請問一下v-ed & v-ing 從句的區別？

12-30

語法渣來問一點問題哈，請英語大牛解釋一下，這個問題困擾我很久了。
A.我讀了語法書，v-ing clauses用在人或物在特定時間做某件事，或者所有時間。
v-ed clauses 用在被動語態的情況。
根據我的理解造兩句話：

A1. I really like the company producing the cars.
A2. I really like the cars produced by the company.
請問這兩句正確嗎？
A3.還有一句：I really like those people who want to be a rock star. 如果換成ing 從句，是不是應該寫成：I really like those people wanting to be a rock star.
可是want沒有ing形式啊，這裡的people也不是被動語態，怎麼辦呢？
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B.小問題：A是B的兩倍該怎麼說了？

我造個句請問下對不對：The goods transported by road were twice the amount of the goods transported by water.
問題B1, 我需要加 The quantities of the goods transported by road were twice the amount of the goods transported by water. 嗎？
問題B2, 後面顯得太重複，我可以說成 The goods transported by road were twice the amount of by water.
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C.還有一個問題: 導致疾病的生活習慣可以說成 illness-related habits嗎？還是ill-related ?
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D. which從句和ing從句，我的理解是which修飾前面一個詞，「,」+ing可以修飾整句話，這樣的理解是正確的嗎？

This is a lot to include in one question. The brief answer is:

A1, A2: Your understanding is correct, but there are more things to consider.

A3: You cannot say "wanting".

B: There are a few ways to say this, but none in the original question are right.

C: Use a noun before "_____-related".

D: I don"t understand. Please provide an example.

Here is the thorough answer:

A1, A2: You understanding is right.

However, for A2, you can say:

"I really like the cars the company produced."

to avoid using the passive voice, which is better, because it"s more direct.

A3: Want is a static verb so it cannot be used in the with the "-ing" ending. Some other static verbs are "believe", "wish", "love", and "hate".

B1: You can"t say this because "quantity" should be singular. (There is only one amount of goods transported by road.) You can use "quantity" or "amount":

The quantity of goods transported by road was twice the amount of that transported by water.
The amount of goods transported by road was twice the amount transported by water.

B2: You can"t say this because you need a noun between "of" and "by". I would change it to:

The goods transported by road were twice the amount of those transported by water.

C: It should be "illness-related habits" because if you want to use "___-related", you must use a noun before "related". For example, "do-related" doesn"t make sense but "action-related does make sense. Also, I assume you mean "habits one has when one is sick". More context would be helpful if you need a better answer for this.

D: I"m sorry, I don"t understand the question. It would be helpful if you gave an example.

I hope this is helpful.

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栗子的知乎答案索引：栗子樹

栗子的微信公眾號：E-Speller 或者 栗子英文 （只有精彩的原創）

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V-ed, V-ing從句？我覺得你想要問的是關於動詞的現在分詞和過去分詞做修飾成分吧。因為從句需要嚴格的主謂賓形式比如：

1. Dependent clauses, which begin with connecting words such as who or because, cannot stand alone as sentences.

2. Because she studied hard, she earned a good score on the test.

以上兩個句子的劃線部分才是從句因為它們有獨立的主謂賓結構。

I really like the company producing the cars.
I really like the cars produced by the company.

這兩個句子中並沒有從句出現。

你所舉得幾個例子都是V-ing或者V-ed形式作為修飾詞(Modifier)。V-ing和V-ed做Modifier分為兩種情況。一種是Adj-Modifier (定語成分)，另外一種是Adv-modifier (狀語成分)。

Adj-Modifier只能修飾名詞代詞比如:

The CAT owned by Sue is playful.

own本身是一個動詞，在這裡變成過去分詞形式修飾Cat，表示這個貓是屬於Sue的。你可能會問為什麼要用own的過去分詞形式。因為這個貓是被Sue擁有，The cat is owned by Sue. 所以Own在修飾cat的時候要變成過去分詞的形式。

再舉個例子：

The cat sleeping on the rug belongs to Sue.

sleeping變成現在分詞修飾cat。為什麼用現在分詞形式呢？因為The cat is sleeping on the rug。貓在地攤上睡覺是一種主動情況所以用現在分詞。

再舉個例子：

The girl playing soccer is my sister.

注意：你的Adj-modifier必須盡量貼近你所要修飾的名詞或者代詞否則會引發歧義。

第二種情況是V-ing，V-ed作為Adv-modifier。通常V-ing或者V-ed做adv-modifier修飾與其靠近的句子。

舉幾個例子：

The engineer fixed the problem, earning himself a promotion.

劃線部分就是v-ed做adv-modifier修飾之前的句子。當工程師修復了問題之後發生了什麼？他給自己贏得了一次升職。主語這裡的earning必須用逗號和主句隔開

Exhilarated by the successful product launch, the team celebrated after work.

劃線部分修飾後面的整個句子，為什麼團隊在工作後要慶祝？因為他們對於產品的成功發行非常激動。同樣也需要用逗號把它和主句隔開。

這個句子也可以改寫為：The team celebrated after work because it was exhilarated by the successful product launch. 用從句的方式來表達。

這種出現在句首用逗號將主句隔開的adv-modifier叫做Opening Modifier，這個modifier的動作的發出者必須是主句的主語。比如上面這個句子exhilarated的發出者一定是主句的主語team。

再看一個錯誤的例子：

Happy about his raise, Bill"s celebration included taking his friends out to dinner.

劃線部分同樣也是一個adv-modifier。這裡的Happy是指的Bill而不是Bill"s celebration。Bill"s celebration也不能happy。這種錯誤稱之為懸垂結構。

可能有些地方說的不是很清楚但是差不多就是這樣了。

媽的再也不回答這種問題了，寫了也沒人看。

I really like the company producing the cars.
I really like the cars produced by the company.

第一句其實有歧義，可以是喜歡生產車的公司，也可以是喜歡「公司生產車」這個行為。第二句喜歡的是車。

I really like those people who want to be a rock star.
I really like those people wanting to be a rock star.

確實如 @豆子爸所說，wanting並不常用，也顯得不夠正式。rock star應改為複數。

兩倍那句話，我會這麼說：

The goods transported by road were twice the amount of those transported by water.

其實後一個transported我覺得也可以省略。

「導致疾病的生活習慣」，就老老實實說「habits that cause diseases」。「related」並不能表達出「導致」的意思。

如果硬要用「related」，那麼連字元前應該是名詞。

關於which從句和「逗號+ing從句」：which從句可以修飾最後一個詞（準確地說是名詞短語），也可以修飾整句話。「逗號+ing從句」就是傳說中的「伴隨狀語」，其實是補充描述主句的主語的。

不知道您讀的哪本語法書。不要用薄冰，張道真比較好，劍橋的更好。

A3, wanting還是不要用，口語我也沒見過。改為willing就好了。

最後，英語語法雖然是體系，但是還是不夠嚴格，沒法跟數學哲學比。所以不要試圖尋找特例，而是把它作為工具，幫助你寫出漂亮的句子，這就夠啦。

首先v-ed和v-ing從句只會出現在定語從句的簡化當中，因為名詞性從句的簡化都是v-ing和不定式。這兩者的區別在於，定語從句的主動式可以轉換成現在分詞短語，現在分詞表示主動的動作；定語從句的被動式可以轉換成過去分詞短語，因為過去分詞通常表示被動的動作。

比如China is a developing country which belongs to the third world.

我們可以簡化為China is a developing country belonging to the third world.

根據規則，Books which are written in English are more expensive

則應該被簡化為Books written in English are more expensive，因為是被動語態。

但值得注意的是，有一些情況是不能夠做簡化的，比如當主從句的時態不一致的時候，除了某些特殊情況，是不能簡化的，因為簡化以後從句部分再也沒法明確判斷時態了，通常簡化以後可以默認從句的時態和主句時態一致。另外，當從句謂語動作發生的時間先於主句謂語動作發生的時間的時候不能簡化；定語從句中含有情態動詞的情況下，情態動詞具有特定的含義時不能簡化；定語從句由be動詞作謂語的時候不能簡化；除了這些意外，一些由於簡化以後會出現歧義的句子也不能簡化，比如

The man who cooked for the students has died.

簡化以後就變成The man cooking for students has died

如果翻譯過來就有可能變成現在正在給孩子做飯的那個廚師已經死了！！

A1A2句子正確但強調的賓語不同，一個是公司，一個是汽車。

A3 want 有現在分詞形式（ing形式），但是在作謂語時是不用於進行時態的。

例如:I want to make friends with you.

而不能說成I am wanting to …

B 表示「幾倍大小（長短；數量）」,由「倍數+ the size（length,amount……）」結構組成.

例如：

The earth is forth-nine times the size of the moon. 地球是月亮的49倍大.

2. 表示「……比……大幾倍」,由「倍數+形容詞（副詞）比較級」結構組成.

例如：

This box is three times bigger than that one. 這個盒子比那個盒子大三倍.

The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年比去年糧食產量增加8%.

3. 表示「……是……倍」,由「倍數+ as +形容詞+ as +」結構組成.

例如：

Our factory is twice as big as theirs. 我們的工廠是他們的三倍.

I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那麼多.

[注] 一倍用once,兩倍用 twice.

4、還可以用by+倍數,表示增加多少倍.

The production of grain has been increased by four times this year. 今年糧食產量增加了4倍.

(摘自網路）

所以，句子是正確的。

B1 可加可不加

B2 可以省略

C illness-related 比較準確。

D沒有這類說法，它們統稱為定語從句。

ing形式只是which，that的縮略形式，可以還原。

不是你理解的那樣哈。

很簡單，其實分詞修飾就是ing表示主動，ed形式表示被動，我喜歡生產車的公司，是公司主動生產了車所以是ing，我喜歡這個車，被生產的車所以是被動。

The person standing there is my mom. 人是主動站在那的所以ing

The picture given by him is my favourite. 圖片，被他給我的圖片，所以ed