如何提高GRE閱讀?
題主閱讀一直很差TAT 之前托福第一次閱讀22 中間去國外交流了兩個月 不知道咋得 回來閱讀就29了 不過我感覺托福閱讀還是技巧意味比較重 GRE的就不行了 現在幾乎說是GRE閱讀遇到了瓶頸 每次也沒能對幾道 magoosh怎麼刷都是那樣。
求經驗
Disclaimer: 這篇文章的用意是告訴大家準備GRE過程中的一些習慣和方法,這些並不是放之四海而皆準的「黃金法則」,因此各位可以自行進行取捨修改。
關於答主Crazyrobin:我在GRE的考試中Verbal拿到了滿分,兩個V閱讀全對。LSAT閱讀也能在35分鐘內做到錯3個之內,因此我認為對於閱讀我還是有些心得。經驗貼可以見這裡:
二個基礎(閱讀之前需要夯實的基礎)
1)單詞
單詞不光是要知道意思,還要知道言外之意,也就是connotation, 一個單詞有literally meaning, 同樣也有 figurative meaning. 在這裡最典型的就是抽象詞,這是閱讀中最費腦子的事情。Compensate for, 這個片語翻譯過來是賠償,但是閱讀里的意思 for的後面往往是說明以犧牲前者來達到後者的目的。如果某些核心單詞還有障礙,那麼你的閱讀不可能一帆風順。因此,單詞是把門關。
2)長難句
這又是橫在眾多考G黨面前的一道牆。這裡推薦楊鵬的長難句。具體方法可以參見草木版主的長難句讀法
我的建議是不需要背,這樣非常拖進度也浪費時間。讀到什麼程度算是基本過關,看到一個難句可以識別出主要成分並剔除插入語,修飾語等成分。
Eg:Also, a jury may give more probative weight than objective analysis would allow to vivid photographic evidence depicting a shooting victim』s wounds, or may underestimate the weight of defense testimony that is not delivered in a sufficiently forceful or persuasive manner.
這個句子你只需要讀出來 Jury may overestimate or underestimate the testimony in a manner that of the testimony being presented.
四個習慣
1)好奇心(好奇害死貓)
在閱讀中讀到晦澀難懂的概念的時候不知道各位是什麼態度,我的想法是真有意思啊,我又了解到某些東西。事實是你可能一輩子也不會讀到這些文章了,去了美國你只會讀關於你專業的學術文章,所以GRE為你提供了一個平台,讓你去涉獵更多的領域。當你讀到美國憲法修正案,美國黑人奴隸鬥爭史,女性作家時候試著讓自己置身於這樣一個年代,你會發現自己更投入。
2)隨手查閱不懂得概念/事件/人物
GRE閱讀的pre-knowledge到底有沒有用?這是一個很有爭議的話題。GRE閱讀難點有兩點:
①句子晦澀難懂
②時間非常有限,一遍必須讀懂
如果你事先對某一概念了解了,那麼這個絕對可以幫你化險為夷。但是不要把自己的觀點過多的帶入到文章,這樣會影響你的理解。
當你在閱讀時候讀到了自己不熟悉的概念(在論壇大家主要是對文學評論類文章犯怵)這裡我推薦幾個好的方法給大家
①使用Evernote/Word 等隨時記下感興趣或者不知道想要查閱的東西
②打開Google Scholar或者 The New Yorker搜索相關概念
我在準備GRE過程中積累了很多這樣的材料,比如法國畫家Wattteau, 小行星撞擊地球, 恐龍滅絕, 地球地殼活動
3)主動的去閱讀
這是一個再強調也不過分的習慣。閱讀時候你必須去主動的讀,消極被動的閱讀會讓你讀完一篇文章根本不知道講了什麼。而主動的讀文章最好的方法就是PEAR。
PEAR 也就是 :
①Pause, 讀完每個段落停下來
②Evaluate, 總結大意,思考此段落的作用
③Anticipate, 預期下一段會講什麼
④Reassess, 讀完下一段再對第二步的evaluate進行評估。
讀下一段接著繼續PEAR 直到全文讀完 Reassess全文並清晰了解全文的行文方式和邏輯構思。
這裡我想介紹一個更加aggressive的方法,這個方法可以在練習的時候使用。
①讀文章首句
②停下來,回讀文章首句,讀的時候發揮自己的想像力,想一下這篇文章會怎麼寫,用什麼觀點,作者會持怎麼樣的態度
Eg: GRE99年4月國內題Section 2
Before Laura Gilpin(1891-1979), few women in the history of photography had so devoted themselves to chronicling the landscape.
讀完這句話我知道這篇文章肯定會比較 LG和同時代或者她前人的攝影師對於風景的一些理解。
我預測會講她的風格形成的原因,可能是歷史因素;預測會比較她和不同攝影師關注點的不同和優劣;預測作者會對她有非常高的評價:對於攝影史上的風景攝影奠定了基礎。
Ok,我們開始讀第二句直到第一段讀完
Other women had photographed the land, but none can be regarded as a landscape photographer with a sustained body of work documenting the physical terrain. Anne Brigman often photographed woodlands and coastal areas, but they were generally settings for her artfully placed subjects. Dorothea Lange』s landscapes were always conceived of as counterparts to her portraits of rural women.
猜的基本八九不離十。其實你無須猜中,如果你猜中了會讓你印象非常深刻,猜不中你也會去主動的去閱讀。於是主動閱讀的目的就達到了。繼續閱讀的時候採用PEAR的法則。
4)Passage Map
讀完文章用10-15秒在腦子裡畫一下這個文章的Map,行文方式,每一段講了什麼,作者態度。這是最最最重要的10-15秒,很多考生忽視了這10-15秒直接跳去做題,這樣你不但對整篇文章做不到心中有數,更是會造成讀了後面忘了前面。
你在每一次讀完一篇GRE文章,都需要在腦子裡有一個Passage Map, 這是非常重要的。
我需要你從現在起每一篇文章都有10-15秒的時間去畫出這個passage map
下面講一些技巧層面的東西
GRE是一個學術向的應試考試,所選題材大都有跡可循。比如女性題材,歷史之謎,黑人題材,科技現象,原理。對於閱讀文章我推薦GRE北美題和國內題。這些題目一共196篇,我推薦所有題目做兩遍。
技巧一:永遠讀句子之間的邏輯關係
GRE的一個段落其實就是一道邏輯單題無限擴充出來的段落,你需要知道裡面那些是Premise, 那些是counter-example/statement, 那些是conclusion
一個最簡單的例子, 依然是 1999年GRE Section 2
At the same time that Gilpin』s interest in landscape work distinguished her from most other women photographers, her approach to landscape photography set her apart from men photographers who, like Gilpin, documented the western United States. Western American landscape photography grew out of a male tradition, pioneered by photographers attached to government and commercial survey teams that went west in the 1860』s and 1870』s. These explorer- photographers documented the West that their employers wanted to see: an exotic and majestic land shaped by awesome natural forces, unpopulated and ready for American settlement. The next generation of male photographers, represented by Ansel Adams and Eliot Porter, often worked with conservationist groups rather than government agencies or commercial companies, but they nonetheless preserved the 「heroic」 style and maintained the role of respectful outsider peering in with reverence at a fragile natural world.
我估計第一句話就可以考到很多
At the same time that Gilpin』s interest in landscape work distinguished her from most other women photographers, her approach to landscape photography set her apart from men photographers who, like Gilpin, documented the western United States.
這句話第一個逗號直接將兩個部分分隔,分別講述了G與女攝影師和男攝影師的區別。下一句緊接男性作家的一些特點,並在文中出現了幾個名字,Ansel, Eliot, 這段於是可以出很多infer題, G和大多數女攝影師的區別是什麼? G和男攝影師的區別是什麼?
Eg:Some scientists say that global warming will occur because people are releasing large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere by burning trees and fossil fuels. We can see, though, that the predicted warming is occurring already. In the middle of last winter, we had a month of springlike weather in our area, and this fall, because of unusually mild temperatures, the leaves on our town"s trees were three weeks late in turning color.
這是最典型的GRE閱讀寫作手法, Some people claim/assert/argue/suggest….. 你知道下一句話一定是轉折,這個some people在這裡就是充當counter-statement
永遠都讀句子的邏輯關係
技巧二:認真仔細的一個單詞一個單詞的讀
你可以按照長難句的意群讀,也可以整個句子的讀,但是請你務必把所有的單詞都讀了。很有可能某一個單詞就是一道考題,對於作者態度題這個技巧尤其重要。
Eg:Despite these dire predictions, and even though the current African drought has lasted longer than any other in this century, the notion that the drought is caused by cooling of the Northern Hemisphere is, in fact, not well supported.
這個Dire你一下就可以看出作者的態度,cautious skepticism,於是這成了一道送分題
技巧三:永遠排除法做題
在《愛一個美女好難》裡面作者強調一個1600分的選手永遠選正確答案,很不幸的是這個方法幾乎已經無效了。隨著GRE閱讀出題陷阱越來越多,很難保證你看到的「正確答案」就是正確的。很有可能B跟E比,E更正確,但是你連看都沒看E。針對錯誤類型主要有幾大類:
①Out of Scope, 這個在多選題里非常常見Eg:
Galileo stuck lenses onto either of an organ pipe; today』s research telescopes, while considerably more elaborate, still perform the same fundamental task of collecting and focusing light. It』s all astronomers have to go on: electromagnetic radiation from distant objects, whether it arrives in the form of X rays or visible light or radio waves. Scientists rely, for instance, on spectroscopy, the process of separating light emitted by an object in space into its opponent wavelengths, as a prism does, then analyzing those components. And they invent new tools to analyze the light. To probe deeper and deeper into space, scientist must design better and better detectors, sensitive to the faintest of emissions.
It can be inferred from the passage that spectroscopy
A.Insufficient to describe the contours of objects in space.
B.interprets information from distance objects
C.does rely on light emissions as well as other components.
A就是一個out of scope選項。 Insufficient? Contour of objects? 文章中只出現了light. 排除掉
答案 BC
②One word wrong
③Contradiction
④True but irrelevant
⑤Too extreme
關於選項錯誤類型可以參照Manhattan GRE RC那本書
技巧四:善於總結錯題
總結錯題我的建議依然是Blind Review
Blind Review的意思是
1, 100%確定為什麼你選擇了某個答案(原因)
確定你為什麼選擇某一個選項,原文Line多少可以找到Back Up
2, 100%確定為什麼你排除了某個答案(錯誤類型)
確定你為什麼排除掉其他的選項,也就是那五個錯誤選項。 Dig into wrong answers
3, 當你的答案是錯的時候,不要標出正確答案,重做一遍並計時這一遍做的時候問自己兩個問題
- What about the right answer made me think it was wrong?
- What about the wrong answer made me think it was right?
拿個記事本(電腦上word也可以)寫下來自己當時選擇這個選項的原因,在排除掉一個選項後第二遍看看你能不能做對。而這次選擇新的選項的原因是什麼?在原文找到依據. 對於填空便是便是找到依據,確定句子轉折遞進關係。閱讀便是定位改寫和全文理解。
4, 對於不能100%確定地題目,不能100%確定排出的選項,標記,重做直到明白為止
5, 把錯誤原因寫出來,為什麼當時選了這個選項,原因是什麼?回去做題時候標出原文行數,指出這裡那裡理解錯了。
技巧五:Look for certainty
時刻關注一些修飾程度的詞: some, most, all, never, and always等等,這些題都是infer題的來源,大都數錯誤選項也都集中在這些詞里
技巧六:終極技巧——Pre-phrase
這應該是GRE閱讀的最終極技巧了,在畫完Passage Map後做題時候不看選項,直接自己在腦子裡想出自己的理解
Eg:1997年4月GRE國內題 Section 4
Allen and Wolkowitz"s research challenges the common claim that homework-waged labor performed at home for a company is primarily a response to women workers" needs and preferences. By focusing on a limited geographical area in order to gather in-depth information, the authors have avoided the methodological pitfalls that have plagued earlier research on homework. Their findings disprove accepted notions about homeworkers: that they are unqualified for other jobs and that they use homework as a short-term strategy for dealing with child care.
The authors conclude that the persistence of homework cannot be explained by appeal to such notions, for, in fact, homeworkers do not differ sharply from other employed women. Most homeworkers would prefer to work outside the home but are constrained from doing so by lack of employers" desires to minimize fixed costs: homeworkers receive no benefits and are paid less than regular employees.
1. According to the passage, which of the following has been generally believed about homework?
(A) the benefits of homework accrue primarily to employers rather than to homeworkers.
(B) Homework is prevalent predominantly in rural areas.
(C) Homework is primarily a response to the preferences of women workers.
(D) Few homeworkers rely on homework for the majority of their family income.
(E) Most homework is seasonal and part-time rather than full-time and year-round.
這道題讀完就應該知道答案在第一句話,也就是AW challenge a conventional belief, 而這個belief就是 primarily a response to women workers" needs and preferences 於是帶著這個pre-phrase去看答案,ABDE立刻排除掉,只有C正確
2. The passage suggests which of the following about previous research on homework?
(A) It was conducted primarily with women who did not have extensive household responsibilities or care for small children at home.
(B) It was conducted with homeworkers and companies over a large geographical area.
(C) It indicated that women homeworkers had numerous opportunities to work outside the home.
(D) It indicated that homeworkers usually work for companies that are close to their homes.
(E) It indicated that homework was financially advantageous to large companies.
這道題讀完題應該知道這是第二句話,也就是AW avoid a pitfall,AW的方法是on a limited geographical area in order to gather in-depth information
那麼以前的研究應該是與AW方法對立,或者對on a limited geographical area in order to gather in-depth information這句話取反。能選的只有B
技巧七:通過不斷地練習使你能夠對晦澀的GRE文章和無聊的話題提起興趣;通過積累材料不斷閱讀對於你的不熟悉領域你可以不畏懼;通過長難句你可以把那些複雜的句子用自己的話講出來。
這也是練習GRE閱讀最最重要的幾個技能。對於GRE閱讀的最高境界我認為是你讀完一篇文章做完題後應該能夠熟悉到可以給別人講這篇文章內容並且分析。
技巧八:對於讀不懂的文章讀兩遍
很多人會說,這樣不是浪費時間嗎,Well maybe, it depends.如果你讀不懂做題也就徒勞,不如用原文定位的時間再去讀一遍。在練習階段如果遇到讀不懂的你不妨去試試。隨著你的閱讀量上去,你會發現你對文章的把握會越來越精準,以後一遍就能讀懂
技巧九:練習自己的節奏
GRE閱讀做到最後就是關於疲勞度,耐性和節奏的問題,你在練習的這段時間要隨時記錄這些考場上會影響你的因素
技巧十:速度是在正確率和熟悉程度提升以後自然而然提升的
有很多版友一味的追求速度,這是非常致命的錯誤。在GRE閱讀裡面跳讀略讀等於自殺。所謂的速度是你在正確率穩定以後,隨著閱讀技巧和對錯誤選項的理解的加深而提升的。因此我的建議是先關注正確率,然後慢慢開始計時。Blind Review階段也計時,從而最終達到長文章 6分鐘做完題,短文章4分鐘。這樣你最終考試階段會有足夠多的時間可以檢查並且推敲一些拿不準的選項。
技巧十一:Justify every words in answer choices
這也是一個需要注意的技巧。一個具有迷惑性的錯誤選項都是經過加工改造的,你需要對答案里出現的每一個單詞都能在原文里找到依據並且做到100%確定為什麼這個答案是錯誤的。
做完這一步另一個重要的步驟,深入研究為什麼這個選項是錯的(也就是為什麼這是一個Great wrong answer)分析之後你會發現出題人的一些伎倆,避開這些陷進,你就會順利跨入高分行列
寫在後面的話:
有不少人問有沒有其他材料練習GRE閱讀,在推薦其他材料的時候我都是非常猶豫的。因為到現在為止,GRE的閱讀真題只有寶貴的196篇,我寧願你把所有的題做兩遍,因為只有這些題才是真正的ETS思維。
最後,祝各位閱讀愉快,考出理想的成績。閱讀本是一種能力,實力是根本,技巧是輔助,沒有實力技巧再多也無用。閱讀在現場讀懂到全部解對題目是完全可能的,這點大家一定要樹立信心,而且ETS給的時間一定是夠的,在現場感覺不夠是因為很多人的閱讀水準沒有達到應有的ETS設定的那個高度,就此而言,GRE就是一種水準區分的挑戰。
今天,一起來看看攻破GRE閱讀難句(1):大原則:以實戰的要求為目的。難句子不僅出現在GRE閱讀中,還出現在句子填空、邏輯但體中,因此,對難句子得攻克變得相當重要。
? 原則一:迅速讀懂
? 原則二:利用語法、不靠語法
即在GRE中,考生永遠也不需要在考場上分析一句話的語法成分,也不要想這句話有沒有語法錯誤,考生的唯一任務就是現場迅速的讀懂文章。然而在初期可以少量的運用語法,目的有二:一為初學者如果看不懂句子得結構,往往會感到心情沮喪,或大腦混亂,根本就讀不盡文章,因此引入語法能夠給讀者以信心;二為運用語法,可以瞭解文章的語法結構,並最終完全熟悉各種類型的句子,達到一遍就可以讀懂句子得效果。
? 原則三:學練結合,以連為主
GRE閱讀訓練的類別:
1、GRE難句閱讀訓練;
2、新GRE閱讀理解力訓練;即「懂」
3、新GRE閱讀速度與閱讀習慣訓練,即「迅速」。
實際上,對於英語語法得學習,包括對英文單詞的中文釋意的記憶和對英語句子得中文翻譯,都只是我們學習英語的輔助工具;我們最終的目的,是為了提高對英語的實際使用能力。具體到GRE的考試的應用上,就是看到英語句子時,正確的做法不應該是現場分析出其餘法結構,再背出每個單詞的中文釋意,再把這些中文單詞串成句子,最後才根據翻譯出來的中文來想這句話的意思是什麽,而是讀到每個單詞、每一句話的時候,大腦中的第一反映是其意思而不是中文釋意。同時,對於閱讀習慣的培養相當重要,閱讀過程中絕對不可以出聲浪讀,也不可以心讀,而是意讀,也不能單單得對一個詞進行死摳,要知道閱讀考的是句子和文章。為此,建議如下:
? 要點一:在難鉅資進行的閱讀和訓練中,只以在大腦中反映出所讀英文的意思(不是中文釋意)為唯一目的。什麽時候讀者發現自己完全消除了在閱讀過程中的在大腦中的中文釋意和語法分析過程,此要求即達到四種訓練方式:a、意群訓練;b、不回視訓練;c、合理化原則推力訓練;d、速度與理解力的平衡點訓練
a、 意群訓練:以幾個相鄰的表示同類意思的詞為閱讀的對象,而不是單個的單詞。同時避免發聲閱讀,克服內心的聲音和喉頭與嘴唇的顫動
b、 不回視訓練:保證第一遍閱讀時的高度注意力,避免回視
c、 合理化訓練:根據文章中得上下文的邏輯推理,將不懂得地方進行合理推理。
? 要點二:眼睛在閱讀材料上移動的速度要比自己在心中或喉頭出生閱讀的速度要快
? 要點三:在閱讀文章時,都要注意整句的回視現象,堅持一遍就都下來
? 要點四:凡遇到不懂得地方,就用合理化推理進行推理
一、 推出自己的速度與理解力的平衡點;
二、在閱讀中根據所讀的內容的難度和重要性程度,調整自己的現場閱讀速度
? 要點五:貴在堅持,不可半途而廢。
福利福利資料 | GRE閱讀想提高分如何練?機經、教程、真題資料助你一臂之力
題主好
可否把自己的問題說具體一點?
比如說考試一個部分半小時,你做八分鐘填空,剩下二十二分鐘做三短一長一邏輯閱讀,正確率如何?
錯誤集中在哪些題型?是文章不能理解還是選不出正確選項?
不說出具體問題的話,比如說廚校的整個GRE閱讀課只甩乾貨沒段子,需要27.5小時。這麼多信息量估計沒人會在知乎詳細答完請讀者先按照自己的方法,認真看下面的文章,並完成題目:
原文如下:
In 1998 scientists using the neutrino detector in Kamioka, Japan, were able to observe several thousand neutrinos—elusive, tiny subatomic particles moving at nearly the speed of light and passing through almost everything in their path. The Kamioka findings have potentially far-reaching ramifications. They strongly suggest that the neutrinos has mass, albeit an infinitesimal amount. Even a tiny mass means that neutrinos would outweigh all the universe』s visible matter, because of their vast numbers. The findings also suggest that a given neutrino does not have one stable mass or one stable identify; instead it oscillates from one identity or 「flavor」 (physicists』 term describing how neutrinos interact with other particles) to another. This oscillation may explain why, although the Sun is a large source of neutrinos, detectors capture far fewer solar neutrinos than the best theory of solar physics predicts: the neutrinos may be changing to flavors undetectable by detectors. Finally, while the standard particle-physics model—which describes all matter in terms of twelve fundamental particles and four fundamental forces—does not allow for neutrinos with mass, there are theories that do. Further experiments to confirm that neutrinos have mass could help physicists determine which, if any, of these theories is correct.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
A evaluate the merits of a particular theory in light of new evidence
B discuss scientists』 inability to account for certain unexpected discoveries
C point out certain shortcomings in a long-standing theory
D compare several alternative explanations for a particular phenomenon
E consider some implications of certain scientific findings
2. According to the passage, one significant implication of the discovery that neutrinos have mass is that such a discovery would
A cast doubt on the solar origins of many of the neutrinos that reach Earth
B help to establish the validity of the standard particle-physics model
C indicate that most of the visible matter of the universe is composed of neutrinos
D entail that the total weight of all the visible matter in the universe is less than that of all the neutrinos in the universe
E mean that the speed with which neutrinos normally move can be slowed by certain types of matter
筆者相信,絕大部分的讀者都會習慣性地把文章一字不漏看完。也就是,從文章的第一個單詞一直看到文章最後一個單詞,而且有不少讀者會嘗試一邊看文章,一邊在內心翻譯成中文再理解。做題目的時候,會把所有的選項都認真分析完。但是這樣的方法,真的適用於GRE閱讀考試?
我們來用本書的速讀法來演示一下:
本例標記說明:
1,主幹部分:在看文章第一遍要精讀(理解的)部分,用加粗並且加雙下橫線
2, 細節部分:數字後面的斜體並有點狀下橫線的部分為需要略讀的部分。
3,邏輯關係:邏輯關係的辭彙,例如對比,因果、並列等邏輯關係,用陰影標出
?In 1998 scientists ?using the neutrino detector ?in Kamioka, Japan, were able to observe ?several thousand neutrinos?—elusive, tiny subatomic particles moving at nearly the speed of light and passing through almost everything in their path. The ?Kamioka findings have ?potentially ?far-reaching ramifications.They ? strongly suggest that the neutrinos has mass, albeit an infinitesimal amount. ?Even a tiny mass means that neutrinos would outweigh all the universe』s visible matter, because of their vast numbers. The findings also suggest that ?a given neutrino does not have ?one stable mass ?or one stable identify; ?instead it oscillates from one identity or 「flavor」 (physicists』 term describing how neutrinos interact with other particles) to another. ?This oscillation may explain why, although the Sun is a large source of neutrinos, detectors capture far fewer solar neutrinos than the best theory of solar physics predicts: the neutrinos may be changing to flavors undetectable by detectors. Finally, while the standard particle-physics model?—which describes all matter in terms of twelve fundamental particles and four fundamental forces—does not allow for neutrinos with mass, there are theories that do. Further experiments ?to confirm that neutrinos have mass could help physicists determine which, ?if any, of these theories is correct.
細節的類型:
?為時間狀語?為後置定語?為地點狀語?為數量?為特殊符號:破折號
?為地點狀語?為副詞狀語?為定語?為副詞?為主題的細節?為定語
?數量?為並列內容,取前面一個即可。?為特殊符號:分號?為前一句的主題的細節
?為特殊符號:破折號?不定式作為後置定語?為插入語
下面為過濾掉「水分」後的精(gan)讀(huo)的內容:
文章結構如下:
背景:Scientists were able to observe neutrinos.
主題句:The findings have ramifications.
分論點1:They suggest that the neutrinos has mass, albeit an infinitesimal amount
分論點2:The findings also suggest that neutrino does not have stable mass.
分論點3:Finally, while the standard particle-physics model does not allow for neutrinos with mass, there are theories that do.
結論句:Further experiments could help physicists determine which, of these theories is correct.
文章主要是並列的邏輯關係,各個分論點一起論證本文的主題句。
其中ramification意為可能的影響。文章詳細闡述了3個可能的影響。
我們發現刪除那些細節後,留下文章的骨骼,可以讓我們在瞬間把握文章的精華內容:文章的結構、邏輯關係。
做題:
題目
題目分析
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
A evaluate the merits of a particular theory in light of new evidence
B discuss scientists』 inability to account for certain unexpected discoveries
C point out certain shortcomings in a long-standing theory
D compare several alternative explanations for a particular phenomenon
E consider some implications of certain scientific findings
題型判斷:該題問primary purpose,所以判斷為主旨題(各種題型的判斷方法,請看本書各種題型精講部分)。
快速定位:主旨題定位到原文主題句:The Kamioka findings have ... ramifications。
預判答案:正確答案應該與定位句為同義替換,例如會出現ramifications等關鍵詞的同義詞。
選項分析:A選項:原文並沒有出現所謂的new evidence,所以該選項錯。B選項:文章也不是討論科學家無法解釋某些無法預料的發現,所以該選項也錯。C選項:很明顯錯,文章重點不是shortcoming。D選項:本文重點邏輯不是compare,所以錯。E選項:Bingo ! 選項里的some implications與原文的主題句ramifications同義替換。Certain scientific findings與原文的the Kamioka findings完美同義替換。不選這個選項,你還想怎樣?
題目
題目分析
According to the passage, one significant implication of the discovery that neutrinos have mass is that such a discovery would
A cast doubt on the solar origins of many of the neutrinos that reach Earth
B help to establish the validity of the standard particle-physics model
C indicate that most of the visible matter of the universe is composed of neutrinos
D entail that the total weight of all the visible matter in the universe is less than that of all the neutrinos in the universe
E mean that the speed with which neutrinos normally move can be slowed by certain types of matter
題型判斷:該題問neutrinos have mass,為細節題內容改寫題。
快速定位:認真的讀者不難發現,題目中的 significant, implication, discovery分別與原文的far-reaching,ramifications, finding同義替換,題目問neutrinos have mass would..,可以快速定位到原文「Even a tiny mass means that neutrinos would ... 」
預判答案:定位句出現了比較邏輯關係,也就是neutrinos outweigh all the visible matter。所以正確答案也必須符合這個比較關係。
選項分析:A選項:原文定位句並沒有出現所謂的solar origins,所以該選項錯。
B選項:該選項的內容很明顯在第三個分論點裡,所以該選項也錯,其實A、B選項這些選項錯,原因大部分是選項的內容出現在其他與題目無關的地方,筆者稱之為「錯位」,就好像我們在錯的地方,遇到了貌似對的人一樣。
C選項:很明顯錯,它們是比較邏輯關係,不是被composed的關係。
D選項:該選項與我們定位的句子為同義替換,所以是對的。其實,如果原文出現了A&>B,答案往往設置為:B& E選項:很明顯是錯的,定位句壓根就沒說到speed之類的。 至此,一篇完整的文章和其所有的題目都已經分析完畢。 在真實考試當中,一篇文章,有可能會只考一題,也可能考兩題、三題、四題。也就是說,不是每一個細節,每一個句子都會被考查到。這就是為什麼,筆者特彆強調,在第一遍看文章的時候,不是所有的細節都需要閱讀,翻譯,並且記憶下來。
2,閱讀方法論概述:
2.1 文章看2遍
在備考GRE的過程中,相信絕大部分考生都是把文章通讀一遍,然後憑自己對文章的理解做題。看選項的時候,又把所有的選項看一遍,再糾結哪個選項是對的。
這種方法對其他考試可能有效,但是對付GRE閱讀,效果恐怕微乎其微。幾乎所有的GRE閱讀文章的內容都可以大致分為主題和細節兩部分。
看一篇閱讀文章的時候,第一遍需要速讀,理清文章的主題和細節,明白文章的結構,狠下心不要去看細節,大量的細節和生詞會耗掉你的腦部內存,往往看了前面忘了後面,並且模糊你對主旨的判斷。第二遍則需要根據題目的類型精讀文章。
2.2 做題看對應與替換
大多數的正確選項要麼是和文章的替換,要麼是加個反義詞後,再進行同義替換。除了邏輯單項題外,答案基本都在文章裡面,而不是在你的腦海里。
第一遍看文章,理解主題,略讀細節。理清文章結構、邏輯,搞清楚四大關係:句內關係、句間關係、段內關係、段間關係(針對兩段或以上的文章)。
第二遍精讀的時候,我們需要根據題目,有針對性地會原文精讀所定位的內容。判斷題目是主旨題還是細節題。若是細節題,是細節目的題還細節內容改寫題。細節目的題我們需要找細節所對應的主題,細節內容題需要找文章和選項的同義替換。
這種方法的好處有二:
首先,在看懂文章的情況下,它會讓你確信你選的就是正確答案。
其次,在沒看懂文章的情況下,你能大致判斷哪個選項可能成為正確選項,而其他選項一定不會成為正確選項。
2.3 閱讀備考優先順序的建議
短篇閱讀&> 中篇閱讀&> 長篇閱讀&>邏輯單項題。
毋庸置疑,短篇和中篇是保證閱讀正確率的基石。時間控制在1.5min/題。
長篇閱讀由於整個考試往往只有一篇,只佔所有的文章的10%,因此建議長閱讀一定要在短篇閱讀和中篇閱讀的正確率提上去後再開始複習長閱讀。
邏輯單項題與長閱讀一樣,所佔的比例很低,而且其正確答案一般無法從原文定位,然後找同義替換,而是需要根據文章作出推理,找出原文的論點與論證之間的關係外,往往還得找其隱藏的假設。這對許多考生(不是所有)而言,由於沒有經過系統的訓練,難以在短時間內快速提高。
小結:下面用一個表格總結GRE閱讀方法論,
具體的方法論與操作,本書將會在後面進行詳細的闡述。
閱讀一篇文章的步驟
1,區別主題與細節
2,抓邏輯,理清文章的結構與套路
3,理解主題,略讀細節,識別上下文等價替換
4,理解主題與細節的關係(support/ undermine)
5, 思考細節與細節之間的邏輯關係
6,題型判斷,看清題干與原文的關係(同義替換/反義替換)
8,看完題干,回原文定位句,找出句內、句間、段內、段間關係,預判答案
8,看選項,找出原文和答案的對應(整體分解對應法)
主題的特點與位置
1,用詞抽象,概括
2,常常為觀點,或為問句,且多為簡單句
3,短文章往往出現在句首
4,後面往往會被具體的細節論證
細節的特點與位置
例子
實驗過程
理論的原理
並列、列舉
時間、地點、副詞等狀語
定語、定語從句
冒號後面的內容
破折號後面的內容(出現一個破折號的時候)
破折號中間的內容(出現兩個破折號的時候)
括弧內的內容
各種題型的解題方法與定位
主旨題
定位到主題句,正確答案一般與主題句為抽象與具體的替換
細節內容題改寫題
定位到所提問的細節,正確答案一般是與定位句同義替換
細節目的題
定位到細節對應的主題,正確答案一般support/undermine其主題
不定項選擇題
根據選項里的關鍵詞回原文定位,正確選項一般與原文同義替換
排除題
根據選項里的關鍵詞回原文定位,正確選項一般與原文同義替換
選擇句子題
根據題目的提問,回原文選擇句子即可
句子關係題
思考所提問的兩個句子的句間關係
類比題
根據題目提問的內容回原文定位,正確答案與定位句邏輯一致
缺陷改進題
根據題目提問的內容回原文缺陷處,正確答案與定位句反義替換
辭彙題
一般是考查近義詞,可以理解為同義替換
邏輯單項題
邏輯單項題答案無法從原文同義替換,需要作出推理,找出論證關係
我之前也是出國回來語感大增。。你應該是因為出國有了語言的感覺但基礎還是不紮實吧,我托福一戰閱讀28,gre一戰verbal 157,你這樣還是首先把單詞關過了吧
首先背單詞我想說,做題時一個生詞都沒有並不是最終目的,我做題也有大把的生詞,但要麼是無關緊要、不影響我做題的,或者就是我能猜出來的。但這還是建立在辭彙量大的基礎上,我是背的綠寶書,用記憶曲線的方法背了一遍(相當於普通方法7遍),然後一邊做題一邊積累的
然後才是閱讀技巧
短閱讀比較容易吧,難點可能在多選題上,但我平時沒怎麼練多選題所以並沒有經驗。。
長閱讀就跟你說吧,考試的題量你不要企圖好好做把它做完,所以遇到長閱讀,讀一下每段的首尾句,然後就做題,能做成什麼樣就是什麼樣,等整套verbal做完了如果有時間再回去認真看。(我兩個verbal的部分最後都有6、7分鐘的時間剩下。。)
當然平時練習也要這樣,但是練習的時候你就要注意第二遍讀的時候捋清答題思路,把出題點在原文中找出來,多這樣找找就能給第一遍讀培養起一些快速找答案的sense
下面是筆者備考時看過的一本書,對我幫助非常大,我想你也可以看看,應該有啟發,可以看看。
(轉)原文來自《最新GRE官方辭彙大全》作者微信:vcalive1203
自從2011年8月GRE改革取消了類反題目,增加閱讀部分的比例(佔verbal題目總數的50%)後,GRE閱讀部分的重要性可想而知。但是,GRE閱讀,特別是文學、社會科學等文章類型一直以來都是廣大中國考生最頭痛的,也是最難提高的部分。於是,經過多次考試實戰和多年閱讀文章的研究,筆者發現在GRE閱讀的文章里,還是有一些廣大考生所不熟悉的「規律」。因此,在本文里,筆者將嘗試去解開GRE閱讀中最讓考生頭痛的「閱讀規律」---邏輯、結構以及文章的同一概念的同義替換----希望可以幫助廣大考生快速提高閱讀分數和閱讀能力。
官方真題例3.1:
建議考生先自己閱讀下面的文章,閱讀完後再看後面我們給出的分析。
Notable as important nineteenth-century
novels by women, Mary Shelley』s Frankenstein and Emily Bronte』s Wuthering
Heights treat women very differently. Shelley produced a 「masculine」 text in
which the fates of subordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on the
actions of male heroes or anti-heroes. Bronte produced a more realistic
narrative, portraying a world where men battle for the favors of apparently
high-spirited, independent women. Nevertheless, these two novels are alike in
several crucial ways. Many readers are convinced that the compelling mysteries
of each plot conceal elaborate structures of allusion and fierce, though
shadowy, moral ambitions that seem to indicate metaphysical intentions, though
efforts by critics to articulate these intentions have generated much
controversy. Both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironic
disjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well as
ironic tensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama and
concealed authorial intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrative
technique.
分析:
Notable
as important nineteenth-century novels by women, Mary Shelley』s Frankenstein
and Emily Bronte』s Wuthering Heights treat women very differently. Shelley produced a 「masculine」 text in which the fates of
subordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on the actions of male
heroes or anti-heroes. Bronte produced a more realistic narrative, portraying a
world where men battle for the favors of apparently high-spirited, independent
women. Nevertheless, these two
novels are alike
in several crucial ways. Many readers are convinced that the compelling
mysteries of each plot conceal elaborate structures of allusion and fierce,
though shadowy, moral ambitions that seem to indicate metaphysical intentions,
though efforts by critics to articulate these intentions have generated much
controversy. Both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironic
disjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well as ironic
tensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama and concealed
authorial intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrative technique.
首先,該篇文章的主題句分別為第1句和第4句。
從結構的角度而言,
第1層結構為文章提到的2個作者在各自的作品中對待女性的不同點。接著用2個句子分別來具體描寫它們的不同之處。
第2層結構為文章提到的2個作者在各自的作品中對待女性的相同點。接著還是用2個句子分別來具體描寫它們的相同之處。
從邏輯的角度而言,
differently為對比邏輯關係里的不同邏輯。
alike為對比邏輯關係里的相同邏輯。
Nevertheless,為轉折(也即是廣義的相反)邏輯。需要提醒的是,考生要注意到nevertheless轉折的並非是其最前面的那一句,而是該篇文章的第1層邏輯的不同點,也就是第一句。筆者這樣說只是想時刻提醒讀者,閱讀的精髓本質並非是簡單地對原文的中文翻譯,而是看到句子與句子的結構、邏輯關係和聯繫、文章的主旨與細節。
下面一起來題目:
例題:
The
primary purpose of the passage is to
A. defend a
controversial interpretation of two novels
B. explain
the source of widely recognized responses to two novels
C. delineate
broad differences between two novels
D.compareand contrast two novels
E. criticize
and evaluate two novels
解析:
該題很明顯為主旨題目。直接從剛才我們對文章的結構和邏輯分析不難得出,該篇文章主要的邏輯是對比邏輯。因此考生在看選項的時候,切記要先看動詞。很快我們可以得出答案為D選項。
例題2:
According
the passage, Frankenstein differs from Wuthering Heights in its
A use of multiple narrators
B method of disguising the
author』s real purposes
C portrayal of men as
determiners of the novel』s action
D creation of a realistic story
E controversial effect on
readers
解析:
該題為細節中的不同邏輯關係的題目。具體而言就是問Frankenstein 和 Wuthering
Heights這2本小說不同之處在於Frankenstein(題目用代詞its表示)的什麼。
考生這時候應該思考一下,該題的答案應該定位到原文哪一層結構?沒錯,就在第1層。因為只有第1層才說的是不同之處。而題目更加詳細地問我們是Frankenstein這本小說怎樣。於是回到原文對應的地方:「Shelley produced a 「masculine」 text in which the fates of
subordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on the actions of male
heroes or anti-heroes.」
我們不難得出,該句的大意是在說:Frankenstein這本小說描寫的是女性角色的命運完全依賴於男性的行為。從邏輯關係的角度而言,就是女性角色和男性角色的行為的邏輯關係。那麼答案也必然是對該邏輯關係的同義替換。所以答案不難得出是C選項。有意思的是,原文的表達是:女性角色的命運完全依賴男性的行為;而正確答案的表達為:男性決定女性角色。由於篇幅的關係,更全面的邏輯關係和原文對正確選項的替換類型,我們會在課堂上或者後面出版的閱讀書籍中詳細闡述。
官方真題例3.2:
建議考生先自己閱讀下面的文章,閱讀完後再看後面我們給出的分析。
Although scientists observe that an
organism』s behavior falls into rhythmic patterns, they disagree about how these
patterns are affected when the organism is transported to a new environment. One
experimenter, Brown, brought oysters from Connecticut waters to Illinois
waters. She noted that the oysters initially opened their shells widest when it
was high tide in Connecticut, but that after fourteen days their rhythms had
adapted to the tide schedule in Illinois. Although she could not posit an
unequivocal causal relationship between behavior and environmental change,
Brown concluded that a change in tide schedule is one of several possible
exogenous influences (those outside the organism) on the oysters』 rhythms. Another
experimenter, Hamner, however, discovered that hamsters from California
maintain their original rhythms even at the South Pole. He concluded that
endogenous influences (those inside the organism) seem to affect an organism』s
rhythmic behavior
解析:
Although scientists observe that an organism』s behavior
falls into rhythmic patterns, they disagree about how these patterns are
affected when the organism is transported to a new environment.One experimenter, Brown, brought oysters from Connecticut waters to Illinois
waters. She noted that the oysters initially opened their shells widest when it
was high tide in Connecticut, but that after fourteen days their rhythms had
adapted to the tide schedule in Illinois. Although she could not posit an
unequivocal causal relationship between behavior and environmental change,
Brown concluded that a change in tide schedule is one of several possible
exogenous influences (those outside the organism) on the oysters』 rhythms.
Another experimenter,
Hamner, however, discovered that hamsters from California maintain their
original rhythms even at the South Pole. He concluded that endogenous
influences (those inside the organism) seem to affect an organism』s rhythmic
behavior
該篇文章的主旨為第1句。由第1句中的disagree一詞可以預判文章後面應該會出現關於disagree後面的部分的內容的不同的觀點。
文章的結構於是不難得出可以分為2層。
第1層即是第一句,為該篇文章主題句。
第2層中分為2小點。第1點為one部分的內容,也即是Brown的實驗的具體內容和發現的結果以及結論。第2點為Hamner的具體的實驗的內容和結論。
需要提醒考生的是,文章中主題和細節的重複的部分。也就是當考生看完主旨句的時候,就應該意識到,scientists, organism』s behavior, environment都是抽象詞,文章後面會不斷具體重複這幾個主題抽象詞。
例如:
scientists=Brown
+ Hamner
organism= oysters+ hamsters
environment= Connecticut+ Illinois+ California
behavior= opened their shells widest + adapted to +
maintain their original rhythms
官方真題例3.3:
A Marxist sociologist has argued that
racism stems from the class struggle that is unique to the capitalist
system—that racial prejudice is generated by capitalists as a means of
controlling workers. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination
against Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as
「racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a
race in any given region of ethnic competition,」 can be interpreted as also
including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and
the Jews in medieval Europe. However, since prejudice against these latter
peoples was not inspired by capitalists, he has to reason that such antagonisms
were not really based on race. He disposes thusly (albeit unconvincingly) of
both the intolerance faced by Jews before the rise of capitalism and the early
twentieth-century discrimination against Oriental people in California, which,
inconveniently, was instigated by workers.
分析:
A Marxist sociologist has argued that racism stems from the class struggle that is unique to the capitalist system—that racial prejudice is generated by capitalists
as a means of controlling workers. His thesis works
relatively well when applied to discrimination againstBlacks in
the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as 「racially-based negative prejudgmentsagainst a
group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition,」 can be interpreted as also including hostilitytoward such
ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.
However, since prejudice against these latter peoples was not inspired by capitalists,
he has to reason that such antagonisms were not really based
on race. He disposes thusly (albeit unconvincingly) of both the intolerance
faced by Jews before the rise of capitalism
and the early twentieth-century discriminationagainst Oriental people in
California, which, inconveniently, was instigated by workers.
上面的不同的顏色或者符號標記,代表該GRE文章中大量的---同義替換。
如下:
1, racism—racial
prejudice—discrimination—racial prejudice—racially-based negative
prejudgments---hostility—antagonisms—intolerance--discrimination
2, stems
form---generated by---inspired by ---based on—instigated by ---provoked by
3, capitalist system---- capitalists---- capitalism
4, A Marxist sociologist--- His---- He
5, class struggle----a means of controlling workers
6,
against—toward—against….(很多很多的against)…
7, Chinese---- Oriental people
那麼大家思考過沒有,文章在後面展開過程中,為啥不斷地同義替換那幾個詞?也就是大家如果在看文章第一句:A Marxist sociologist has argued that racism stems from the class struggle
that is unique to the capitalist system—that racial prejudice is generated by
capitalists as a means of controlling workers.的時候,應該想到什麼?其實,如果對GRE閱讀熟悉的話,就應該清楚,很多文章的寫作意圖是反駁別人的觀點。那麼我們思考一下,後面作者會怎麼反駁那個馬克思學家?對,應該是從如下兩點:
1、在某某情況下,也存在racism,可是不是由於class
struggle.
2、在某某情況下,也存在racism,可是那時候,還沒有capitalist
system.
也就是我們在後文的不斷的反駁中,不得不去重複這幾個概念:偏見、來自於、資本主義
第一點反駁:在某某情況下,你得說也存在這種偏見。
第二點反駁:同樣,你也得說,在某某情況下,也存在偏見,可是那時候還沒有資本主義。
試想一下,如果我們在看文章的時候,在腦海里,把剛才那些所有的同義替換的單詞,都理解為同一個概念,或者說idea,那麼我們看文章的時候,就可以把前面看到的概念和後面看到的「聯繫」起來。這樣,就不會像大多數的中國考生那樣,看到後面的intolerance, antagonisms 的時候,就開始絞盡腦汁地回想那些單詞的中文意思。
那麼,大家再思考一下,如果我們能夠有這種「deliberate oversimplification」---在看文章的時候,有意的把那些相同的概念的單詞聯繫起來,腦海里出現同一個「概念」,而不是每個單詞的對應的中文翻譯。那麼,看起文章來,就夠快,而且,最重要的是,你可以把整篇文章串起來!這樣,在考場上看文章的時候,才可以在規定的時間裡,看完文章並且做完題目。以上所探討的問題,也是考生在備考的時候,應該注意到並且熟悉的一點。
小結:
從上面筆者對閱讀文章的分析,讀者不難發現,真正對閱讀文章的理解遠遠不是簡單的翻譯即可,而是要深入熟悉閱讀文章的內部的結構與邏輯關係。備考的時候,只要考生對GRE閱讀文章的結構、邏輯關係以及出題規律的無比熟悉,而並非簡單的記憶辭彙和進行題海戰術,那麼對的閱讀的攻破也將唾手可得。
首先,托福考試還是語言考試,雖然有點學術但還是更偏重於使用。所以托福考得好了不單單是你技巧的問題,可能是你英語的思維、表達、語感在交流的這兩個月期間更好了。
其次,GRE考試對於辭彙、學識積累和理解相對要求更高,不是說刷了無數遍題,找一個規律就可以隨便考了。
所以對於GRE的閱讀來說,讀懂並能猜出文章意圖才是重中之重。所有的基礎,也不過是為這個過程打基礎。
(網上盜圖)
如圖,說了這麼多,其實女的想表達的重點就是「你不關心我,我要你關心我!」所以閱讀要先了解出題者的意圖(哪怕那不是筆者的真正的意圖)。
所以建議:
1、 先過幾遍KMF的gre3000詞
2、 學習了解句子間的關係、段落間的關係
3、 每一段用自己的話進行總結
4、 串連自己總結的內容列綱,答題
5、 對比答案修改自己對每段的理解,以及大綱內容
對於閱讀,目前理解就這些。然後,結束。
重點看:文中出現幾個觀點?觀點間的邏輯是什麼?其他都是論據。
@羅永浩
備考新GRE閱讀考試我們如何掌握結構化閱讀分析能力?提高自己的邏輯分析能力和歸納演繹的能力?改革以來很多同學感到茫然,下面為大家搜索整理的新GRE閱讀重點及分配時間的掌握,希望對大家有所幫助。
重點:
1、利用套路和語言預測重點:針對重點進行閱
2、利用套路形成框架
3、提高對非重點內容的概括能力
4、注意標註,要形成自己的一套標註體系
5、注意閱讀中出現的生詞,尤其是提乾和選項中的生詞
6、讀題一定要仔細,保證正確率,因為提干會提示你怎樣做題
7、不要拘泥於語法,讀出句子所表達的內容是關鍵
8、對於態度題,牢記黑名單,純正評價極少
9、蒙選項的方法
這部分應該是大家最喜歡的部分,不過不要萬不得已的時候千萬別用~~~
1)in order to題型:選含有give an example;illustrate 開頭的
2)類比題:選CD的概率
3)新老觀點型文章,且由動詞引導的主題題,選表反駁的選
3c+adqr:challenge
criticize
correct
argue against
dispute
question
refute
4)現象解釋型文章,宜選discuss;explain
總結:邏輯閱讀,不可與gre其他考目分割
閱讀時間分配:長4~5 分鐘看文章6~8分鐘做題4/7正確率
短 1~2分鐘看文章4~5分鐘做題3/4正確率
A、閱讀文章分類:
1、按題材分類
1)humanities
重點題材:文學評論 老實說Proust的文章很難
2)social science
(1) American history
(2) vulnerable groups
(3) discriminate:black;indins(印第安);women
2、 按寫作方法分類:
1) presentation 的典型結構
此類文章只有一個觀點
如:
(1) 「Recently,the extinction of the dinosaur has been a mysterious phinomenon that puzzles scieentits」
(2) Rosen』s three major findings have contributed much to the progress of explaining the dinosaur』s extinction.
結構評論:
(1) 找出focus:extinction of the dinosour
(2 )要討論的是:mysterious
2) Argumentation的典型結構
此類文章有多個觀點
如:
(1) 「Traditionally,most scientists believed that the extinction of the dinosaur was caused by the impact of earth of massive meteorites」
(2) 「However,no sign of the impact,such as a huge pit,has been discovered.On the other hand,Smith found two things that had been overlooked by his predecessors」
結構評論:
(1) traditionally and most scientist 表示作者不認可的
GRE作者的出題原則:喜新厭舊,標新立異,自我中心
(2) however:否定上文或強調下文
on the other hand:對比關係
3 按文章的謀篇套路分類:
1) 新老觀點型
2 )結論解釋型
3 )現象解釋型(問題回答,困難解決)
B 、GRE閱讀基本原則
1、 結構閱讀,邏輯閱讀
2 、閱讀手段:非勻速閱讀
ABC+3s:
A類 scrutinize
B類 skim
C類 skip
3 、空白原則:拋棄一切客觀知識及主觀好惡,以文章為唯一背景
4 、順序原則:先文後題
5 、提煉example的主語
C 、如何解決我們在GRE中遇到的困難
1 、解決生僻的辭彙: 總結高頻辭彙
補充熱點題材常用辭彙,熟詞僻意
2 、複雜的句子 看楊鵬難句
3 、陌生的概念
D 、GRE閱讀中的邏輯:
1 、對比關係
關鍵詞: unlike
in contrast to
on the other hand
on the contrary
not 老觀點 but 新觀點
from to
時間狀語表對比
2 、轉折關係
關鍵詞: however
nevertheless
nonetheless
still
but 當一個理論剛論述完之後的but,yet通常錶轉折
yet
in fact
in reality
practically
in deed
actually
although
though
even though
notwithstanding
對於多重轉折 最後一重最重要
3、 因果關係
關鍵詞 because
since
as
for
thus
hence
therefore
consequently
as as consequence
lie in
result from由……產生
lead to
be attributable to 注意哪個是因那個是果
be traceable to
activate 表遞進 促進
inspire
provoke
motivate
spur
galvanize
precipitate
determine 表決定
dictate
reflection
extension
parallel
字裡行間能體會出因果的
E GRE閱讀中的敏感詞
1 、all
most
never
only 做唯一時
first
2、 完全徹底的:
entirely
completely
totally
absolutely
wholly
fully
3、 最高級:
peak
acme
summit
crown
crest
maximum
trough
abysmal
4 、引申:
always 如果在文中沒出現過就要小心了
often
usually
+er
the same as
as as
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