,發展現代服務貿易。人員的流動還會加強沿線國家和地區的特殊旅遊產品、文化產品、民俗風情、旅遊線路及非物質文化遺產項目的發展,旅遊企業可以開展旅遊管理協作、旅遊業務合作、旅遊包機航線、旅遊投資貿易、旅遊服務採購。

從政策支持方面來看,文化旅遊產業也將伴隨著「一帶一路」整體戰略的推進而迎來新的增長空間。「絲綢之路」是中國旅遊最古老而且最具代表性的品牌之一,是「美麗中國」國家旅遊形象的重要支撐。國家旅遊局將2015年中國旅遊主題年確定為「美麗中國—2015中國絲綢之路旅遊年」 。國務院《關於促進旅遊產業改革與發展的若干意見》要求「打造跨界融合的產業集團和產業聯盟,支持具有自主知識產權、民族品牌的旅遊企業做大做強」;要「推動區域旅遊一體化,完善國內國際區域旅遊合作機制,建立互聯互通的旅遊交通、信息和服務網路,加強區域性客源互送,構建務實高效、互惠互利的區域旅遊合作體」。

五、「信息產業」主題:抓住各國經濟的數字化趨勢,加快我國信息產品和服務走出去

「互聯互通」是加強全方位基礎設施建設,不僅是由公路、鐵路、航空、港口等交通基礎設施的建設組成,還包括互聯網、通訊網、物聯網等通信基礎設施。「一帶一路」國家之間的深度互通會對信息基建提出更高的要求,這對中國通信行業,特別是像華為、中興和信威等已經成功「走出去」的通信基礎設施提供商來說,構成重大利好。

中國通信設備產業作為「走出去」戰略的先行者,在全球五大電信系統設備廠商中已佔據兩席,華為的銷售收入已經超過愛立信躍居第一。目前華為海外收入佔比已超過70%,中興海外收入佔比達到50%,烽火也有10%的收入來自海外,中國電信系統設備廠商的全球競爭力,為落實一帶一路戰略規劃中的通訊基礎設施建設提供了重要的基礎。回想中國企業的第一輪「走出去」,華為、中興和信威等公司,受益於國務院扶持優勢裝備出口的優惠政策,相繼獲得國家開發銀行數百億元規模的買方信貸融資支持,從而在非洲、拉美、東歐等新興國家市場拓展中佔據優勢;現在中國企業迎來第二輪「走出去」的戰略機遇,一方面,全球經濟的數字化趨勢意味著「一帶一路」國家存在持續的信息基礎設施建設增長空間;另一方面,亞洲基礎設施投資銀行、絲路基金等融資機構必然會積極對海外信息基礎設施進行融資,這可以更加直接地關聯到對中國設備的需求。中興、華為等已經實施「走出去」戰略並取得良好海外布局的排頭兵,以及ICT領域其他已經開始海外拓展的公司都將迎來重大產業機遇。


隨便放幾張圖,你們自己感受一下吧


謝邀。上周剛和一個頂級經濟學家合作發了一篇關於一帶一路的綜述文章,就說這麼幾點吧。

第一,提出一帶一路是很必要的,因為中國現在的製造業太強,造出來的東西全世界現有市場根本消費不掉,打折賣,虧的還是自己人,還要消耗資源,不打折賣,工人就沒活干,老闆就發不出工資。轉型不是那麼快的,而且十幾億人轉型,到底行不行的通,誰也沒底。最關鍵的是,中國是輛自行車,慢了就要倒,所以形勢逼著我們沒辦法也要想辦法。全球化這麼多年,努努力能找到的市場,我們早都找了。剩下的,就是基礎設施不足,沒法消費的,以及口袋裡沒錢,沒能力消費的,所以一帶一路從根本講,就是要把原先這些基礎設施差,鏈接不起來的市場,墊錢給他鏈接起來,讓原先口袋裡沒錢的人,墊錢讓他學技能,教他如何掙錢,然後再教他們如何買我們的東西。所以一帶一路和學雷鋒其實是有點相似的,就是先助人為樂,做好事,然後再圖好的回報。但會不會你把人扶起來了,人家反訛你,誰也不知道。

例如,曾經的同志加兄弟

最後的結果卻是

希望相似的歷史不要重演。

第二,錢放著就是銀行的,花了才是自己的,這道理大家都懂,但無論幹什麼,墊錢肯定是有風險的,所以為了降低風險,我們對一帶一路的預期基本是三個圈:

(1)最小的圈,就是周邊的斯坦,墊錢讓他們富起來,即便以後貿易上賺不回來,能解決安全問題也行,錢也算沒白花。我個人看來,這個是非常容易實現的,基本板板的。

(2)中圈是南亞中東的人口資源大國們,熟悉我的人都知道,我最感興趣的就是南亞,我個人覺得,南亞不是那麼好聯通的,因為這些國家自己也需要發展,如果把市場給了我們,他們的結果就是永世不得翻身。但資源絕對有戲,為什麼呢,因為全球資源就那麼多,給其它國家輸出國一頭沾光,但賣給中國,可以兩頭得好,油賺了錢,進口的工業製成品價格還能低,但跟中東打交道中國在很多問題上就要保持忍耐,也算是有得有失吧。

(3)最大的圈是科教文衛圈,也就是歐洲了。這些市場其實都是現成的,所以不需要墊錢去開拓,但是能不能在高層次獲得更深入的合作和交流,其實是中國很期盼也很需要的,但這一層屬於教會徒弟,餓死師傅。我不認為我們示個好,人家就能張開友誼的雙臂,所以我們在設定這個戰略時,這一層應該就是屬於成功就當白撿,失敗也不算虧。

第三,一帶一路是很偉大的戰略,但沒有人能保證它一定會成功,或是成功到什麼程度,力保小圈,力拚中圈,力爭大圈應該是比較靠譜的。如果上層人士也是這樣考慮,那關鍵的就是項目的選擇和資金的投入了。至於問題問的,哪些行業和哪些公司,這個其實要看國家戰略實施的結果,如果成功,影響是全局的,不會具體細化到哪個公司。

---分割線--

下面是文章的部分內容,我們列舉了一個中國的上市公司嘉欣絲綢作為例子,希望對大家有所幫助。

Re-Opening the Silk Road to Transform Chinese Trade*

Ning Mao

China-ASEAN International College ,Dhurakij Pundit University , Thailand

Michael McAleer

Department of Quantitative Finance,National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan

Discipline of Business Analytics, University of Sydney Business School, Australia

Erasmus School of Economics ,Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands

Department of Quantitative Economics, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain

Institute of Advanced Sciences,Yokohama National University, Japan

*For financial support, the second author acknowledges the Australian Research Council and the National Science Council, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan.

Abstract

Under anti-globalization and isolationism, China is seeking to portray itself as a new leader for globalization under the banner of the Silk Road initiative. Meanwhile, China』s traditional and comparatively advantaged industry, silk, has faced dire predicaments and challenges for long time, and needs a transformation in terms of initiatives. Throughout history, the prosperity arising from silk was supposed to represent a microcosm of Chinese society. This paper searches the breakthrough point to improve the current dilemma of Chinese silk enterprises; uses a Case Study for inductive reasoning that is feasible for marketing strategies; and provides a strategy to help Chinese silk enterprises to transform their market positioning and operating modes to obtain better development opportunities. The paper also analyzes the new external environment based on the 「One Belt, One Road」 principle, which is of crucial importance for the implementation of new marketing strategies.

Keywords: China, Silk, Company Strategy, National Strategy, Transformation, Chinese Trade.

JEL: O24, P33, Q27.

1. Introduction

Throughout history, the Silk Road crossed the mountains and deserts to connect China and Europe. In the 19th Century, the German geologist Ferdinand Von Richthofen first coined the name Silk Road for the route. Silk products were always the most important goods in Chinese foreign trade, even compared with tea and chinaware. Based on a technical blockade, China had a monopoly in the silk business worldwide for nearly one thousand years. Then other countries gradually began to obtain the production process of silk. At the same time, lasting political and economic turmoil in China was such that the Chinese industry lost its dominant position in the silk market. In 1976, China began to implement economic reform policies, and has strongly promoted the development of the silk industry. During this period, Chinese manufacturing of finished silk goods exceeded that of the rest of the world (Schoeser, 2007).

In 2015, Chinese silk production comprised almost 84% of the world』s total production. The Chinese silk industry has been challenged for several reasons in recent years: (i) many developing countries have lower labour and production costs; and (ii) there is a shortage of high value-added products, over-dependence on overseas markets, and a lack of retail channels.

Silk is of historical significance and symbolic importance to China. For example, the Chinese government has selected the Silk Road to represent its own development strategy, such as 「One Belt and One Road」. Special meaning is attached to the Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. The culture and historical genes of 「One Belt and One Road」 come from the old Silk Road, which takes Eurasia as its main region, and includes South-East Asia, Sub-continent, Middle East and Africa, with over 110 countries being encompassed.

China intends to invest billions of dollars in these areas, and to construct railways, ports and power grids. This strategy can be explained by the fact that the old Silk Road helped Chinese search for markets internationally. In the same vein, the new Silk Road (One Belt and One Road) is intended to help Chinese to create new markets as a way of transforming Chinese trade with international partners.

2. Chinese Silk Industry

2.1 Advantages of the Chinese Silk Industry

The silk industry has been a special phenomenon in that many countries demand Chinese silk, even though there is not an established industrial chain. Developed countries have no silk manufacturing, while developing countries generally do not have qualified manufacturing opportunities. For example, the major silk-producing countries in the world are China, India, Uzbekistan, Brazil, Thailand, Vietnam, and Iran. However, the major silk consumers of the world are USA, Italy, Japan, India, France, United Kingdom, Germany and UAE.

Only India appears as a consumer and a producer of silk products, with an absolute emphasis on Sari, which is female apparel from the Indian subcontinent. Sari consists of a drape, varying from five to nine yards in length and two to four feet in breadth, that is typically wrapped around the waist, with one end draped over the shoulder, baring the midriff (Boulanger, 1997).

Preeya (2013) identified silk production as being categorized into three main stages, namely: (i) the upstream industry covers sericulture farming, silk rearing and silk reeling, in China, with a large majority of such farmers being located in the East coast; (ii) the weaving, dying and printing has constituted the midstream industry, a process that is either done by hand in the villages or processed by large machines in the industrial sector; and (iii) the downstream industry, which includes the design, production, retailing and marketing of various silk products, such as clothing, bedding and decorations. Chinese accounted for 84% of global raw silk production and over 90% of the world export market, with 20 million workers in the industry. In short, China is the only country worldwide that has an integrated silk industry.

2.2 Challenges and Dilemma

The Chinese silk industry has been challenged for several reasons in recent years: (i) many developing countries had lower labor, land and production cost; and (ii) shortage of high value-added products, over-dependence on overseas markets, as well as a lack of retail channels. Over 80% of silk products are exported to overseas market, therefore, when an economic downturn or financial crisis occurs, the Chinese silk industry faces devastating blows. Also, industry relies on low labour, land and raw material costs, so that when the government promulgates new Labor Law to increase wages, most silk enterprises will lose their competitive edge. The series of problems in silk industry is completely consistent with problems of whole Chinese manufacturing.

(1) Dilemma of Chinese』s Silk Industry

(i) Cocoon prices are high (labor, land and material costs are determined)

(ii) Silk prices are high (cocoon prices are determined)

(iii) Silk fabric prices are low (market demands is determined)

(iv) Silk supply function, which depends on prices and cost factors, among others.

(2) Dilemma of Chinese Manufacturing

(i) Labor, land and raw material costs are high (stage of development is determined)

(ii) Enterprise production cost is high (labor, land and raw materials are determined)

(iii) Products prices are low (market demand is determined)

(iv) Silk demand function, which depends on prices and income, among others.

As a result, decreasing market demand has reduced the prices of products (or silk fabrics), but the growing costs of labor, land and raw material (or cocoon) have also promoted the enterprises』 production cost (or silk price). Macroeconomic factors have deeply influenced Chinese enterprises, and not just the silk industry. Creating new markets might allow a solution to such difficulties.

New markets are possible from the sea (that is, the Maritime Silk Road), and also from the land (namely, the Silk Road Economic Belt). However, the method of creation is the same, which is to use Chinese capital to create markets for Chinese requirements. As an illustration, during the Greek debt crisis period, China provided large loans to Greece, but on the condition that Greece was required to purchase ships from Chinese shipyards.

Today, over three thousand silk enterprises exist in China. However, over 90% of these are township or village enterprises that use price wars to destabilize market shares and seriously disrupt normal market prices. In general, new market creation and product innovation are the most important approaches to solve the dilemma. As in internet marketing and innovation design, for a long time the Chinese silk industry has been struggling in this dimension.

3. Illustration

ZheJiang and Jiaxin Silk Crop, Ltd. (with abbreviated name JSCL, SHE: 002404) are the only two listed companies in the China silk industry, and it is typical of research. JSCL is a labour-intensive enterprise, with over 80% of its products exported to overseas markets annually. In recent years, its revenues have continued to fall, but operating costs increased substantially from 5.48% in 2013 to 10.22% in 2015. The corporate annual financial statement in 2015 indicated that, during the previous year, corporate annual gross revenue was ¥ 2.01 billion, annual total cost was ¥ 1.94 billion, total costs were 95% of gross revenue, and profits charged against the bank annual interest was 4.8% (Jiaxin Silk Crop, Ltd. Audit Reports and Financial Statements, 2015).

The causes of JSCL』s problems are as follows: (i) dependence on the export-oriented economy; (ii) operating by B2B transactions, without characteristics of goods; and (iii) lacking loyal consumer and brand awareness. Therefore, company issues have been proposed, such as how to: (a) reduce the dependence on exports; (b) propose a rational and improved business model; and (c) create the characteristics of silk goods and establish an appropriate brand image.

3.1 Dilemma of Traditional Transformation Approach

The domestic market can increase the enterprise』s revenue and reduce losses through exchange rate fluctuations. Increasing brand visibility in domestic markets will also improve the confidence of investors, and assist silk enterprises to obtain additional capital resources. However, the domestic market is different from the export market, as the former needs ready-to-use products to replace the products of foreign brand dealers. International marketing does not need companies to establish and maintain distribution channels, whereas domestic marketing needs such channels.

Furthermore, some researchers have found that, compared with other countries, China has more Parvenus and Poseurs consumers (Gao, 2009; Luxury 4P taxonomy, Han, Nunes and Dreze, 2010; Khan, 2015; McAleer and Mao, 2017). Yang (2012) indicated that the wealthy group is comprised of Patricians and Parvenus. Patricians possess significant wealth, like inconspicuously branded, low in consumption-related need for status. Parvenus also possess significant wealth, but seek status through consumption, and choose using conspicuous signals to express their economic power.

The less affluent group is composed of Poseurs and Proletarians. Poseurs, like Parvenus, seek status and prefer conspicuous products, but do not possess sufficient wealth to afford authentic goods. Proletarians are less affluent and low in need for status, so this group does not have a strong motivation to purchase either conspicuous or inconspicuous products (Yang, 2012).

Porter (2003) indicated developing economies seek sustainable high income levels, need from isolated firms to an array of clusters, and upgrade the breadth and sophistication of clusters to more advanced activities. Among the central recommendations were to strengthen brands, encourage linkages, focus on innovation, and develop a shared vision between the public and private sectors.

A brand is essentially a promise, as products are made in factories, whereas brands are created in the mind, such that brands represent the attributes, quality, price, reputation, image, and self-expression of the underlying products. The brand attribute must be focused on a narrow and specific product range, such as underwear experts or jeans masters, in order to convince and inform customers about the qualities of the companies and their associated products.

Hui and Zhou (2002) proposed an integrative model and believed that three variables, namely Country-of-Origin (COO), Brand Name and Price, were the major predictors for overall product evaluation and purchase intentions. COO refers to quality, prestige, and workmanship, while brand name represents value and equity. According to Hui and Zhou』s (2002) model, except for the price element, consumers have a high anticipation for a product』s brand name and COO, regardless of their culture, status and psychological needs.

Han (2005) explored the relative importance of COO and brand name on Taiwanese consumers』 perception of products, and indicated the influences of incongruent information between the COO and brand origin impact on consumers』 product evaluation and purchase intentions. In other words, at the present stage, the slogan Made in China is relatively low by way of reputation, so it is essential to raise the brand to enter the mid-to-high marketing strata, which may well be difficult for JSCL.

3.2 Impact of Cultural Dimension

According to the Hofstede cultural dimension theory (Hofstede, 1984), China is a typical collectivist country, so that interpersonal effects are expected. Therefore, JSCL must consider interpersonal effects more, such as the Veblen, Snob, and Bandwagon effects. Veblen』s (1899) theory of the leisure class is the foundation of status consumption research, and sheds light on how people use wealth and goods to compete with each other, as well as to bolster their social status.

Yang (2012) indicated, in a pecuniary competition system, people try to distance themselves from those in a lower class, while mimicking the behavior of others in a higher class. Simmel (1904) proposed the upper-class theory of fashion. First, lower classes adopt the status symbols of classes above them as they seek to climb the ladder of social status. Second, the upper class abandons fashions that are adopted by the lower classes as they attempt to distinguish themselves from the lower classes.

In conclusion, in a collectivist country, clothes and accessories are not just to satisfy consumer』s functional needs, but also to cater to consumer』s psychological needs. Frequently, COO and brand names will influence consumers』 product evaluation and purchase intentions more than the design, quality and workmanship. JSCL needs to understand that consumers have different psychological needs in the domestic market. At present, most Chinese consumers lack the means and motivation to purchase domestic high-end brands.

In any event, the domestic market is more concerned with the relationship between enterprises and consumers. For example, boutiques, franchise stores, department stores, and warehouse stores are four primarily retail channels, with each distribution channel having established a different relationship between sellers and buyers. If JSCL chooses department stores as channels, the company image will be established according to the associated store image. Franchise stores and warehouse stores always operate according to middle brands and fast fashion. Upmarket department stores tend to prefer international brands to domestic brands for self-positioning, which leads to another competitive disadvantage for JSCL.

Push and pull factors have emerged as an important method for interpreting retailers』 motives for expanding into domestic and foreign retail markets. Retailers are pulled towards a foreign market and/or are 「pushed」 out of their home market in order to further their growth objectives (Hines, 2007). Like JSCL, it presently lacks the reputation and loyalty of consumers in the domestic market, so it is hard to cooperate with upscale department stores or traditional department stores in order to establish its enterprise image. Promoting the brand reputation overseas can improve the company image from the perspective of domestic consumer psychology.

3.3 Future Transformation Approach

The traditional transformation approach needs mass economic inputs, so that it is not suitable for every company, especially for struggling companies such as JSCL. Internet B2C commerce reduces the cost of transactions by allowing customers to access information more easily about different products and sellers. Compared with mass upfront investment to enter the bricks and mortar retail markets, the e-commerce platform has helped many financially poor companies to run businesses.

Alibaba (NYSE:BABA) is a famous example, as it has helped over one million Chinese families to enter the middle class, and also promotes the Chinese package industry, the logistics industry, and even the fast food industry. However, the B2C or C2C platform cannot solve all the underlying problems, especially product differences relating to consumer needs, such as haute couture or fast fashion.

Compared with the IT industry, some traditional industries in China are stagnant. The Chinese Government has guided traditional industries to develop intelligent production. Examples include 「Created in China」 to replace 「Made in China」, but asymmetric information is a problem to impede these good intentions. In the past, manufacturers were aware that meeting every customer』s needs was an impossible task. Therefore, as in the case of JSCL, concentrating on only a limited number of products cannot possibly meet all the requirements of consumers.

Employing Industry 4.0 could possibly change this situation, as Industry 4.0 provides automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies, including cyber-physical systems and cloud computing. Based on this technology, customers and enterprises can connect with each other at a very low cost, so that demand might be enhanced significantly. Nowadays, consumers increasingly prefer personalized products, but personalized products frequently have extremely small requirements that need the Industry 4.0 platform to capture customer needs and rapid production accurately.

China has a complete silk industrial chain and huge industry scale, so that rapid production is an obvious advantage of Chinese enterprises. A remaining problem is how to expand and link systems such as ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) and MES (Manufacturing Execution System), and allow enterprises from the complete automation and portion information period to move toward complete automation and information. JSCL needs to establish an online service platform, and allow the platform to connect with production equipment, use the RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) to cover the product information, and then use the information for intelligent production.

JSCL』s role should be like an intelligent enterprise, receiving the information from domestic or overseas consumers, and then producing customers』 orders. When the online information system and automated production system are combined, JSCL could re-position itself as a cloud enterprise. JSCL might only focus on silk product innovation and service upgrades, so it would not need to develop its own server and online platforms. A direct hiring of the cloud service would save time and money. Meanwhile, JSCL could also accept orders from other online platforms as a cloud silk factory.

A future transformation approach can provide possibilities to help JSCL to overcome the brand and characteristic goods issue to a certain extent, but compared with these two issues, seeking new markets may be more important and profitable. One Belt and One Road tries to use Chinese capital to create a safer external environment and greater business opportunities. Based on previous research, most of the major silk consumers of the world, such as Italy, India, France, United Kingdom, Germany and UAE, are covered by the 「Silk Road Economic Belt」 strategy. With regard to India, it has the Sari custom and a huge population, with a corresponding wide market potential.

3.4 Future Strategy Integrated National Strategy

The Silk Road Economic Belt strategy has been divided along road countries at three levels. The first level is called the Core Area, with the Chinese Government expending funds to promote national security, such as strike ethnic separatism and terrorists. In this area, the development of economic cooperation and trade is a secondary aim as a lower population and per capita incomes cannot provide a larger market.

The second level is called the Important Area, including resource-rich countries, such as Russia, Iran and Saudi. These countries possess oil and other resources, whereas China possesses excess iron and steel, idle foreign exchange funds, and advanced technology. Reasonable international exchanges can be beneficial to both parties. Furthermore, this area also encompasses highly-populated countries like Pakistan and India.

Generally, highly populated countries have equally high consumption levels, and hence can establish and present huge markets. However, based on a weak infrastructure and lower income, most Indians still live in the basic economy, do not benefit from international division of labour, or enjoy low prices and high quality Chinese products and services. The 「One Belt, One Road」 strategy has a project to invest billions dollars to construct railways, ports and power grids in this area, through the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. If it succeeds, this would be highly profitable for Chinese enterprises, especially for the silk industry.

3.5 International Trade

Compared with China, India has more Poseurs and Proletarians consumers (Yang, 2012; Han, Nunes and Dreze, 2010). These two groups of consumers have lower level of lust for status consumption, and are more focused on functional needs than other product』s added-value. Hofstede (2001, 2017) indicated that India, with an intermediate score of 48, is a society with both Collectivistic and Individualist traits.

The collectivist side means that there is a high preference for belonging to a larger social framework in which individuals are expected to act in accordance to the greater good of one』s defined in-group(s). In such situations, the actions of the individual are influenced by various concepts, such as the opinions of one』s family, extended family, neighbors, work group, and other wider social networks with which one has some affiliation. For a collectivist, to be rejected by one』s peers, or to be thought of as lowly by one』s extended and immediate in-groups, leaves them rudderless and with a sense of intense emptiness.

The Individualist aspect of Indian Society is seen as a result of its dominant religion/philosophy, namely Hinduism. Hindus believe in a cycle of death and rebirth, with the manner of each rebirth being dependent upon how the individual lived their preceding life. Individuals are responsible for the way in which they have led their lives, and the impact it will have upon their rebirth. Such a focus on individualism interacts with the otherwise collectivist tendencies of Indian society, which leads to its intermediate score on this dimension (Hofstede, 2001). As a result, compared with a classic collectivistic country, such as China, the interpersonal effect is much weaker between Indian individuals. Consequently, the lack of brand reputation and recognition is an advantage to Chinese silk enterprises, which have greater opportunities to offset the resulting gap.

Owing to the sensitive nature of the Tibet Territorial issue (which China calls Southern Tibet, and India calls Arunachal Pradesh), and the standpoint of Pakistan, China and India have many political conflicts, with cooperation and contacts in politics regarded as relatively unimportant. Although the Chinese Government has stated that the New Silk Road is not political, it has nevertheless run into opposition from India due to a section of the Road in Pakistan, known as the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, where some projects run through the disputed Kashmir region.

Therefore, China must strengthen both business and cultural cooperation with India, and to seek to disarm and create a peaceful environment to protect the crucial economic trading strategies.

China has been using the Three Approaches to maintain economic growth in recent decades, such as Railway Construction, Road Construction and Infrastructure Construction (RRI). In reality, these three approaches have created new markets and integration of urban and rural markets. 「One Belt One Road」 can be regarded as RRI 2.0 or RRI overseas version.

RRI 2.0 could be considered as macroeconomic policy, but it will create more new market shares at the microeconomic level. RRI 2.0 can also transform current markets and market shares, such as from handicrafts to manufacturing and industrialization. Releasing the stock of funds in RRI cannot increase the quantity of money, so such a strategy should not be the cause of higher inflation.

3.6 Target Marketing

In recent years, CHINDIA (China,India) and BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) have been mentioned in the media and by politicians as both collective regions and countries possess huge population bases and development potential. Silk as a fiber was first discovered by the Chinese, but India also has a rich and complex history in silk production and silk processing. China breeds a greater number of bivoltine silkworms, which provide a higher quality of silk, but also a lower yield in silk. India breeds a greater number of multivoltine silkworms, which is lower in the quality of silk, but also a higher yield in silk. However, compared with China』s industrial silk production processes, Indian silk production remains essentially a manual process.

India is the second largest producer of raw silk, and the largest consumer of raw silk and silk fabrics, as the consumption of raw silk (around 28,740 MT, 2013) exceeds production. The additional requirement of around 5,700 MT (2013) of silk is imported mainly from China. Through the direct exporting of raw silk, China has gained limited benefits, especially as the Indian Government has launched continuous anti-dumping measures since 2002 to try to limit China』s raw silk and silk fabric markets.

India has the unique distinction of being the only country producing all five known commercial silks, namely Mulberry, Tropical Tasar, Oak Tasar, Eri, and Muga. Mulberry sericulture is mainly practised in five states, namely Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and Jammu Kashmir jointly account for about 97% of the total mulberry silk production in the country. Non-Mulberry has been called Vanya Silk; Tropical Tasar is produced in Central India』s Chhattisgarh Jharkhand, Odisha; and Oak Tasar is produced in Uttarakhand State. India is the biggest producer of Eri. Muga with its golden yellow glitter, is unique and a prerogative of India. Both Muga and Eri are produced in Assam.

From 1980, the World Bank』s agriculture sector supported the Karnataka Sericulture Project (1980-88) in India, which was intended to help promote employment and enhance productivity. Subsequently, the Indian Government launched the National Sericulture Project (1989-96). After completion of the two projects, Indian Central Committee found the Silk Catalytic Development Programme. Based on linear analyses of the data before and after three projects, Li (2008) indicated that government investment had an obvious linear correlation on Silk Total Output and Silk Export Quantity. Therefore, integrated macroeconomic and microeconomic research suggests that the huge investment of 「One Belt One Road」 will stimulate the silk market and international silk marketing.

Compared with other export commodities, China』s silk has a greater competitive edge, with price elasticity of -0.3825, which might be viewed as a relatively low elasticity, so that a lower price cannot increase export volume. Previously, the primary competitive advantage of Chinese silk was price. This is a similar situation to that of India, which was also able to promote silk textile competitiveness and the creation of new market possibilities.

Through analysis of PEST, in political terms, India had a strict separation of state and religion, based on British Parliamentary Democracy, with no Military Coup de tat. Morever, the official Civil System was not impacted by regime changes.

In terms of economic factors, India』s financial system may have been superior to that of China, with private companies finding it more straightforward to obtain financial loans, with abundant labor and growth dividends.

In terms of social factors, India has long been under the influence of religion, so that the Indian traditional culture has been preserved. Sari is still the main garment for Indian women. The use of the English language is another advantage in India, as foreign enterprises have developed English online platforms to meet the needs of Indian consumers of silk and other products.

In terms of technological factors, India can provide advantageous internet technology that is supported with operational maintenance. This can reduce the cost for foreign companies, with high technical imagery based on internet technology that has excellent chances to advance economic and social growth.

4. Conclusion

Regardless of production technologies or industry scale, the Chinese silk industry still has numerous and obvious advantages. The traditional operational mode has reached a bottleneck, which cannot release the enormous potential of industry. In fact, macroeconomic strategies always seem to change the microeconomic environment. For example, hundreds of years ago, the Silk Road crossed the mountains and deserts to connect China and Europe, and found new markets thousands of miles away. Nowadays, the existing markets that were found a long time ago are such that further development needs to occur to create and enhance new markets through international trade.

The 「One Belt One Road」 strategy is intended to connect South-East Asia, South Asia, Middle East, Africa and Europe, and also assist a large number of developing countries to construct railways, ports and power grids to improve their economies. This makes it possible for Chinese enterprises to excavate new markets in hitherto unknown lands. Online platforms have helped many poor Chinese individuals economically, so there is reason to expect such to help Chinese enterprises in new markets. Both industry chains and industry scale are advantageous for the Chinese silk manufacturing industry. The use of manufactured goods to replace raw materials is also greatly needed.

How to find the right way of exerting these advantages should be more important than how to recognize them. New modes and thinking provide a feasible way of developing struggling Chinese enterprises, including the silk industry. The 「One Belt One Road」 policy will provide funds to help many countries to improve their infrastructure construction, establish local online platforms, and to use the new logistics and delivery networks as a key strategy of Chinese silk enterprises.


導語:美元的國際化進程總結一句話就是:巨額逆差+巨量美債,是國際貿易主導型的。順差+資本輸出是人民幣最可能的國際化之路,而一帶一路沿線國家的貿易資本結構都非常符合人民幣國際化的需求。最終決定戰略成功的勝負手是金融,是人民幣國際化。

1、一帶一路是盤大棋

2013年9月7日,習近平主席在哈薩克發表重要演講,首次提出了共同建設「絲綢之路經濟帶」的戰略倡議;2013年10月3日,習近平主席在印度尼西亞國會發表重要演講時明確提出共同建設「21世紀海上絲綢之路」。

http://www.ckbcg.cn/imageRepository/549d4647-35d8-4585-8042-c10d4d95272b.jpg

「一帶一路」是中國第一次以我為主提出的國際戰略構想,從中國向南向西伸出巨大鉗形,貫穿亞歐非大陸,連接活躍的東亞經濟圈和發達的歐洲經濟圈,中間廣大腹地國家經濟發展潛力巨大。

2016年中國與「一帶一路」沿線64個國家GDP之和佔全球GDP的31%;人口總數為45.9億人,佔全球人口的62%;對外貿易總額為10.9萬億美元,佔全球貿易總額的33%。

http://www.ckbcg.cn/imageRepository/02dee752-ef53-47b9-8d04-582247ce5ccf.png

2、中國與沿線國家經貿關係發展迅速

2016年中國與「一帶一路」沿線國家貿易總額為9536億美元,佔中國對外貿易總額的25.7%,其中中國與沿線52國貿易順差,與12國貿易逆差,中國向沿線國家出口佔總出口額的比重也越來越大。

http://www.ckbcg.cn/imageRepository/6ef80f63-3ad9-463f-b27d-346f2609b6b6.jpg

中國企業已經在「一帶一路」沿線20多個國家建設了56個經貿合作區,累計投資超過185億美元。2016年中國在沿線國家新簽對外承包工程合同為1260億美元,增長36%。對沿線國家直接投資145億美元,占我國對外投資總額的8.5%。

2016年一帶一路沿線國家七項核心基礎設施領域(公用事業、交通、電信、社會、建設、能源和環境)的項目與交易約4940億美元,其中,中國佔總量的三分之一。

3、中國與沿線國家的經濟合作的三個層次

除了中國,一帶一路沿線64個國家,包括東亞1國,東南亞11國,南亞8國,中亞5國,西亞北非19國,東歐20國。我們認為,中國與沿線的國家經濟合作的深度大致分為三個層次。

(1)第一層次:東盟和上合組織成員國,推進經濟一體化。中國已經連續7年成為東盟的第一大貿易夥伴,東盟連續5年是中國的第三大貿易夥伴,人民幣在很多東盟國家已經成為接受程度頗高的貨幣。

中國與上海合作組織成員國或觀察員國中的9個分別簽訂了本幣互換協議,並積极參与各國基礎設施建設和能源、資源開發。

(2)第二層次:西亞北非國家,能源合作為主提升經貿合作。一帶一路在中東交匯 ,中國在中東沒有政治負債 ,成立於2000年的中非合作論壇為中非關係發展打下基礎。

以中國和沙特的關係為例,石油貢獻了沙特50%的GDP、70%的財政收入和90%的外貿收入。近兩年來由於國際油價持續走弱,直接導致沙特政府赤字提高。中國作為沙特最大貿易夥伴、最大石油進口國,吸引中國資金和技術進入沙特,成為沙特關注的焦點。2017年3月16日,沙特國王訪華簽署650億美元大單,並提出「沙特願景2030對接一帶一路」倡議。

(3)第三個層次:中歐合作,重點是建立全面戰略夥伴關係。歐盟是中國的第一大貿易夥伴,德國是歐盟國家中經濟實力最強的,中歐關係的核心是中德關係。

4、即將舉行的一帶一路峰會將成為人民幣國際化的新起點

截止2016年6月,中國與19個沿線國家簽署了本幣互換協議,中資銀行在沿線18個國家建立了分支機構,在卡達、馬來西亞、泰國、新加坡、匈牙利5個國家建立人民幣清算行。

5月14日至15日,一帶一路」國際合作高峰論壇將在北京舉行,包括俄羅斯總統普京等28位國家領導人確定出席,將為人民幣國際化的加速推進注入新活力。

美元的國際化進程總結一句話就是:巨額逆差+巨量美債,是國際貿易主導型的。順差+資本輸出是人民幣最可能的國際化之路,而一帶一路沿線國家的貿易資本結構都非常符合人民幣國際化的需求。

5、特朗普政策將導致美國全球戰略性收縮為一帶一路戰略騰出空間

4月26日,美國特朗普政府公布稅收改革方案,擬大幅削減企業所得稅稅m至15%;個人所得稅稅稅率將從7檔減少至3檔,個稅起征點大幅提升。新稅改方案還將廢除遺產稅、「奧巴馬醫保」稅、替代性最低稅等稅種,還設計對美國企業海外利潤迴流本土實施一次性稅收計劃。

無論稅改最終是否達到預期力度,為控制財政赤字,特朗普政府都需要減少支出,由此必然導致美國全球戰略性收縮。

6、建議

一帶一路是盤大棋,核心是中國向西向南建立巨大的戰略縱深,有條件的民營企業應積极參与一帶一路沿線國家的投資與貿易。

貿易、基建、能源與資源開發是企業參與一帶一路戰略的切入點。

最終決定戰略成功的勝負手是金融,是人民幣國際化。


不請自來,先科普下「一帶一路」,再講講它的投資機會。

圖文並茂比較吸引人,請看長圖↓↓↓

內容來自飛笛智投:小白財經,更多乾貨請點擊:飛笛智投


影響可真是無處不在呢。

語文s版教材二年級下冊的第31課原來一直是《諾亞方舟》,等我找到圖補一個。今年翻印時31課被改成《絲綢之路》了。就這一課改了。

有圖有真相。


貼一篇自己寫的文章,大家批評指正!

哪些企業該搭上一帶一路的快車

今天來了個生產醫療器械的朋友,說累了不想做了,我問他為什麼,他說醫院的開發維護成本太高了,關鍵,經常回家晚,妻子嘮叨不說,也總覺得愧對孩子,感覺生活沒有質量,也不快樂。

我建議他做出口,原因有三:

一、國內產能過剩,競爭激烈.

現在國內的很多產品都生產過剩, 特別是關係型銷售,花錢花精力不說,而且心很累,關鍵回款還不及時,搞得企業舉步維艱,銀行由於本身屬性的問題,不可能大面積雪中送炭,企業家的處境就可想而知了.

在這種情況下,國家提出了一帶一路的策略,並且付諸實施有一段時間了,只是大部分企業家並沒有理解。

二、出口比內銷簡單

國際貿易一直有「國家級經銷商」的概念,內銷沒有,什麼叫「國家級經銷商」呢?比如說徐工,在印度有三個代理商,最大的叫新康, 新康在印度有22個分公司,具備極強的工程機械分銷能力,徐工70%印度的銷量都是通過他們賣的。其實想想進口賓士在國內怎麼賣了也就明白了。

招聘一個有經驗的外銷人員,我們權且把它叫外貿精英嗎?一個人,基本不需要什麼推廣,很輕鬆就能出口過千萬,對國內市場銷售人員來講,這是有很高難度的,並不是說這個外貿人員就比內銷人員水平高多少,而是有內外銷的差異造成的。

三,出口不靠關係,回款有保障

很多產品在國內銷售都需要或多或少的依賴關係,這是由供需態勢決定的,出口則不然,選對國家,選對客戶類型,1-2個人的配置,就足夠了。

國際貿易已經存在很多年的時間,無論是電費匯還是信用證,回款都比較有保障,再加上國家為了保障收款,專門成立了中國出口信用保險公司,其目的也是為了讓中國的出口企業的放心大膽地出口。

這裡只做一個拋磚引玉,看到文章的企業家們,也可以自己思考一下,你的企業是時候搭上一帶一路的快車了嗎?

本文歡迎轉發,轉發請註明作者和出處

微信公眾號:wangleigongshe


首先一帶一路,中國帶出去的是什麼?是中國目前的科技水平?還是我們過剩的產能?

我認為首先要明白中國人與外國人最大的不同是什麼

中國成功的商人,講究的是商業模式,說土一點就是套路,比如共享單車,淘寶,滴滴這類的,不需要很高的技術水平,甚至只需要一個平台網站就可以實現巨額的回報,大部分中國商人喜歡在大數據上做文章,說土一點就是算賬,做小生意的算小賬,做大生意算大數據就好了,找幾個老闆,算一遍大數據,加一點套路,在中國就沒有做不好的生意

而國外人呢,這方面相對老實一點,大部分做生意還是講究產品質量,創新和科技,比如谷歌啊,蘋果,微軟這種類型,需要花很大的成本投入產品研發,他們賺的是賣專利技術,和對外銷售產品的錢

在我看來,中國一帶一路,帶出去的,更多是我們做生意的套路!而一帶一路舉動本身,也是一個國家級別的套路

事實上除了資源可以帶出去交換,中國人更願意用沒有成本的套路來換取資源,

就中國短暫而言的未來做一個小小的預測,當然屌絲的還將是屌絲,有套路的人,還是可以吃香的,喝辣的,甚至衝出國門,吃更香的,喝更辣的,花大錢搞科研的企業,賺錢方面反而不如會算賬的,因為有錢,我可以買到你所有的科研產品,再套到我2.0版本的套路上,再去和非洲兄弟以各種形式交換資源。

做個大膽的假設,馬雲爸爸也許真的要成為全世界最大的電商企業,超越比爾蓋茨也是有可能的,VR技術剛更新了,他就想來一個VR淘寶購物體驗,面部識別剛出來,他就來個面部登錄支付寶,簡直就是,萬千科技為我所用,科研方面我任巋然不動,


一帶一路,高峰論壇開幕時間為,2017年,5月14日,上午8:00,陰曆丁酉年,四月十九,辰時

據此排出四柱,當為:

丁 乙 辛 壬

酉 巳 丑 辰

(3歲起大運)甲辰  癸卯  壬寅  辛丑  庚子  己亥  戊戌  丁酉  

辛金生於四月,忌丙火燥烈,喜壬水只淘喜,而地支,巳酉丑三合金局,壬水透在時柱上,又有乙木,堪堪制土,金白水清,其象昭然,清澈見底。

一帶一路之國策,真打破現如今西方全球化話語權體系,重新定義話語權的之高明計策,國家背後亦必有高人指點。

從局亦可看,有壬水透出,是能成格關鍵,壬屬北水,一帶一路能獲萬國來朝,俄羅斯的支持是關鍵。

丁火逼金生水,出力亦不少。

到己亥年,己土阻攔,試圖把水攪渾,幸有大運甲木透出,制服戊己,甲木屬東方,料朝或、日、韓,未來3到十年,必有對美倒戈一擊,促使一帶一路獲得更大成果,五十年內,一帶一路將一直保持市場,諸位現在布局亦不算晚。

紫微來看,命宮,無主星,借對宮星,遷移宮星曜來斷,乃日月照明,日月同臨,加會左輔右弼,中華崛起,勢不可擋。

遷移宮,主運輸,高鐵,運輸一類的產業,乃一帶一路之根本,能起勢的條件。

官祿宮,天同化權,屬文化業、服務業,可以料想,借一帶一路之春風,必將往世界輸送大量中國文化,比如影視、文學等軟文化。

財帛宮巨門化忌,乃丁干使化,目前來看,國內經濟,依然不景氣,巨門屬水,屬暗,大量國內資產被轉移,能使國庫重新豐盈的,一在辛宮,落亥宮,屬乾卦,乾者金也,當屬金屬、鋼材一類;二在乙宮,乙宮,落官宮,仍屬文化產業,兌者 說也,加會旬空,金空則鳴,與聲音有關的文化產業,即影像一類,也將大有市場

因此,料:運輸業、快遞、高鐵、文化、娛樂、影象出版,必將大有可為

以上


「一帶一路」沿線國家對中國經濟來說是一個互補,我們消費產能過剩,我們一些裝備製造業,我們的設備,我們的管理,我們的人才走出去,對於我們來說都是優勢,廣闊天空事實上更是一個機會。

非洲有53個國家和6個地區,有很多地區和國家是安全的並且人民的生活水平相對較高,成本比我們低的多,他的汽油是咱們一半的價格,他的勞動力,找個收拾家打掃衛生的也就兩百塊錢人民幣,做正常的工人也就四五百塊錢人民幣,所以他的勞動力成本非常低。

1、非洲的礦藏儲量豐富,開採技術很落後,對於我們國內技術比較成熟的採礦企業適合

2、製造業也很適合,非洲有能源只不過它的技術水平落後,非洲有56個國家,這些國家有很多生活水平很高,在當地自產自銷也是很好的選擇

3、很重要的一點就是非洲的基礎設施很薄弱,並且非洲正在經歷城鎮化進程,基礎設施需要很多的原材料,生產、加工的需求量都很大,國有企業都在這方面部署戰略、

以上三點代表本人觀點,強調一點非洲國家對中國面孔是非常友善的,畢竟我們國家進入聯合國也是靠著第三世界的人民,上世紀我們無條件幫助了多少就不用在這裡細聊了。


一帶一路是中國經濟走出去的大戰略,不僅是為了盤活經濟,還一方面就是為了國家戰略安全,西藏新疆的穩定取決於國家的戰略部署 經濟穩定,所以國家西部大開發,中部大開發,一帶一路也將其包含在內,包括如目前的亞投行,泛亞鐵路等等,都是為了使中國不僅在經濟上,更是國家安全上走出的一步重要的棋,擺脫圍堵!


跟著DOCO君在紀錄片的世界裡,看我可愛美麗的大中國!

DOCO君在此

給各位小夥伴

介紹十部紀錄片

這些紀錄片詳細地介紹了

我國各個方面的建設與發展,

從專業角度解析每一個項目,

更不忘感謝

在這些偉大的建設中,

所付出的人們

《中國高鐵》 (點擊播放)

從橋樑、隧道、無砟軌道等線路工程,到牽引供電和列車運行控制系統,再到高速列車的研製,中國的高速鐵路走出了一條獨具特色的創新之路,推動中國在這一領域佔據世界領先地位。

從一無所有,到構建起完備、成熟的技術體系,這一切既坎坷曲折,又波瀾壯闊

▲ 長按識別圖中二維碼 跳轉觀看在線視頻

《超級工程》 (點擊播放)

片中展現了五個中國重大工程項目,分別是港珠澳大橋上海中心大廈北京地鐵網路海上巨型風機超級LNG(液態天然氣)船

《超級工程》將更多的鏡頭,對準了參與「超級工程」建設的普通人,真實地記錄了他們的智慧、生活、情感和夢想,鮮活呈現了奇蹟背後的艱辛歷程和付出,使得這一部科學類工程題材紀錄片充滿了濃厚的人文情懷。

▲ 長按識別圖中二維碼 跳轉觀看在線視頻

《大國工匠》(點擊播放)

《大國工匠》講述了為長征火箭焊接發動機的八位國家高級技師,如何用自己的專業知識和難得的奉獻精神為國家貢獻力量,鑄就了偉大的世界性科研成果。

他們數十年如一日地追求著職業技能的極致化,靠著傳承和鑽研,憑著專註和堅守,締造了一個又一個的「中國製造」

科技讓探索宇宙之路變得不再艱難,而在科技的力量背後,是一大批的中國工匠為之披星戴月的奮鬥

▲ 長按識別圖中二維碼 跳轉觀看在線視頻

《大國外交》(點擊播放)

《大國外交》是中央電視台推出的六集大型政論專題片。

片子通過權威訪談和鮮活故事,既勾勒出中國特色大國外交的理論框架,也展現了新時期中國外交波瀾壯闊的宏偉實踐,反映了中國外交給人民帶來的參與感和構建人類命運共同體、「一帶一路」等中國理念、中國方案的世界迴響

▲ 長按識別圖中二維碼 跳轉觀看在線視頻

《中國隊長》(點擊播放)

《中國隊長》,通過關注交通運輸、供應配送、安保安全、醫療救護、國防軍事、網路科技、環境生態等各個行業的領隊人物,反映新時代中國人的職業理想和精神風貌,向世界展示充滿活力與創造力的中國

這些人中,有在茫茫大海搜尋倖存者的東海第二飛行救助隊、也有見證歷史的國宴廚師長、更有為國家寶藏保駕護航的文物搬運專家、逆火而行的消防戰士等人物或團隊等等。

片子通過樸實自然、真實感人的故事,展示他們在平凡崗位上做出的不尋常成績,引導觀眾進一步堅定對中國特色社會主義的信念信心

▲ 長按識別圖中二維碼 跳轉觀看在線視頻

《輝煌中國》(點擊播放)

央視紀錄片《輝煌中國》以創新、協調、綠色、開放、共享的新發展理念為脈絡,全面反映黨的十八大以來,全國各族人民砥礪奮進、真抓實幹,中國經濟社會發展取得的歷史性成就。

片中充分展示五年來中國人民更多的獲得感、安全感、幸福感、自豪感,真實記錄中華民族實現從站起來、富起來到強起來的歷史性飛躍。

▲ 長按識別圖中二維碼 跳轉觀看在線視頻

《我們這五年》 (點擊播放)

紀錄片《我們這五年》,通過聚焦數十個普通中國人的故事,呈現五年來當代中國人對美好未來的憧憬和追求,展現普通人勤勞、善良、智慧、堅韌的精神品質以及自強不息、積極向上的奮鬥精神

現代中國所取得的輝煌成就,離不開每一位認真對待工作、生活的普通人的付出。在這個註定不平凡的時代里,每位普通人,都是偉大的見證者與鑄就者

▲ 長按識別圖中二維碼 跳轉觀看在線視頻

《永遠在路上》 (點擊播放)

該片反映了黨的十八大以來,黨中央把全面從嚴治黨提升到「四個全面」戰略布局高度,正風肅紀,鍥而不捨糾「四風」,贏得黨心民心;反腐懲惡,整治群眾身邊的腐敗問題,使不敢腐的震懾作用得到發揮,不能腐、不想腐的效應初步顯現,反腐敗鬥爭壓倒性態勢正在形成。

全面從嚴治黨、深入推進黨風廉政建設和反腐敗鬥爭,是中國共產黨對人民的承諾,對世界的宣示。

▲ 長按識別圖中二維碼 跳轉觀看在線視頻

《法治中國》(點擊播放)

全片共分六集,分別為《奉法者強》《大智立法》《依法行政》《公正司法(上)》《公正司法(下)》《全民守法》

這部政論片的推出,講述了我國堅定不移走中國特色社會主義法治道路、建設中國特色社會主義法治體系、建設社會主義法治國家的決心和信心

▲ 長按識別圖中二維碼 跳轉觀看在線視頻

《一帶一路》(點擊播放)

攝製組累計行程20萬公里,足跡跨越亞、非、歐、美四大洲,對「一帶一路」沿線30多個國家和國內新疆、福建等20多個省市自治區的建設工作進行深度拍攝,記錄國內外60多個普通人物與「一帶一路」的生動故事。

50餘位具有國際影響力的各界人士,從歷史、政治、經濟、社會、文化等不同角度積極評價中國「一帶一路」倡議,凝聚起「一帶一路」對實現人類利益共同體、責任共同體和命運共同體有重大作用的國際共識

▲ 長按識別圖中二維碼 跳轉觀看在線視頻

通過十部製作精良的紀錄片,也讓人們看到了這些年來我國一直秉承著的踏實、認真的態度

「不忘初心,牢記使命,高舉中國特色社會主義偉大旗幟,決勝全面建成小康社會,奪取新時代中國特色社會主義偉大勝利,為實現中華民族偉大復興的中國夢不懈奮鬥」是十九大的大會主題,而這些年來,我國也一直兢兢業業地完成每一個困難但重要的任務,不讓每一個人失望

儘管前途充滿荊棘,但是只要大家眾志成城,萬眾一心,一定能夠攻堅克難,實現中國夢

——————————

歡迎關注我們的微信公眾號:DOCO熱紀錄 | ID: docochina

知乎 | 豆瓣 | 愛奇藝 | Bilibili 平台均已入駐!

官方APP:DOCO熱紀錄


去北非參加過一帶一路的兄弟回來說的,那個項目剛開始找歐洲人搞,搞了一段,該國不想給錢,然後歐洲人撤出不幹了。那國又找了日本人,幹了一段,那國又不給錢,日本人不幹了,然後該國政府又忽悠來韓國人,幹了一點後韓國人發現該國又想賴賬,然後韓國人甩手不幹了。然後中國人主動過來把項目做完了,中國政府出錢。

中國人在很多國家被刁難,純屬犯賤,自找的。


轉載

(一)美國的「新絲綢之路」計劃

當下,學界熱議的美國「新絲綢之路」計劃緣於美國有關經過阿富汗的油氣管道問題的中亞計劃。1995年4月,美國政府成立了包括國家安全委員會、國務院和中情局在內的工作小組,研究美國公司參與中亞油氣開發的問題。在此背景下,1997年10月,美國參議員布朗巴克在與約翰·霍普金斯大學中亞和高加索研究所所長弗雷德里克·斯塔爾教授密切合作下,最早提出了有關「新絲綢之路」的提案。1998年2月,優尼科公司也向美國國會提交了一份名為《新絲綢之路:擬議中的阿富汗輸油管》的報告,呼籲美國領導阿富汗的和平進程,為該公司策劃的輸油管方案的實施創造條件。1999年,美國國會通過了《絲綢之路戰略法案》,該法案授權美國政府採取措施支持中亞和南高加索地區的消弭衝突、人道主義需求、經濟發展、基礎設施建設、邊境管控、民主和公民社會的建設。2005年,斯塔爾進一步提出「大中亞計劃」,建議美國以阿富汗為中心,推動中亞、南亞在政治、安全、能源和交通等領域的合作,建立一個由實行市場經濟和世俗政治體制的親美國家組成的新地緣政治板塊,從而保障美國在中亞和南亞地區的戰略利益。為推動計劃的實施,美國國務院甚至於2006年1月調整了內部機構設置,把原屬歐洲局的中亞五國納入新設的中亞南亞局。2011年7月,美國國務卿希拉里正式宣布採納「新絲綢之路」計劃。

因此,美國的「新絲綢之路」計劃經歷了一個逐漸完善的發展過程。其基本方案是「能源南下,商品北上」,具體說,就是以阿富汗為中介,實現中亞能源南下到巴基斯坦,同時把巴基斯坦的製成品北運到中亞。這一方案以南北向的輸氣管為軸心,其目的是推動本地區的穩定和經濟發展,防止阿富汗的毒品輸出,同時使美國的勢力深入中亞地區,阻止輸氣管北方的俄羅斯、西方的伊朗、東方的中國與中亞國家發展關係,尤其是能源聯繫。美國考慮的另一條線路是從中亞通往高加索、土耳其的油氣管線。上述兩條管線形成了一個「丁」字形線路,完成了冷戰後美國在中亞、南亞和西亞的戰略布局。儘管計劃的內容主要涉及經濟方面,但也包含了重要的政治內容和戰略意義,具有一定的排他性。尤其是2011年出台的最終版本,旨在為美國的後阿富汗撤軍時代布局。美國認為,阿富汗的政治穩定與經濟繁榮密切相連,而阿富汗只有徹底融入中南亞區域經濟發展中,才能夠實現自身的繁榮穩定。因此,整合中南亞經濟板塊、促進中南亞區域經濟合作,成為解決阿富汗問題、順利完成撤軍計劃和確保反恐成果的重要前提和保障之一。

然而,美國的「新絲綢之路」計劃遇到了許多具體問題。經過多方努力,從亞塞拜然經喬治亞到達土耳其的巴庫-第比利斯-傑伊漢管線(BTC)於2002年開工,2005年5月正式開通。從亞塞拜然經喬治亞到達土耳其的南高加索天然氣管線(SCP,巴庫-第比利斯-埃爾祖魯姆管線)於2004年開工,2007年竣工。至此,美國「丁」字形線路通往西亞的「一」字有了結果,但上述線路仍然面臨著沿線喬治亞境內南奧塞梯與阿布哈茲問題及土耳其的庫爾德地區動蕩的不確定性。至於「丁」字形線路的主線即從中亞經阿富汗到南亞的「1」字形線路,則由於阿富汗和巴基斯坦西北邊境省局勢的持續動蕩而進展不大。

面對實施中的實際困難,美國也開始強調其他國家的參與。例如,美國積極吸引外資參與阿富汗國內建設,幫助阿富汗建立獨立的經濟體系,提出國際社會共同分享阿富汗重建的「過渡紅利」。作為美國主導的阿富汗重建問題的國際治理方式,阿富汗地區經濟合作會議(Regional Economic Cooperation Conference on Afghanistan,RECCA)機制正式發起於2005年,前5屆分別在喀布爾、新德里、伊斯蘭堡、伊斯坦布爾和杜尚別舉行,會議認為其「已經對阿富汗地區的經濟建設有了重要的理論支持」。2015年9月,在喀布爾召開的第六屆阿富汗地區經濟合作會議(RECCA-VI)最大的成果之一,就是在美國主導的國際會議上第一次以文件形式確認了中國「一帶一路」倡議的重要地位,並將「一帶一路」的「五通」「揉」進了備忘錄。大會最後通過的《主席聲明》提出:「與會代表注意到中國提出的『一帶一路』倡議及其對東亞、中亞和南亞廣泛的經濟和社會發展潛力」。

(二)日本的「絲綢之路外交」政策

1997年,時任首相橋本龍太郎提出了針對中亞和外高加索地區的「歐亞外交」政策,其主要目標是提高日本在中亞和外高加索地區的地緣政治地位,同時爭奪該地區能源開發及貿易的主導權。在此基礎上,日本於1999年進一步提出了「絲綢之路外交」政策,試圖加強日本與該地區的高層交流,推動中亞的經濟發展和雙邊能源開發合作,並積极參与中亞不擴散核武器、民主化和政治穩定等活動。2004年以後,日本著手建立「中亞+日本」對話機制。在同年舉行的首次「中亞+日本」外長會議上,外相川口順子提到了推動包括阿富汗在內的「地區內合作」。本次會議和2006年召開的第二屆外長會議還討論了中亞-阿富汗-巴基斯坦管道以及土庫曼-中國-日本輸氣管線、哈薩克-中國-日本輸油管線等項目。

與美國相比,日本的「絲綢之路外交」是反方向的「丁」字形,即從中亞到巴基斯坦的南北向管道和從中亞到日本的東西向管道。與美國相同的是,它同樣帶有強烈的政治性和排他性(旨在削弱中、俄在中亞的影響),以及戰略缺乏連續性和整體性,未能考慮到其在經濟、技術和政治方面面臨的巨大困難。

(三)巴基斯坦的中亞計劃和印度的「連通中亞」計劃

巴基斯坦是最早著手發展與中亞關係的南亞國家。該國與阿富汗一直存在領土爭端,並多次爆發衝突,因為巴基斯坦的西北邊境省在歷史上曾屬於阿富汗,當地居住著大批普什圖人。所以,巴基斯坦在阿富汗抗蘇戰爭期間追隨美國支持聖戰組織,希望在蘇聯撤軍後與新的阿富汗政權建立良好關係,從而確立對印度的戰略優勢。中亞獨立後,巴基斯坦盼望與中亞建立貿易和能源聯繫,因此它的計劃與美國是相近的,而巴基斯坦寄予希望的就是塔利班,後者的任務是統一阿富汗並建立穩定的國內秩序。1995年3月,巴基斯坦與土庫曼簽署協議,委託布里達斯石油公司進行經阿富汗西部鋪設輸氣管的可行性調查,管道的終點是巴基斯坦俾路支斯坦省。美國的優尼科公司也試圖開展類似的輸氣管工程建設。但阿富汗形勢的動蕩使上述計劃最終破產。阿富汗重建開始以後,阿富汗、巴基斯坦政府在修復聯繫兩國的公路方面取得一定成績。

南亞大國印度在蘇聯解體後提出了「連通中亞」計劃,但是由於印度與中亞之間缺少直接的陸路通道,印巴關係又持續動蕩,該計劃難以推進。近年來,美國幫助塑造了印度的絲綢之路戰略,因為該戰略以印度為終點,為巴基斯坦的「絲綢之路」提供了支點。2012年7月,印度重新闡釋了其新絲路規劃,主要內容之一包括打造通往中亞的能源和貿易通道。因此,印度的新絲路規劃與巴基斯坦相同,都是南北向的「1」字形,主要服務於本國經濟,但同時具有重要的戰略意義。

除此之外,土耳其發起的「中東走廊」或稱「現代絲綢之路計劃」也包括阿富汗,而伊朗於2011年提出的「鐵路絲綢之路」計劃中,阿富汗也被列入鐵路沿線國。因此,前文所述的美國和地區各國的「新絲路計劃」中,只有美國的戰略具有全球性,而其他諸國的計劃則主要服務於本國利益,儘管日本計劃中的管道規模不亞於美國。另外,美、日、巴、印等國的共同特點是規劃缺乏合理性,主要是因為作為聯通南亞唯一通道的阿富汗重建遭遇了重大挫折。當然,我們還必須看到,上述計劃反映了不同國家對復興絲綢之路的不同理念,與中國提出的「一帶一路」倡議具有一定競爭性,但更重要的是,它們並非相互排斥,而是具有廣泛的合作空間。中國的「一帶一路」倡議若能與上述「新絲路計劃」通力合作,各個計劃均可以相互加強,同時發揮「力量倍增器」的作用,支持由私有經濟帶動的經濟增長和就業,並促進歐亞大陸乃至更廣範圍的經濟融合。


經濟你們答了,那我來講講一帶一路下全球下得醫學發展,醫學想搞大事必讀。昨天學校醫學院舉辦《全球醫療衛生領袖香港峰會》中,各國大牛競相分享一帶一路下,全球醫學健康發展盛況!

先介紹會議:一整天的會議都與一帶一路相關。而下圖是與一帶一路直接相關的講座,全文鏈接見參考。

出席人士,更是整個衛生界的頂級精英(排名不分先後,當然每人不止一個頭銜啦)。因為裡面每個人都太厲害,所以全部列出來( ′ ▽ ` )?。:

主持人:

周柳建成(James Chow):央視國際頻道特約撰稿人

梁卓偉:香港大學李嘉誠醫學院院長(博古通今,答主男神)

大衛.海曼:英國漆咸樓皇家國際事務研究所 全球衛生安全中心主任及高級研究員

演講者分為政界、科學界和其他各界:

政界

陳昕煜:國家衛生和計劃生育委員會科教司副司長

申英秀:世界衛生組織西太平洋區域主任

陳肇始:香港特別行政區食物及衛生局局長

段宇飛:廣東省衛生和計劃生育委員會主任

高福:國家疾病預防控制中心主任

科學界:

詹啟敏:北京大學副校長、醫學部主任

張抒揚:北京協和醫院副院長

史提凡諾.貝爾托茲:加州大學柏克萊分校公共衛生學院院長

邊軍輝:汕頭大學醫學院院長

卡露. 柏立基:劍橋大學紐納姆學院校長

潘喜德:多倫多大學萊斯利. 丹藥劑學院院長

克利斯蒂安. 布雷紹:巴斯德研究所所長

陳致和教授:美國中華醫學基金會主席

鄭永齊:耶魯大學亨利.布朗森藥劑學

派翠西亞. 大衛森:約翰霍普金斯大學護理學院院長

珍妮花. 杜德納:加州大學柏克萊分校分子生物學與細胞生物學和化學系教授兼

胡浩華:多倫多大學環境衛生、流行病學、全球衛生和醫學教授,及達拉拉娜公共衛生學院創院院長

派屈克. 麥克斯韋爵士:英國劍橋大學臨床醫學院院長兼醫學系欽定講座教授

奧利. 彼特.奧特森:瑞典卡羅琳醫學院校長

彼得.皮奧特男爵教授:倫敦大學衛生與熱帶醫學院院長

布魯斯. 羅賓遜教授:悉尼大學醫學院前院長

穆罕默德. 沙巴茲:山東大學外科醫生和博士生及法國 IRCAD/IHU研究員

渋谷健司:東京大學醫學研究院國際保健政策學系主任

米歇爾. 威廉絲:哈佛大學陳曾熙公共衛生學院院長

特雷弗. 楊:加拿大多倫多大學副校長兼醫學院院長

其他各界:

陳致和:美國中華醫學基金會主席

彼得. 弗蘭科潘:牛津大學拜占庭研究中心、約阿努古典與拜占庭研究中心主任

蘿莉. 加勒特女士:全球公共衛生的普立茲奬記者及《外交政策》雜誌Voice 作家

李查. 荷頓:《柳葉刀》總編輯

泰倫?史蒂芬生:英國醫務委員會主席

蘇威:泰國公共衛生部高級顧問

善納. 芮迪:印度公共衛生基金會會長

要去買菜做飯,等有空就更新。

圖片來自網路,侵權刪圖。

參考資料:

全球醫療衛生領袖香港峰會


推薦閱讀:

如何理解 一帶一路 提出的背景及其實質 你認為 一帶一路 對中國的對外開放和經濟社會發展將帶來什麼樣的影響?
如果中國樓市崩盤了,會通貨膨脹還是通貨緊縮?
如何理解「窮人越窮」?
如何看待央行最近釋放的七萬億流動性?
如何理解「美元加息完畢,房地產利用價值就沒有了」?

TAG:中國經濟 |