英語去掉來自法語、拉丁語的辭彙後不用新詞替代還能用於正常交流嗎？

01-04

有點困難，但不一定不可以。

主要問題是去掉的借詞拿什麼來替代。

冰島語就曾經有大量外語借詞，可是在後來的語言純粹主義（linguistic purism）運動中，幾乎所有外來語全被本土辭彙取代了。方法是用固有片語合新造。一些拉丁語希臘語來的新概念辭彙，如氣象學英語是meteorology，而冰島語則是veeurfr?ei，veeur（weather）+fr?ei（studies，這個詞對應的英文詞是frood，現在成了方言詞）。

德語則更有趣，外來借詞和本土詞並存。比如，還是「氣象學」這個詞，既有希臘語借的Meteorologie，又有本土的Wetterkunde；還有「社會的」這個形容詞，既有sozial，又有gesellschaftlich。但是德國人貌似更愛用借詞。。。

——————————————————————————————————

跑題了。。。。

法語、拉丁語借詞由於歷史原因在英語中可謂是根深蒂固了，但是仍然有人在試圖恢復英語的「純潔性」，歷史很悠久，這便是Linguistic purism in English。

很多人都試圖用古英語或日耳曼固有詞造新詞取代借詞，這些嘗試都很有趣，個人看來有的詞比外來詞還要好。

舉幾個例子：

寫曲子的，不說composer，說tonesmith——tone+smith，「音樂匠人」；

結論，不說conclusion，說endsay——end+say，果然是「結」+「論」；

氫與氧，不說hydrogen和oxygen，而說waterstuff和sourstuff，與日語「水素」、「酸素」有異曲同工之妙；

最絕的是「放射性衰變」，radioactive decay這個科技味十足的詞，說成lightrotting——light+rot。。。

1989年，科幻作家波爾·安德森（Poul Anderson）發表了一篇用「純英語」寫成的關於基礎原子論的文章，叫做Uncleftish Beholding，用現代英語翻譯過來叫Atomic Theory。

然後他總結了用固有詞造新詞的方法：

1、詞義延伸（extension of sense），如mote，來自古英語mot原義是「沙粒」，引申為「粒子」particle；

2、借譯（calques），即對譯外來語的語素，如原子作「uncleft」，是對譯希臘語atomos，a對un，是否定前綴，cleft對temno（切），uncleft即「不可分」；

3、從其他日耳曼語中借譯（calque from other Germanic languages），如上文提到的waterstuff是借自德語Wasserstoff；

4、合成（coining），如「元素」為firststuff。。。

很有趣哈。

這種「純英語」，人稱「Anglish」（姑且作「盎格魯英語」）。

"Avoid Latin derivatives; use terse, pure, simple Saxon."

(拉丁語是歐洲語言之父嗎？ - 語言)

Avoid:

Date: 1300–1400

Language: Old French

Origin: esvuidier, from vuidier 『to empty』

Latin:

Date: 900–1000

Language: Latin

Origin: Latinus 『of Latium, Roman』, from Latium ancient country of Italy

Derivative, Derive:

Date: 1300–1400

Language: French

Origin: dériver, from Latin derivare 『to draw out water』, from rivus 『stream』

Use:

Date: 1200–1300

Language: Old French

Origin: us, from Latin usus

Terse:

Date: 1600–1700

Language: Latin

Origin: tersus 『clean, neat』, from tergere 『to wipe off』

Pure:

Date: 1200–1300

Language: Old French

Origin: pur, from Latin purus

Simple:

Date: 1200–1300

Language: Old French

Origin: 『plain, uncomplicated』, from Latin simplus, from sim- 『one』 + -plus『multiplied by』

轉自 https://msburkeenglish.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/uncleftish-beholding-aka-atomic-theory.pdf

Uncleftish Beholdings也就是Atomic Theory，是把原子理論中所有辭彙替換成日耳曼語系辭彙的結果，供參考。

Here is Poul Anderson"s essay "Uncleftish Beholding" ("Atomic Theory"), reprinted from the revised edition appearing in his collection All One Universe.

For most of its being, mankind did not know what things are made of, but could only guess. With the growth of worldken, we began to learn, and today we have a beholding of stuff and work that

watching bears out, both in the workstead and in daily life.

The underlying kinds of stuff are the *firststuffs*, which link together in sundry ways to give rise to the rest. Formerly we knew of ninety-two firststuffs, from waterstuff, the lightest and

barest, to ymirstuff, the heaviest. Now we have made more, such as aegirstuff and helstuff.

The firststuffs have their being as motes called *unclefts*. These are mightly small; one seedweight of waterstuff holds a tale of them like unto two followed by twenty-two naughts. Most

unclefts link together to make what are called *bulkbits*. Thus, the waterstuff bulkbit bestands of two waterstuff unclefts, the sourstuff bulkbit of two sourstuff unclefts, and so on. (Some

kinds, such as sunstuff, keep alone; others, such as iron, cling together in ices when in the fast standing; and there are yet more yokeways.) When unlike clefts link in a bulkbit, they make

*bindings*. Thus, water is a binding of two waterstuff unclefts with one sourstuff uncleft, while a bulkbit of one of the forestuffs making up flesh may have a thousand thousand or more

unclefts of these two firststuffs together with coalstuff and chokestuff.

At first is was thought that the uncleft was a hard thing that could be split no further; hence the name. Now we know it is made up of lesser motes. There is a heavy *kernel* with a forward

bernstonish lading, and around it one or more light motes with backward ladings. The least uncleft is that of ordinary waterstuff. Its kernel is a lone forwardladen mote called a

*firstbit*. Outside it is a backwardladen mote called a *bernstonebit*. The firstbit has a heaviness about 1840-fold that of the bernstonebit. Early worldken folk thought bernstonebits

swing around the kernel like the earth around the sun, but now we understand they are more like waves or clouds.

In all other unclefts are found other motes as well, about as heavy as the firstbit but with no lading, known as *neitherbits*. We know a kind of waterstuff with one neitherbit in the kernel

along with the firstbit; another kind has two neitherbits. Both kinds are seldom.

The next greatest firststuff is sunstuff, which has two firstbits and two bernstonebits. The everyday sort also has two neitherbits in the kernel. If there are more or less, the uncleft will soon

break asunder. More about this later.

The third firststuff is stonestuff, with three firstbits, three bernstonebits, and its own share of neitherbits. And so it goes, on through such everyday stuffs as coalstuff (six firstbits) or

iron (26) to ones more lately found. Ymirstuff (92) was the last until men began to make some higher still.

It is the bernstonebits that link, and so their tale fastsets how a firststuff behaves and what kinds of bulkbits it can help make. The worldken of this behaving, in all its manifold ways, is

called *minglingken*. Minglingers have found that as the uncleftish tale of the firststuffs (that is, the tale of firststuffs in their kernels) waxes, after a while they begin to show ownships not unlike those of others that went before them. So, for a showdeal, stonestuff (3), glasswortstuff (11),

potashstuff (19), redstuff (37), and bluegraystuff (55) can each link with only one uncleft of waterstuff, while coalstuff (6), flintstuff (14), germanstuff (22), tin (50), and lead (82) can

each link with four. This is readily seen when all are set forth in what is called the *roundaround board of the firststuffs*.

When an uncleft or a bulkbit wins one or more bernstonebits above its own, it takes on a backward lading. When it loses one or more, it takes on a forward lading. Such a mote is called a

*farer*, for that the drag between unlike ladings flits it. When bernstonebits flit by themselves, it may be as a bolt of lightning, a spark off some faststanding chunk, or the everyday

flow of bernstoneness through wires.

Coming back to the uncleft itself, the heavier it is, the more neitherbits as well as firstbits in its kernel. Indeed, soon the tale of neitherbits is the greater. Unclefts with the same tale

of firstbits but unlike tales of neitherbits are called *samesteads*. Thus, everyday sourstuff has eight neitherbits with its eight firstbits, but there are also kinds with five, six, seven, nine, ten, and eleven neitherbits. A samestead is known by the tale of both kernel motes, so that we have sourstuff-13, sourstuff-14, and so on, with sourstuff-16 being by far the most found. Having the same number of bernstonebits, the samesteads of a firststuff behave almost alike minglingly. They do show some unlikenesses, outstandingly among the heavier ones, and these can

be worked to sunder samesteads from each other.

Most samesteads of every firststuff are unabiding. Their kernels break up, each at its own speed. This speed is written as the *half-life*, which is how long it takes half of any deal of the

samestead thus to shift itself. The doing is known as *lightrotting*. It may happen fast or slowly, and in any of sundry ways, offhanging on the makeup of the kernel. A kernel may

spit out two firstbits with two neitherbits, that is, a sunstuff kernel, thus leaping two steads back in the roundaround board and four weights back in heaviness. It may give off a bernstonebit

from a neitherbit, which thereby becomes a firstbit and thrusts the uncleft one stead up in the board while keeping the same weight. It may give off a *forwardbit*, which is a mote with the

same weight as a bernstonebit but a forward lading, and thereby spring one stead down in the board while keeping the same weight. Often, too, a mote is given off with neither lading nor

heaviness, called the *weeneitherbit*. In much lightrotting, a mote of light with most short wavelength comes out as well.

For although light oftenest behaves as a wave, it can be looked on as a mote, the *lightbit*. We have already said by the way that a mote of stuff can behave not only as a chunk, but as a

wave. Down among the unclefts, things do not happen in steady flowings, but in leaps between bestandings that are forbidden. The knowledge-hunt of this is called *lump beholding*.

Nor are stuff and work unakin. Rather, they are groundwise the same, and one can be shifted into the other. The kinship between them is that work is like unto weight manifolded by the fourside

of the haste of light.

By shooting motes into kernels, worldken folk have shifted samesteads of one firststuff into samesteads of another. Thus did they make ymirstuff into aegirstuff and helstuff, and they have

afterward gone beyond these. The heavier firststuffs are all highly lightrottish and therefore are not found in the greenworld.

Some of the higher samesteads are *splitly*. That is, when a neitherbit strikes the kernel of one, as for a showdeal ymirstuff-235, it bursts into lesser kernels and free neitherbits; the latter can then split more ymirstuff-235. When this happens, weight shifts into work. It is not much of the

whole, but nevertheless it is awesome.

With enough strength, lightweight unclefts can be made to togethermelt. In the sun, through a row of strikings and lightrottings, four unclefts of waterstuff in this wise become one of sunstuff. Again some weight is lost as work, and again this is greatly big when set beside the work gotten from a

minglingish doing such as fire.

Today we wield both kind of uncleftish doings in weapons, and kernelish splitting gives us heat and bernstoneness. We hope to do likewise with togethermelting, which would yield an unhemmed wellspring of work for mankindish goodgain.

Soothly we live in mighty years!

把英語當中「高大上」的法語詞或者拉丁語去掉，就象現代漢語把同樣「高大上」的古漢語詞去掉一樣，不僅溝通困難，也會讓人身份掉價了許多。並且英語當中的外來語比例比漢語中的古漢語要高。

下邊舉個例子，你就可以體會到了：「吃」的古漢語「食」，並且把其他的古漢語詞「欲、物、指」等也去掉，這樣我們的常用語進行如下更改：

食物---吃的東西

飲食---吃喝

糧食---穀物豆薯等

食慾---吃的願望

食指---手掌上的第二根東西

我們不用古漢語詞一樣可以交流，但是寫文章口語化太強，顯得文化素質低，只有近似文盲的人或者老外才會在文章中體現出來。

想知道英國人不使用法語或者拉丁語辭彙的感覺嗎？以下用漢語做個比喻：

我們把這段話更改一下，去掉古漢語，改用其他表達方式：

--------「各地的飲食習慣有異，雖然都產糧食，但是近日來我沒有食慾，也很少用食指拿食物。」

在文章當中寫成

--------「各地的吃喝（無法表達）有不同，（無法表達）都種出穀物豆薯等，（無法表達）這段時間以來俺木有吃的想法，也很（無法表達）用手掌上的第二根東西（無法表達）吃的東西」

怎麼樣？這一比喻，你們可以體會到英語去掉法語詞及拉丁語詞後的感覺了嗎？英語立刻變在殘疾，並且難以正常溝通，並且說話的人也顯得地位很低下，沒有文化。

如果英語的口語過份使用法語詞或者拉丁語詞，去掉所有日耳曼屌絲的底層辭彙，又是一種什麼感覺呢？還是上邊那句漢語，我改成以下說法，你一定覺得此人太酸了生活年代過於古老，又或者不愧是上流社會啊這文化素養高說的話都跟我們不一樣很多詞必須上過學才能聽懂。

--------「各地之飲食習慣有異，雖然皆產糧食，但近日來吾無食慾，亦很少以食指持食物。」

Uni verse 一揆

con tent 全藏

in clude 內涵

inter 埠際

en tire 遍歷

philosopher 愛知者

pre cise 懇切

ob serve 大觀

The Universe is all of time and space and its

夫｜一揆｜者實乃｜宇｜合｜宙｜之其

contents.

｜全藏｜也。

It includes planets, moons, minor planets, stars,

其｜內涵｜太白｜｜玉蟾｜｜｜玉棱｜｜｜星斗

galaxies, the contents of intergalactic space, and

｜銀河｜｜｜全藏｜｜｜｜寰宇埠際｜｜｜｜合

all matter and energy. The size of the entire

｜｜萬物｜｜精元｜｜彼｜之大｜｜｜遍歷

Universe is unknown.

｜一揆｜而不可知。

The earliest scientific models of the Universe were

｜｜｜初｜｜格致｜｜理氣｜｜之｜｜一揆｜｜者

developed by ancient Greek and Indian

｜｜恢宏｜｜古仁人｜西秦｜與｜身毒｜

philosophers and were geocentric, placing Earth at

｜｜愛知者｜｜｜之｜｜｜地心論｜｜置｜坤地於

the center of the Universe.

｜｜中元｜｜於｜一揆｜

Over the centuries, more precise astronomical

｜其後｜百年｜｜｜益有｜懇切｜之｜星象

observations led Nicolaus Copernicus to develop

｜洋洋大觀｜助｜尼古拉斯哥白尼氏｜精進

the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of

所謂｜日心論｜格局｜要之則｜日｜在｜其｜心

the Solar System.

之｜金烏｜總覽｜

In developing the law of universal gravitation, Sir

適｜｜精研｜｜法理｜｜一揆｜之｜地力｜也｜公

Isaac Newton built upon Copernicus"s work as well

艾薩克牛頓氏｜起｜於｜哥白尼氏｜之功｜｜亦有

as observations by Tycho Brahe and Johannes

｜洋洋大觀｜作於｜第谷布拉切氏｜與約翰那斯

Kepler"s laws of planetary motion.

開普勒氏｜法｜｜星斗｜之｜動也。

too young too 簡單, sometimes 幼稚

誰能教我這兩個單詞不用拉丁語和法語借詞怎麼說！

同意以上各位說的。英語剔除掉絕大部分借詞，恐怕連正常交流都困難。用處倒是還有一個：洗腦！！！

你看《新約約翰福音》開篇：

In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. - John 1:1（太初有道，道與神同在，道就是神。）

幼兒園級的辭彙量，別看一個個分開來看土爆了，但是結合在一起亮閃閃的終極宇宙真理畢現無疑。每次讀到這裡都不禁想獻上我無神論者的膝蓋。

對比一下希臘語版：

En archē ēn ho Lógos, kai ho Lógos ēn pros ton Theón, kai Theós ēn ho Lógos

還有拉丁語譯文：

In principio erat Verbum et Verbum erat apud Deum et Deus erat Verbum

看到沒有，英文版沒有一個希臘或拉丁語借詞，全都是童叟無欺的日耳曼本土愛國貨，每個字頭上都可以插面小米字旗的那種。

那麼這句話到底好在哪裡呢？首先，它的句式暗合希伯來舊約《創世紀》的開篇，讓人聯想起上帝開天闢地的雄渾，照顧到了猶太人這個基本盤（基督教原本猶太教一異端）；在這基礎上又引入了古典希臘哲學的「邏各斯」概念，迎合了逼格高、崇拜希臘文化但對猶太經典不屑一顧的羅馬殖民統治者的胃口；然後還埋下了父-子-靈三位一體這一基督教獨(qi)特(pa)的神學理念，給後人提供了長達兩千年的辯論題目。不僅如此，一些中國人從中還能琢磨出道家的味道。一句話橫跨猶太-羅馬-基督教三大文明，而且英文版還如此樸實無華，是個人就能懂，終極真理可以兼當啟蒙教材，讓人從5歲一直讀到70歲，你說屌不屌？

再對比一下中國古時候的啟蒙教材：天地玄黃，宇宙洪荒。別說小學生，就是二十一世紀見多識廣的中學生恐怕也要嘀咕：這玄黃是誰？洪荒的成名作叫什麼？所以說漢語的逼格高是高，但是識字率一直不高；英語土是土，但是很早就已全民脫盲。

============= 我是分隔線 =============

歪個樓，補下歷史背景。中世紀的時候，天主教會對待聖經就像對待劇毒處方葯一樣，嚴格控制，不準翻譯，誰翻譯誰升天。就是生怕被無知的人民群眾知道了，免得他們受到誤導。神父禮拜的時候就給你嘰里咕嚕的念一通拉丁文版本，愛聽不聽，聽不懂拉倒。後來有一票英國人不聽勸，學會了翻牆，跑到國外硬是把它給翻了，還特貼心的照顧到平均教育水平，用詞、造句極其接地氣。譯本出版後走私回英國，善良淳樸的英國人民翻開來一看，我的個天哪，原來終極宇宙真理我也能懂！！！！回頭再一瞅那教士啥的，欺負我拉丁文法四級掛了是吧，缺德！還有那個教皇啥的，不就是個靠傳銷贖罪卷賺錢的義大利佬嗎？後來的事情大家知道了--看到民心可用，國王壯了虎膽跟教皇撕逼；保（教）皇派跟當權派（國教）輪番撕逼...後來軍隊跟王黨撕逼，國王升（kan）天（tou）...最後一個荷蘭人撿了個簍子，上了英王的女兒和半個王位。

以上就是英語本土辭彙釀成的一樁血案（以及防火牆的必要性）。

如果只是去掉相應辭彙不造新詞的話，應該不行。

可以參考這個，一個語言學家對英語進行簡化以後發明的Basic English，據說只用800個單詞就可以完成日常交流 http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_English(這個頁面是用標準英語寫的)

體驗一下這種語言的維基 https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_English

然而，在這種高度簡化的英語中，仍然充斥著大量拉丁語和法語詞源的詞，甚至連Basic English這名字本身，就帶了一個拉丁詞源的Basic。

可以說，拉丁語和法語對英語的影響遠不止是大多數人認為的高端辭彙而已,這類辭彙已經深入英語內部了。比如people這個詞，恐怕在日爾曼詞源的英語詞中是找不到替代的。

當然如果要新造詞的化另當別論，但恐怕題主的問題是建立在不造新詞的前提下的。

就相當於日語去掉了漢語詞能不能活……

我隨便找了首流行歌曲，柏木由紀《沈黙》。

光標題就是漢語詞（chinmoku），裡面聽著聽著聽出一大堆漢語詞：距離（kyori）切（setsu）時間（jikan）所（sho）公園（kouen）現實（genjitsu）自分（jibun）愛（ai）表情（hyoujou）無力（muryoku）季節（kisetsu）十字路（juujiro）運命（unmei）邊（be）指定席（shiteiseki）電話（denwa）樂觀的（rakkanteki）永遠（eien）……

去除掉漢字詞他們該怎麼說話啊。當然，看著這些就基本能猜透大半意思。

在別的語言中突然聽到漢字的發音很是興奮，而日語因爲這樣間隔著使用漢字而顯得朦朧美（我還沒算上訓讀呢，那些漢字也是一看就懂）。

其實說的不就是沒有母音大轉移過的荷蘭語嗎？

可以。把丟失的東西撿回來，用自己的磚塊把原本也沒有的新概念補上，沒什麼大不了的。

加之英語的基礎用詞，還是本土成分多。

Yes, English can still work without all the borrowed words.

We still have lots of words to choose from.

See what I"m doing here? It"s not so hard.

I can go on, but I think I"ve made my p- ^3^

Anyway, it"s not that hard.

我記得以前有一群人發明了「anglish」…

然而這並沒有什麼poi用！

有本事不用拉丁希臘詞根給我造幾個長詞試試啊？

我覺得需要注意的一點是，昂格魯撒克遜人本身來自於日耳曼人，英語的形成過程中的確引入了大量的外來語，但這也意味著其本身放棄了大量的固有古日耳曼辭彙。如果單純的說去除外來語後來看待英語，這等於是看待一門嚴重殘廢的語言（等價於看待一門去除大量辭彙的古日耳曼方言）。但如果能在此基礎上恢復其拋棄的古日耳曼語，那也許還有可交流的餘地，不過這也在乎你怎麼定義能交流了。事實上並沒有人嘗試去用去除外來語後的英語進行交流，因為這本身也沒有多少意義，我想你的問題的本意可能是想說外來語對英語有多大程度上的影響，

不可以了吧，特別是諾曼征服之後

去掉之後，則哲學不存，數學不存，科學不存，議會不存，文明已亡。只剩下Fuck you！ Shit！ Asshole！只剩下昂格魯撒克遜人的斧頭，只剩下羅馬帝國的鮮血跟中世紀的荒蠻！

那etc、P.S、i.d、e.g. Vice Versa這些都可以滾蛋了，無數支撐著英美政體繁榮的柱子都可以倒塌了。

順帶一提，同為日耳曼語系，德語都比英語典雅一些。

我來舉幾個英語假借日語的辭彙