如何提高GRE作文?
主要問題:1, 中文思維頑固,寫得太散,主題不明顯
2, 有想法不知道如何表達,很少有語法錯誤但感覺寫得不地道
有何具體步驟提高GRE作文?
如何寫出GRE高分作文,高分作文的得分點在哪裡,下文小燚就以新GRE寫作範文第三篇文章分享給大家!供參考!
The following is taken from a memo from the advertising director of the Silver Screen Movie Production Company.
According to a recent report from our marketing department, fewer people attended movies produced by Silver Screen during the past year than in any other year.
And yet the percentage of generally favorable comments by movie reviewers about specific Silver Screen movies actually increased during this period.
Clearly, the contents of these reviews are not reaching enough of our prospective viewers; so the problem lies not with the quality of our movies but with the public"s lack of awareness that movies of good quality are available.
Silver Screen should therefore spend more of its budget next year on reaching the public through advertising and less on producing new movies.
The argument presented above is relatively sound, however, the author fails to recognize all the elements necessary to evaluate his situation. 這句話也很摸版化,但是重點分析一下這裡evaluate his situation,讀了後面幾段,我們會知道全是在考慮對外界的評估的。所以這一句話就指明了論證的核心,可以說統領全文。 The idea that more money be invested in advertising may be a helpful one, but perhaps not because people are unaware of the current reviews."
這句話實際上是在進行讓步,承認了廣告還是有用的,但是原因不同。點明了論證主題句,下面幾段全是圍繞著讓廣告更有效這個主題來寫的,正如官方評語中就提到了本文有個明顯的中心句,就是本句。 To clarify, it may be necessary to advertise more in order to increase sales, however that could be due to many circumstances such as a decrease in the public"s overall attendance, an increase in the cost of movies, or a lack of trust in the opinions of the reviewers.這句話是對主題句的補充,提供了幾種具體的他因的論證方向,更重要的作用是,把主題句給打拆開幾個小的分枝論點,從而方便下面的討論。
The advertising director first needs to determine the relative proportion of movie goers that choose to see Silver Screen films. 第一個需要對外界進行的評估就是人群中選擇SS的比例。 That will help him to understand his market share.If the population in general is attending less, then he may still be out-profiting his competitors, despite his individual sales http://decrease.In fact, his relative sales could be increasing. 這幾句話是對分枝論點的三段式演繹,即總體人數減少,她有可能還有競爭力,只要他的相對份額更多,競爭能力強,有可能他掙的更多 Determining where he stands in his market will help him to create and implement an action plan.最終的an action plan不就是廣告嗎,在段末尾很明顯(儘管換了個詞)的點了一下題。
Another important thing to consder is the relative cost of attending movies to the current standard of living. 第二個需要考慮的就是當前的人們平均生活水平。 If the standard of living is decreasing, it may contribute to an overall decrease in http://attendance.In that case, advertising could be very helpful, in that a clever campaign could emphasize the low cost of movies as compared to many other leisure activities.
This could offset financial anxieties of potential customers.這幾句話是環環相扣的,論證方法為加條件後討論,三段論式演繹,即人們生活水平降低==〉總體上看電影的人變少==〉廣告強調電影最低價會很有效==〉廣告這時是很有效的。經過一番的推導,最終還是指向了中心觀點,就是廣告還是很有幫助的。這是又一次的很好的點題。我們仔細比較二三兩段就會發現,在論證結構上有著很好的對應,是非常工整的對仗。
Finally, it is important to remember that people rarely trust movie reviewers.第三個需要考慮的就是人們的信任問題。這裡通過論證使得最後推導出中心觀點的後半句話,至此全文的邏輯鏈論證就比較完善了。
For that reason, it is important that the films appeal to the populus, and not critics alone.The best advertisement in many cases is word of mouth.No matter what critics say, people tend to take the opinions of friends more seriously.This supports continual funding to produce quality movies that will appeal to the average person.最後通過三段論的演繹,使得廣告效應逐漸向拿出錢真正搞點好電影這個觀點上過渡。我認為這是全文的亮點。觸及到了事物的本質的改變才是最有意義的,使得在前兩段的論證的基礎上,通過本文的論證使得討論更加的深入,更加的務實。
There is no reason that silver screen should not spend more on advertisement, however, there is reason to continue to invest in diverse, quality films. 本文的滿分的另一個有利保障就是最後一段的精準的概括,可以說,最後一段總結了全文的態度,使得考官看完最後一段能迅速找到全文的論證核心。這是有必要的 Furthermore, the company must consider carefully what it chooses to emphasize in its advertisement.這一段同時給出了建議改進方案。最後,本文實在是相當的短,之所以這麼短,是因為省去了開頭複述原題,省去了單列一段質疑讓步的假設,比如說這裡的讓步是廣告是有用的,所以就要質疑在什麼時候是有用的,如果再加上這樣一段外加演繹的話就會更好。同樣,這篇文章語言十分的簡潔,基本上沒有廢話,沒有所謂的亮點詞句,這也許是給我們的啟發,告訴我們更應該關注什麼:立論點以及安排方式以及論證方式。這三個論點的安排是:市場規模==〉人民生活標準==〉人不相信評論家==〉人對於質量的要求,順序是從外在條件到內在條件。
感謝提問。我是微臣教育的寫作教師王耕偉。看了之前一些同好的回答,很具體詳實,我也從我的教學經驗出發來回答這個問題,希望有所幫助。
這個問題很廣,我試著將答案拆解了來回答。
中國學生面對GRE作文之所以寫不好,寫不多,大致有四個原因:
1. 想不出好的分論點。
2. 即便能想出很好的分論點,但無法把它拓展成一段。
3. 即便能夠完成段落拓展,也無法將其變成很好的英文。
4. 即便能夠寫出很好的英文,但打字速度慢。
針對這幾個問題,下面簡要給出解決辦法:
【想不出好的分論點】
這個問題的解決辦法有二:
1. 打磨自己的思考能力,積累相關題目破題思路。比如我在課上會講到一道很經典的題目:"In most professional and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge」這道題,大家如果能迅速捕捉到「field」這個詞並將其拆分成「科技領域」,「藝術領域」和「教育領域」來構成文章的三段,那麼文章的分論點自然就顯得比較豐富了。
2. 提前準備題目。GRE的所有作文題目(329道)都是已經放出來的。所以只要提前準備,總能夠想出不錯的分論點。但絕大多數同學自覺性不高,也不善於把329道題目分類整理,所以提前準備的同學也寥寥無幾。
【即便能想出很好的分論點,但無法把它拓展成一段】
大家之所以不會段落拓展,是因為不會講道理,也不太會舉例子。
講道理
在我接觸到的同學當中,很多同學對觀點的論證都相當粗暴。「你為什麼要和她結婚?」--「因為我想和她結婚啊!」這個答案聽起來的確有一種原始衝動的美,但在論證層面上,就不如「因為我和她之間有真摯的愛情,也到了適婚的年齡,同時也沒有遇到雙方家庭的阻力,所以要和她結婚」聽起來嚴謹。
舉例子
除了從道理層面論證,我們還可以舉例子,但很多同學也不會舉例子。比如,在論證「TFBoys年輕有為」時,我們可能會看到這樣的例子:「他們好帥啊,王俊凱好帥,王源好帥,易烊千璽好帥啊!」 TFBoys的粉絲聽到這樣的話可能會集體撒花,但對於根本都不知道TFBoys是誰的歪果仁來說,肯定是一臉懵逼的。所以我們就不如舉這樣的例子:「TFBoys的幾位成員平均年齡都是18歲以下,他們不僅發行了XX張專輯,還出演了XX部電影及XX部電視劇,還攬獲了諸如XX、XX和XX的大獎」。這個例子的第一句話說他們「年輕」,之後的三個句子共同論證他們「有為」,邏輯清晰,論證有力,就是一個比較不錯的例子了。
當然,這只是對段落拓展方法的一個最入門的介紹,但大家應該也能窺見一點精髓了。
【即便能夠完成段落拓展,也無法將其變成很好的英文】
英語語言的提升並不是一朝一夕的,但應試語言的提升是可以在短期之內提升的。想提升GRE寫作的語言,大家不需要去看《Economist》,《Nature》等高端雜誌,因為大家時間緊,也不知道如何去把這些雜誌的素材用到GRE寫作中。想要有針對性地、高效地提升GRE語言,大家可以讀範文書。關於讀什麼樣的書,我在另一篇文章中有詳述,大家可以參考問題「GRE寫作用什麼樣的書好」。
【即便能夠寫出很好的英文,但打字速度慢】
打字速度慢,這是任何寫作課堂都不能解決的問題,但關於練打字,為大家提出以下幾個建議:
1. 不需要用金山打字通來練打字,因為打字的內容都和GRE寫作無關。要練打字的話,可以練打範文。
2. 正式考試時是沒有糾錯和字數統計功能的,所以在平時練習時就應該注意容易打錯的字以及字數。
這篇問題講得都是比較偏方法論的知識,之後有機會的話會和大家結合具體文章來分析。
GRE寫作句式多樣性例句展示與收集
GRE作文明確要求句式多樣性,比如6分的描述中提到
conveys ideas fluently and precisely, using effective vocabulary and sentence variety
有意識的學習和模仿好的句
型不僅可以改善自己文章的句式多樣性,還可以自然的減少句子結構上的失誤,對於拿高分是非常重要的。本樓為目錄,註明每個句型所在的樓層。在各樓層我會收
集一些ETS範文和我自己的文章中的例句,同時也希望大家在平時閱讀中關注這些句型,在寫作中有意識的模仿這些句型,將找到的範文例句和自己寫的比較好的
句子以回帖的形式在論壇上分享。我在批改的過程中也會關注大家這方面的努力,提供必要的協助和指導。
基於我對ETS範文的分析和我自己的經驗,以下是一些比較重要的句型,我會陸續開帖討論。
it is 引出不定式或從句 (2樓)
there be 句型 (3樓)
不定式做補足語、作主語、作表語 (4樓)
現在分詞與過去分詞後置 (5樓)
插入語 (6樓)
並列結構 (7樓)
名詞性從句 (8樓)
動賓搭配 (9樓)
這裡的大部分句型都可以通過計算機程序自動識別。我正在開發一款軟體識別這些句型,爭取在9月份之前能夠面世。歡迎有Java或Python編程經驗的同學私信和我聯繫。
It is引出不定式和從句
這個句型大家應該都很熟悉,根據Hinkel(2002)的研究,中國學生使用這個句型的頻率遠低於母語是英語的學生。
It is not
uncommon for some to argue that, in the world in which we live,
corporations have a responsibility to society and to the environment in
which they operate.
這裡it is 引出的是to argue這個不定式
通常在it is後面會跟一個形容詞來表達作者對某件事的態度或評價 這個句型的好處在於可以比較客觀 沒有I 另外可以提前把態度、立場表明
It is argued
that, in order to prevent power abuse and revitalize the organizations,
those in the leadership positions should quit their jobs after a
certain number of years.
這個句子里的it is 引出的是一個從句 這種句型用來總結issue的命題或者argument的結論都是很適合的
歡迎大家回複本樓,分享在範文中看到的以及自己練習中的it is句型。好的例子我會更新到這裡。
There be 句型
There be句型其實並不是很值得推崇的句型,但是有些同學經常把這個句型寫錯,所以有必要在這裡強調一下。其實there be的本質是一個倒裝結構,只是我們初中學這個句型的時候理解能力有限,老師不會跟我們講這麼複雜。
These
questions assume that there is some infallible committee that can
foresee all and know what knowledge will be important in everyone』s
lives.
就there is some infallible committee that 這個結構而言 真正的主語是committee 還原倒裝結構應該是committee is there ...
因此committee後面是絕對不能直接跟動詞的
通常會引出一個that從句
或者像這個句子
There is no person, no group, no committee capable of deciding what knowledge is necessary.
名詞後面後置一個形容詞
這個句型一篇文章里用個1-2次就差不多了,關鍵是不要用錯。
不定式做補語、主語和表語
不定式就是to後面跟動詞原形,這個結構我們也是很熟悉的。最常見的用法是放在名詞或者動詞的後面作為補語(這個說法可能不是很準確,請語法大牛指正)
A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.
這裡的不定式 to study ... 是對 require sb的補充說明
If every teacher is forced to teach a certain text, the government need only change that text to misinform an entire generation.
這裡to misinform 作為change that text 的後果或目的
不定式除了做補語,還可以做主語和表語,這兩種用法可能在同學的習作中比較少,希望大家以後寫作時有意識的練習
If the very
purpose of a corporation is to generate profits, and the obligation to
adhere to safety expectations established by law cuts into those
profits, then to expect corporations to embrace such practices beyond
what is required is to presume that they willingly engage in an
inherently self- destructive process: the unnecessary lowering of
profits.
這裡的to generate profits和to presume that都是be動詞後面的表語 而to expect corporations ...則是句子的主語
用不定式做主語和表語可以讓我們用主系表這個很簡單的句型來描述一些比較複雜的動作或行為,值得我們學習。
現在分詞與過去分詞後置
現在分詞和過去分詞都是我們初中就學過的語法結構,主要是用在現在進行時和完成時及被動語態中。而在實際的寫作中,現在分詞和過去分詞都會放在名詞的後面來對名詞進行修飾。這種結構對於擴展句子、增加句子的信息量是很有幫助的。
it is a company built around finding alternative forms of energy
比如這個句子里的built就是一個過去分詞後置修飾company而緊接其後的就是一個現在分詞後置同樣修飾company
When
interacting with our parents, our partners and our children, we do not
always follow any rules prescribed by any social groups and we do not
need to perform in a way to meet the expectations of the larger
community.
這裡prescribed後置修飾rules 而interacting則由when引出 雖然不是後置修飾語 也是現在分詞的另一種用法
Overall
speaking, it is reasonable to claim that we define ourselves primarily
through participatingin different communities or social groups while
playing different roles following the prescribed rules.
這裡有兩個現在分詞和while及介詞through的用法值得參考,注意這裡through後面嚴格來講是動名詞,但是由於都是ing的結構,這裡就不嚴格區分了。
插入語
插入語可以說是逼格很高的一種用法。通常是在一個完整的句子中間加上兩個逗號或者破折號,插入一個短語或者從句來補充說明前面的內容。這樣的用法可以把句子拉長、豐富內容,而且也可以略作停頓,給句子的節奏帶來某些變化。
Jeffrey
Sachs, one of the architects of the UN Millennium Development Goals,
based his ideas on emergency care triage techniques.
對某人物的身份進行補充介紹
Given the history of the human race, there will be no limit to the number of problems, both new and old, for us to tackle.
對某事物(問題)的屬性進行界定
Of course,
and this is why agencies such as the EPA were established and why
governments—federal, state, and local—are expected to monitor such
companies to ensure that such practices fall within the boundaries of
legal expectations.
同上
It is argued
that, in order to prevent power abuse and revitalize the organizations,
those in the leadership positions should quit their jobs after a
certain number of years.
指出目的。
並列結構
並列結構是指由
and/or/but或逗號、分號所分隔的但是語法性質相同的結構。比較普通的並列機構包括名詞、形容詞、動詞和副詞的並列結構,進階的包括從句和主句的
並列結構。並列結構是寫作中為了達到擴展內容的實際需要而常用的手段,其基本的原則在於語法結構的性質要相同因此才算得上並列,而在實際使用中往往對學生
的辭彙能力及寫作的乾貨有較高的要求。
並列結構的例子幾乎俯首皆是,大家可以在範文中多留意,並檢查下自己的習作中有沒有使用。
But the
assumption that corporations have an inherent obligation or
responsibility to go above and beyond that to actively PROMOTE the
environment and the well-being of society is absurd.
這個句子里就出現了名詞、介詞的並列結構
If the very
purpose of a corporation is to generate profits, and the obligation to
adhere to safety expectations established by law cuts into those
profits, then to expect corporations to embrace such practices beyond
what is required is to presume that they willingly engage in an
inherently self- destructive process: the unnecessary lowering of
profits.
這個句子里有條件狀語從句的並列結構即使範文中也不太多見
But that
role must be fulfilled by a watchdog, not the corporation itself, and
those expectations must be imposed UPON the corporations, not expected
FROM them.
本句里除了有名詞和謂語動詞的並列結構外,本身是由兩個獨立的並列句組成的。
對於很多追求寫長難句的同學,我的建議是量力而為。如果真的要寫的話,最好也先看看範文中的長難句是怎樣的結構,然後依葫蘆畫瓢。切忌任意自由發揮。
名詞性從句
狀語從句和定語從句我在這裡就不多說了,名詞性從句值得講一下。 小時候學語法不努力,對於同位語從句什麼的搞得不是很清楚,請語法大牛指正。這裡將所有扮演名詞角色的從句一律歸為名詞性從句(noun clause)。
If the very
purpose of a corporation is to generate profits, and the obligation to
adhere to safety expectations established by law cuts into those
profits, then to expect corporations to embrace such practices beyond
what is required is to presume that they willingly engage in an
inherently self- destructive process: the unnecessary lowering of
profits.
本句裡面有兩個名詞性從句,前一個做beyond的賓語,後一個由presume引出。這裡一短一長的對比也在提醒我們從句是可長可短的。
the immediate expectation of the investor is that he himself will see dividends, or profits, from the investment he has made.
這裡名詞性從句作表語,或稱表語從句 後面還跟了一個短小的定語從句
Of course,
and this is why agencies such as the EPA were established and why
governments—federal, state, and local—are expected to monitor such
companies to ensure that such practices fall within the boundaries of
legal expectations.
表語從句的並列結構-難得一見!
Treehuggers everywhere should be pleased that environmental protections exist
這裡是過去分詞引出的名詞性從句 和前面的還有些不同
But the
assumption that corporations have an inherent obligation or
responsibility to go above and beyond that to actively PROMOTE the
environment and the well-being of societyis absurd.
這個是傳說中的同位語從句?某些名詞是可以引出這種從句的- claim, belief, fact, notion 通過計算機對語料庫檢索可以查出N多這種句子
名詞性從句還可以作主語 以後見到例句再更新吧。
動賓搭配
搭配是一個很頭疼的問題,我的博士論文的其中一章就是關注動詞和名詞的搭配。嚴格來說這不是什麼句型,但是在寫作中動賓搭配用得不恰當會直接暴露你的寫作水平。因此列出一項,希望大家學習範文和自己寫文章時留意。
Any and all
[corporations should be expected] to [temper their pursuit] of profit
with the necessity of [following those safeguards] that have been
legislated as protections.
隨便一個句子里就有好幾個動賓搭配,已用方括弧和黑體標出。
並不是任意一組動詞和名詞都可以搭配的,因此,我在批改時會指出搭配的錯誤,也希望大家寫作時留意。
原帖作者:tesolchina
原帖鏈接:
GRE寫作句式多樣性例句展示與收集
也許你正在為準備GRE寫作,卻不知道怎麼結尾而苦惱!或許你正在為不同的的寫作內容而頭疼!也許你會問哪位大神有緩解寫作頭疼的方法的喲?那麼GRE寫作結尾有哪些好方法呢?今天美申君特意給大家準備了:《GRE寫作如何寫好結尾?》供大家參考!
針對題主的問題,我給出2個解決方案。
1,在複習閱讀的時候,注意GRE閱讀文章的結構、用詞、句型。
2,由於GRE作文是取issue和argument兩者的平均分,大部分的中國考生擅長argument,而且argument是可以用模板的。本文會嘗試給出解決方案:如何使用模板搞定argument?
這樣可以徹底解決你的第一個問題:主題不明確。同時也可以徹底搞定GRE閱讀!一舉兩得。
也就是要學會模仿、分解GRE閱讀文章。從GRE考試中來,到GRE考試中去。不要孤立分離寫作、閱讀、辭彙、填空。它們可以是一個整體。
先用一篇GRE的閱讀文章來分解GRE閱讀的框架:
?Notable as important nineteenth-century novels by women, Mary Shelley』s Frankenstein and Emily Bronte』s Wuthering Heights treat women very differently. ?Shelley produced a 「masculine」 text in which the fates of subordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on the actions of male heroes or anti-heroes. ?Bronte produced a more realistic narrative, portraying a world where men battle for the favors of apparently high-spirited, independent women. ?Nevertheless, these two novels are alike in several crucial ways. ?Many readers are convinced that the compelling mysteries of each plot conceal elaborate structures of allusion and fierce, though shadowy, moral ambitions that seem to indicate metaphysical intentions, though efforts by critics to articulate these intentions have generated much controversy. ?Both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironic disjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well as ironic tensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama and concealed authorial intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrative technique.
分析:
?出現第一個主題句:Sherry與Bronte兩個女性作家在她們的作品裡對待女性是非常不一樣的。中心詞是:differently。
?具體描述Sherry這位作家在她的作品裡是如何對待女性的。用來論證前面的主題句。
?具體描述Bronte這位作家在她的作品裡是如何對待女性的。與句2構成並列邏輯關係,一起論證前面的主題句。
?出現nevertheless,錶轉折。很明顯這一句與句1構成兩個相反的主題句。該句的中心詞為:alike。
?沒有出現轉折,表順承。句5在用細節來闡述著兩本小說的相同之處。論證前面的主題句,細節。
?沒有出現轉折,表順承。句6在用細節來闡述著兩本小說的相同之處。與句5構成並列邏輯關係。
2,如何用模板快速搞定argument
需要說明的是,該方法只適合argument無從下手的童鞋使用。除非迫不得已,我們不建議考生使用模板。如果考生確實要使用下面的模板,一定要記得,把下面的模板同義替換一些辭彙、表達方式,形成自己的模板。否則將會被判雷同,零分。如果自己把下面的一些辭彙、短語、句式修改,一般是不會被判雷同的。
萬能argument模板
In this argument, the author maintains that...To justify the conclusion, the arguer points out .Although at first glance, it seems convincing. This argument, however, fails to be completely compelling as it stands, for it contains a series of unwarranted assumptions and due to the lack of necessary evidences.
First of all, the arguer simply assumes that【fallacy I 】. Without offering the tenable evidence, the arguer clearly could not back up this fundamental assumption, though this is not entirely impossible. It is much likely that【reason I】.For example, 【example I】.In order to strengthen this argument, the author should provide more credible evidences and have to rule out and account for these or other possible alternative explanations.
What is more, the author assumes that 【fallacy II】.It is equally possible that【Reason II】.For example,【example II】Thus the arguer should apply more persuasive and professional evidences to substantiate this assumption ,for any of these scenarios, if true, would undoubtedly weaken the author』s conclusion.
Finally, even if the those assumptions on which the argument based on are true, the argument only relies on the assumption that【fallacy III】and we are not informed any persuasive evidence. Thus, it is not entirely unreasonable to question the arguer"s conclusion. For instance,【example III】 Lacking this indispensable evidence, the arguer cannot firmly bolster the conclusion.
To sum up, this argument is undoubtedly invalid as it seems, for the lack of compelling evidence and sound reasoning. To better evaluate the author』s conclusion, it is necessary to provide more convincing and unbiased evidences, reason more frigidly and rule out all other possible explanations.
下面演示一下,如何使用我們給出的萬能模板,快速寫好一篇argument.部分修改用加粗和下加橫線提示,讀者可以將下面的模板和上面的萬能模板比較,也可以看出來,下面的模板哪裡已經修改了。
Step 1 練習默打模板
In this argument, the arguer concludes/recommends/advocates/predicts/claims that [ main idea ].To justify the conclusion/predictions/recommendations, the arguer points out/cites a example of / study showing/an experiment involving.... ,which may seem reasonable at first glance. With a series of dubious/unwarranted and poor assumptions/evidences and holes, however, this argument fails to be wholly persuasive as it stands.
A paramount problem involved in this recommendation is that the arguer simply assumes that [ fault 1 ]. Without providing the credible evidence, the arguer apparently can not substantiate this crucial assumption, though this is entirely possible. It is much likely that[ reason 1 ].An appropriate example is not far to seek, [ example 1 ]. In order to strengthen his/her argument, the author should provide more reliable evidences and have to rule out these or other possible alternative explanations. For example, if the arguer can convince me that [ ], this argument will be significantly strengthened.
Additionally, it is not safe to unfairly assume without substantiation that [ fault 2 ]. In this case, we may wonder whether [ reason 2 ] is possible or not. For example, [ example 2 ]. Thus, the author should supply more convincing evidence to confirm this assumption. Otherwise, there is little chance that this unsolid/ expedient/ ineffective assumption can be bolstered.
Finally, even if the foregoing assumptions on which the conclusion is based on are reasonable, the argument merely relies on the assumption that [ fault 3 ] and we are not informed any persuasive and professional evidence. In fact, it could turn out to be the case , however, it will be questionable if [ example 3 ]. .If so, anyone would be reluctant to accept the arguer』s recommendation/ conclusion.
To sum up, there are, as I have presented, many obvious flaws that need to be marshaled/ addressed before the proposal can be seriously scrutinized. Otherwise, any impetuous implementation of the recommendation would be unlikely to have desired consequence.
修改完屬於自己的模板後,考生要開始每天在word上把這個模板打出來。一直到考試的時候可以默打出來。
例如我當時是這樣的,考前半個月,每天飯前飯後各在word里打一遍,最後9分鐘內完全可以把該模板默打出來。
每次在上面寫上開始與結束實際。
例如:下面的12:10是我開始打的時候的時間,12:19表示打完的時間,那麼默打完這篇模板,我用了9分鐘。於是,考場上,我還剩21分鐘去找argument題目的漏洞和寫出來。這時候的21分鐘,是完全可以做到找出題目的漏洞和寫完文章的!雖然分數可能不會特別高,但是起碼速成了:)
12:10--12:19=9分鐘
In this argument, the arguer concludes/recommends/advocates/predicts/claims that [ main idea ].To justify the conclusion/predictions/recommendations, the arguer points out/cites a example of / study showing/an experiment involving.... ,which may seem reasonable at first glance. With a series of dubious/unwarranted and poor assumptions/evidences and holes, however, this argument fails to be wholly persuasive as it stands.
A paramount problem involved in this recommendation is that the arguer simply assumes that [ fault 1 ]. Without providing the credible evidence, the arguer apparently can not substantiate this crucial assumption, though this is entirely possible. It is much likely that[ reason 1 ].An appropriate example is not far to seek, [ example 1 ]. In order to strengthen his/her argument, the author should provide more reliable evidences and have to rule out these or other possible alternative explanations. For example, if the arguer can convince me that [ ], this argument will be significantly strengthened.
Additionally, it is not safe to unfairly assume without substantiation that [ fault 2 ]. In this case, we may wonder whether [ reason 2 ] is possible or not. For example, [ example 2 ]. Thus, the author should supply more convincing evidence to confirm this assumption. Otherwise, there is little chance that this unsolid/ expedient/ ineffective assumption can be bolstered.
Finally, even if the foregoing assumptions on which the conclusion is based on are reasonable, the argument merely relies on the assumption that [ fault 3 ] and we are not informed any persuasive and professional evidence. In fact, it could turn out to be the case , however, it will be questionable if [ example 3 ]. .If so, anyone would be reluctant to accept the arguer』s recommendation/ conclusion.
To sum up, there are, as I have presented, many obvious flaws that need to be marshaled/ addressed before the proposal can be seriously scrutinized. Otherwise, any impetuous implementation of the recommendation would be unlikely to have desired consequence.
Step 2 開始寫一篇文章
模板在手了,需要的是後面不斷的練習默打,這樣才考場上,遇到argument,看一下大概內容和寫作指令。到底是要寫assumption 還是evidence等。根據不同的寫作指令,在打模板的時候,再稍微改動一下。下面就拿最近常考的一篇argument機經進行練習。
The following appeared in a letter from a firm providing investment advice to a client.
"Homes in the northeastern United States, where winters are typically cold, have traditionally used oil as their major fuel for heating. Last year that region experienced twenty days with below-average temperatures, and local weather forecasters throughout the region predict that this weather pattern will continue for several more years. Furthermore, many new homes have been built in this region during the past year. Because of these developments, we predict an increased demand for heating oil and recommend investment in Consolidated Industries, one of whose major business operations is the retail sale of home heating oil."
Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.
現在我們假設在考場里。
首先,看一下題目的文章的大概:是一個公司為一個客服的投資建議(from a firm providing investment advice to a client)。所以第一點已經明確了該題目文章是關於建議的。
其次,快速過一遍題目的這篇給客戶的投資letter,我們可以看到最後的結論的地方是:we predict ...所以是關於預測類型的問題。
最後,看了一下寫作指令,我看可以看到,這是一篇要寫what specific evidence的文章。
馬上快速在考場的argument的考試界面那裡默打出如下的模板,這個模板肯定與咱們的模板有所不同,不同之處在於必須符合剛才上面提到的3點: 1,建議;2, predice和recommend ; 3, evidence。
所以在第一段,只留下predict一詞,其他的concludes/recommends/advocates等全部刪掉。
In this argument, the arguer predicts that .To justify the advice, the arguer points out,which may seem reasonable at first glance. With a series of dubious and poor assumptions and lack the necessary evidences , however, this argument fails to be wholly persuasive as it stands.
A paramount problem involved in this recommendation is that the arguer simply assumes that [ fault 1 ]. Without providing the credible evidence, the arguer apparently can not substantiate this crucial assumption, though this is entirely possible. It is much likely that[ reason 1 ].An appropriate example is not far to seek, [ example 1 ]. In order to strengthen his/her argument, the author should provide more reliable evidences and have to rule out these or other possible alternative explanations. For example, if the arguer can convince me that [ ], this argument will be significantly strengthened.
Additionally, it is not safe to unfairly assume without substantiation that [ fault 2 ]. In this case, we may wonder whether [ reason 2 ] is possible or not. For example, [ example 2 ]. Thus, the author should supply more convincing evidence to confirm this assumption. Otherwise, there is little chance that this unsolid/ expedient/ ineffective assumption can be bolstered.
Finally, even if the foregoing assumptions on which the conclusion is based on are reasonable, the argument merely relies on the assumption that [ fault 3 ] and we are not informed any persuasive and professional evidence. In fact, it could turn out to be the case , however, it will be questionable if [ example 3 ]. .If so, anyone would be reluctant to accept the arguer』s recommendation/ conclusion.
To sum up, there are, as I have presented, many obvious flaws that need to be marshaled/ addressed before the proposal can be seriously scrutinized. Otherwise, any impetuous implementation of the recommendation would be unlikely to have desired consequence.
在考場上,默打完以上的模板後,我們再花幾分鐘,仔細看題目的文章在說什麼。不難發現:
"Homes in the northeastern United States, where winters are typically cold, have traditionally used oil as their major fuel for heating. Last year that region experienced twenty days with below-average temperatures, and local weather forecasters throughout the region predict that this weather pattern will continue for several more years. Furthermore, many new homes have been built in this region during the past year. Because of these developments, we predict an increased demand for heating oil and recommend investment in Consolidated Industries, one of whose major business operations is the retail sale of home heating oil."
腦海里反映的是:
在冬季非常寒冷的美國東北部的房屋,一直都使用傳統的油料作為採暖的主要燃料。去年該地區經歷了90天低於往年平均氣溫的嚴寒,並且氣象預測家們預測這種天氣會持續未來數年。而且,去年本地建造了很多的房屋。按此趨勢,我們預測對於油料的需求將會增加. 所以我們建議對CI公司投資,該公司的主要業務之一就是家用採暖油料的零售。
接著開始找文章的漏洞:
1,氣象預測家們預測這種天氣會持續未來數年。但是這種預測是否靠譜?我們需要證據來表明,這些天氣預測是靠譜的。例如過去的預測到底有多少次是正確的,又有多少次是扯淡的。我們需要這樣的數據。否則,這些預測沒有任何的說服力。
2, 很多的住宅新建起來,不見得很多人都會立刻搬進去居住,可能是房子的質量不好,也可能是人們的工資負擔不起那裡昂貴的房價&> 又或者交通不便利,環境不好等因素。也就是我們需要一些證據:可以證明這些新房的主人會搬進去的。
3,就算前面的預測是對的,很多新房的主人也會住進來,但是隨著科技的發展,我們需要有證據表明,這些地方的居民依然會使用這些不可再生的,並且產生污染以及溫室氣體的燃料。很可能隨著科技的發展,以及當地居民環保意識的增加,居民們都使用上了太陽能、電等其他環保的能源作為供暖的能源。因此,這樣的投資註定是個悲劇啊。
好。在考場上,我們花了大概5分鐘左右找出漏洞後,開始準備在剛才已經打好的模板里加上去。這樣就妥妥的啦。需要提醒的是,對於那些平時看題目文章,不太會找漏洞的童鞋,我們建議大家多看arguemtn提綱。如果自己找不到寫作提綱,可以問上校老師。前提你是我們的保分班學生哈。
廢話少說,下面開始闡述如何使用模板開始補全文章啦。如下:
第一段:
In this argument, the arguer predicts that the demand for heating oil will absolutely increased and confidently recomends the client investing in Consolidated Industries 【備註:題目原文為:an increased demand for heating oil and recommend investment in Consolidated Industries, one of whose major business operations is the retail sale of home heating oil.很明顯,我在寫第一段的時候,會在原文里直接copy這一句過來,然後再同義改寫一下。】.To justify the advice, the arguer points out that 【注,這個是題目原文letter的根據,考生對後面進行改寫即可。筆者不再進行改寫示範。last year that region experienced twenty days with below-average temperatures, and local weather forecasters throughout the region predict that this weather pattern will continue for several more years and many new homes have been built in this region during the past year】,which may seem reasonable at first glance. With a series of dubious and poor assumptions and lack the necessary evidences , however, this recomendation fails to be wholly persuasive as it stands.
寫完第一段我們發現,第一段基本補寫的部分完全來自題目原文。考生需要做的事情是:
1,區別文章哪些是原文作者的依據,哪些是原文作者的結論。這個其實在閱讀課,我一直強調呀!!
2,找出作者的依據和結論後,再在原文的基礎上進行同義改寫即可。
下面開始琢磨第2段。由於剛才文章的漏洞我們已經找出來了,這時候,需要做的工作,只是把下面找出的漏洞逐一添加到每段即可。例如:
1,氣象預測家們預測這種天氣會持續未來數年。但是這種預測是否靠譜?我們需要證據來表明,這些天氣預測是靠譜的。例如過去的預測到底有多少次是正確的,又有多少次是扯淡的。我們需要這樣的數據。否則,這些預測沒有任何的說服力。
2, 很多的住宅新建起來,不見得很多人都會立刻搬進去居住,可能是房子的質量不好,也可能是人們的工資負擔不起那裡昂貴的房價&> 又或者交通不便利,環境不好等因素。也就是我們需要一些證據:可以證明這些新房的主人會搬進去的。
3,就算前面的預測是對的,很多新房的主人也會住進來,但是隨著科技的發展,我們需要有證據表明,這些地方的居民依然會使用這些不可再生的,並且產生污染以及溫室氣體的燃料。很可能隨著科技的發展,以及當地居民環保意識的增加,居民們都使用上了太陽能、電等其他環保的能源作為供暖的能源。因此,這樣的投資註定是個悲劇啊。
第二段:
A paramount problem involved in this recommendation is that the arguer simply assumes that 氣象預測家們預測這種天氣會持續未來數年【請讀者把前面的中文翻譯為英文即可在考場上】 Without providing the credible evidence, the arguer apparently can not substantiate this crucial assumption, though this is entirely possible. It is much likely that這些天氣預測是不靠譜的.An appropriate example is not far to seek, 例如過去的預測很多是不正確的,都是是扯淡的。. In order to strengthen his/her argument, the author should provide more reliable evidences and have to rule out these or other possible alternative explanations. For example, if the arguer can convince me that 過去的預測都是非常靠譜的,正確的,這樣 this argument will be significantly strengthened.
第三段:
Additionally, it is not safe to unfairly assume without substantiation that 很多的住宅新建起來,很多人都會立刻搬進去居住. In this case, we may wonder whether 那些居民是否真的一定會搬進去住is possible or not. For example, 居民們可能壓根就不會搬進去,例如可能是房子的質量不好,也可能是人們的工資負擔不起那裡昂貴的房價&> 又或者交通不便利,環境不好等因素. Thus, the author should supply more convincing evidence to confirm this assumption. Otherwise, there is little chance that this unsolid/ expedient/ ineffective assumption can be bolstered.
第四段:
Finally, even if the foregoing assumptions on which the conclusion is based on are reasonable, the argument merely relies on the assumption that這些地方的居民依然會使用這些不可再生的,並且產生污染以及溫室氣體的燃料。 and we are not informed any persuasive and professional evidence. In fact, it could turn out to be the case , however, that 很可能隨著科技的發展,以及當地居民環保意識的增加,居民們都使用上了太陽能、電等其他環保的能源作為供暖的能源。因此,這樣的投資註定是個悲劇啊。 .If so, anyone would be reluctant to accept the arguer』s recommendation.
最後一段,基本不用怎麼改。
To sum up, there are, as I have presented, many necessary evidence needed to be marshaled before the proposal can be seriously scrutinized. Otherwise, any impetuous implementation of the recommendation would be unlikely to have desired consequence.
看到了?不知道你真的懂怎麼利用模板快速寫一篇arguemnt了?
希望對題主有幫助:)
God bless you .
作為暑期GRE助考活動的一部分,寄託有幸和GRE AW 滿分的Simon王浩老師組織了8月GRE同主題寫作(附視頻教程與點評)
現邀請各位知友和論壇上的版友有興趣有時間的話可以自行參加同主題寫作活動,
主要的安排形式如下:
1. Simon老師正在製作GRE寫作的視頻教程,issue和argument各有2-3小時,會由本周開始陸續推出。
2. 看完每段視頻後,同學會被邀請完成一個測試檢查學習情況。
3. 每周會有同主題寫提綱和全文的練習通過本版面推出,版友可以通過回帖參加。
8/8-8/9題目已經有很多同學寫完並且點評視頻也已發出,大家可以看一下:issue同主題寫作-第一類 8月8日-9日 - GRE作文互動論壇 寄託家園留學論壇
4. 在貼出自己的提綱或全文後,必須在12小時內通過編輯本樓層點評樓上的作品。
5. 每次同主題寫作後,Simon老師會挑選部分典型的作品通過視頻講評,供大家學習參考。
目前已排出8月的主題,具體可參考issue目錄帖和argument目錄帖。
Simon老師目前在香港城市大學任教,更多背景大家可以從他的知乎 @王浩 ,和以下訪談帖了解:像經濟學家一樣思考,像程序員一樣寫作--專訪GRE寫作大神tesolchina - GRE作文互動論壇 寄託家園留學論壇
願意參與寫作訓練的同學可自行點擊上述鏈接參加即可~需要組隊的同學可私信寄託君~
祝大家都能考到滿意的AW分數!
1.摸清題庫,做大量的破題分析訓練。畢竟GRE是邏輯考試,在寫作文采方面並沒有過多要求,在考試時把自己的文章寫的清晰條理分明才是最重要的。如果覺得自己的寫作實在太低級,句式的運用是值得學習的,多研究範文的句法,以及在寫作中留心用上自己背過的GRE單詞。
2.多研究範文,高分文。在自己的寫作過程中可以模仿,借鑒。練多了可以形成自己的寫作套路。畢竟GRE還是一門題目類型固定,容易形成答題套路的考試,相信只要多練,就可以取得好成績!
這個問題很大,也關乎到應試能力與英語硬實力兩方面。但單純從應試角度而言,可以從以下幾方面努力:1. 提高打字速度,這是基本;2. 看完題庫,確保沒有生詞;3. 明確應對Issue和Argument的基本方法論(如:如何應對十大類Instruction);4. (如時間充裕)寫完所有題目的提綱(GRE寫作的題目是已經放出來了,這一點要利用好);5. 積累素材(包括語言素材和內容素材,這一點可以靠讀範文在短期內實現);6. 全文練習(如時間緊迫,則練習4篇Argument;時間充裕可以向Issue發起衝擊)
GRE作文練習的核心就是先保質,後保量。
我是報的kmf的課程,這裡簡單說下 :
1在複習的時候一定要研究範文,那是最權威的輔導資料!。不只是簡單的熟讀和背誦,而是要體會作者的意思和修飾。還有評論也都非常精彩也非常有利於理解考試所考的重點
2要熟練,形成慣性思維考試時候不要緊張,只有充分的準備和放鬆才能發揮到最好。
3在練習的時候,作文寫完一定要反覆修改,每次修改都要努力避免下次不在同樣的問題上跌倒第二次
寫完的文章,如果沒有老師的幫你的修改,那就多往論壇上放一些不管是誰修改我們都虛心接受。然後再取長補短。
以「提高自己的批判性思維」為目標來練習GRE寫作
先開始寫幾篇,然後推薦閱讀《學會提問》,寫了文章之後看這本書會覺得這是一本絕佳的GRE指導書~
作者:美申留學老陳
鏈接:如何整理GRE寫作邏輯關係 - 美申留學老陳的文章 - 知乎專欄
來源:知乎
著作權歸作者所有。商業轉載請聯繫作者獲得授權,非商業轉載請註明出處。
- 來源:美申留學
- 作者:美申留學老陳
小編在總結過程中,發現作文問題主要集中在以下四個方面:
1.邏輯混亂
2.過於主觀
3.中式思維/表達
4.過分注重用詞
大體上來說,邏輯問題出現的最多。會出現三種邏輯問題,第一是通篇邏輯矛盾,第二是段落之間邏輯關係不明,第三是用此不當,段落中邏輯混亂。
寫作中邏輯問題的出現可能和我們高中初中的英語教育有關係,大家都很喜歡一條一條擺原因。Firstly,secondly...然後後面至於這個ly後面是什麼就不管了,隨意堆砌。反正都有什麼ly給打頭陣,也不管段落與段落之間的銜接是否自然,。
事實上,中西方的思維總是存在差異,很多時候考官老師們都不懂考生在說什麼。考官很困惑,這個例子和主題有關係嗎?為什麼前面在說A,後面突然B了?例證和結論什麼關係?要記住一點,文章是一個整體,開篇結尾和中部內容都是應該有關聯的。也就是說,在開頭提到的,文中應該有展開,同時在結尾有總結。中文裡也要求行文流暢,至少要求邏輯是通順的。
很多同學都很喜歡寫中立觀點「A不錯,但不夠好」,這雖然看起來很客觀,但實際上對邏輯的要求非常高,要怎樣去組織語言,組織相應的論據論點,非常考驗人。有同學想說A事件要瑕疵互見,但是寫著寫著就亂七八糟,東一塊西一塊,不知道在講點什麼了。更有厲害的索性堆上好多詞,空話重複的話占多數。所以建議剛上手的同學,還是選擇一邊倒,站穩腳跟不放鬆。即便是真的要寫中立觀點,實際上也都在A和B之間有所偏好。
此外,現在很多人會要求練writing的時候先寫提綱。於是同學們們就只寫一個觀點,然後後面的例子亂用,或者根本沒有弄清楚什麼是例子。事實上,這種展開,可以是實例,也可以是虛擬的假設。實例中往往分自己的經驗和他人的經驗。那麼怎樣的例子有說服力呢?一般來說是:名人名事(知名度大)、大於眾人眾事(樣本大)、大於自己經歷(體會深)、大於他人經歷。假設往往不夠有說服力,因為很難涉及到每一個變數。但是假設在有的時候可以行得通,就是在很難說清楚步驟和因果關係的時候,用一個假設場景來推導會讓文章變得淺顯易懂。
所以建議,在剛開始上手寫toefl作文的時候,先不要給自己30分鐘的壓力,先列出提綱(10分鐘),再用30分鐘去寫,看能寫多少。
記住例證一定要死死扣住你的觀點,不要是和觀點打擦邊球的。以一篇文章為例,大觀點是電腦對學生來說是有益的,小觀點是,在電腦上可以查到很多資料,例證是可以用google查到很多資料很快捷。ok,乍一看這個沒有問題。但是實際上差之千里,用goole查到很多資料,是因為電腦還是internet?這很容易就偏題了,變成internet對學生來說是有益的。例子一定要從論點出發,再回到論點。不要將你的論點發散,後果很可能就是越寫越跑題。所以每次寫好一篇文章,都看看,論據里的keywords是不是和論點裡的keywords一樣,論點裡的keywords又是不是和題目里的keywords一樣。你的keywords可以比大題里的keywords更加narrow,但是千萬不要更加廣泛。
最後說是段落中邏輯比較容易錯的,一般是對接續詞的運用不恰當。如However,thus,therefore,他們決定了上下文之間的關係,但是很多讀起來就很奇怪,兩者完全不是轉折的關係,用了however,就會讓人覺得有些無厘頭。或者就是上下文之間完全沒有邏輯聯繫,就是兩個單句湊在了一起。還是這句話,一篇文章行雲流水,邏輯通順,不能斷。中間斷了那就不叫好文章了。即使前一句與有一句沒有接續詞,它們在邏輯上也是要能承接的,這樣才能真正成就一篇好文章!
1. 研究範文
研究5-6分的範文是非常重要的。首先要看文章的整體結構和思路,學習整體的寫作方法,然後逐字逐句讀,體會文章中的一些修辭和好的句子。
2. 借鑒別人的文章
除範文外,可以借鑒網上一些經典的寫的不錯的文章,模仿別人的寫作方法,和表達方法,運用到自己的文章中。
3. 準備自己的作文素材
這個也是十分必要的,最好是英文原文的素材,這樣積累下來稍作修改,就是很好的文章素材,而且很地道,解決了題主表達不地道的部分問題。
4. 通讀GRE作文題庫
GRE作文的題庫是完全開放的,考前把題目都過一遍,了解其中的思路和寫作方式,在考試中碰到可以大量節省時間,提高寫作效率。
真正寫的時候,先寫第一段和最後一段,然後每段寫個第一句,列出框架。最好能在第一段把你要寫的內容都先簡要概括一下。最後自己再總結一下這個框架的邏輯結構,看看有沒有什麼問題。
再詳細的內容可以自己去KMF看看。
關於ISSUE,方法也差不多,主要的問題就是寫提綱一定要仔細,把你對這個問題的觀點,和引用的例子都寫出來,準備好寫作提綱。寫的例子要放在提綱里,ISSUE跟A也一樣,寫完一遍提綱,自己重新看,到最後就是訓練自己看到一個題,在2分鐘以內迅速組織出一個比較詳細的提綱。這樣ISSUE的準備也就差不多了。還有什麼不懂的可以去KMF去查查。
GRE作文的題庫是公開的,找一些分析的書看看。
保險起見,最好把每一篇作文都準備好論據和素材(當然,這需要大量時間)。重點準備高頻題(這個相關的考試輔導書里應該有講)。勤奮出高分,樓主加油~
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