賣不出去的服飾和食品等，最後會怎樣處理呢？

12-27

正好315快到了,作為百貨業從業者來說一下
首先,食品會在保質期到來前就提前做準備.這其中分經銷的(自采,自管庫存與售價)與聯營的(按銷售額扣除一定比例分成),處理起來也有區別.

一般而言.聯營商品保質期小於15天的(巴氏奶,部分生鮮商品如果菜肉,主食等等)會提前一天下架,保質期在15-30天的提前一周,1個月-3個月的提前兩周,3-6個月的提前一個月,一年的提前3個月,兩年的提前半年.這些都直接返廠.至於返廠後如何處理,那是供應商的事情了-------一般熟食什麼的會做狗糧.據我了解,大一點的供應商如中糧的肉食確實嚴格處理成狗糧,但也有小供應商抹去生產日期重新發貨給別人的.這方面商場只能嚴格檢查貨品,加上嚴格審核供應商資質了.
有供應商會提出做活動出清,一般是大力度降價或者捆綁銷售.比如我店裡有一批去年8-9月產的午後紅茶奶茶,打折按3塊一瓶往外賣,兩天就賣光了...實際上離保質期還半年多呢.比較誇張的我也見過,還有一個月到期的匯源橙汁,半價.還有兩周到期的旭日升冰茶(這玩意確實不好賣)5毛一瓶.對,你沒看錯,5毛一瓶.喝完的瓶子都能賣一毛.那些日子我就喝橙汁和旭日升喝到吐.

自採的以及自製的(如果菜,自製麵包等)通常是在壞掉之前和挑揀出來的次品(不好看但是還能吃的)提前做打折出清,比如6點後半價或買一送一或大力度折扣.我在自己店裡買到過6塊一斤的進口櫻桃-------出清的,相當的好吃,但是表面坑坑窪窪皺巴巴的,而且再放就壞了.嘛,我會告訴你們因為進口水果不好賣經常有出清所以我沒少吃么...
麵包什麼的,像高檔一些的店外區的麵包店,只賣當天烤的那種,晚上閉店直接扔.是真的扔,有人蹲在垃圾桶撿,我們也不好說什麼(其實我都想撿...但是已經開除了幾個晚上去撿麵包的保潔員什麼的,沒辦法雖然挺可憐的但這是紀律).店內的稍微低端點的,土司什麼的可以烤成麵包干再賣幾天,價格也相當便宜.部分含水量大含油量大的,進粉碎機打成粉後賣給養豬的什麼的.
這些下架的貨品都有嚴格的台帳,而且製作的時候也有記錄-------用了多少原料,多少面多少奶油都有當日記錄的,工商會來檢查,每個月至少三次.考慮到口碑,我一個五萬平米帶百貨和超市的商場是絕對絕對絕對不敢在食品安全上出問題的.但凡顧客有投訴商品質量的只要有一點點問題都按消法退一陪十.

以上是食品.話說工商局官員任內出現食品安全出大事的,那基本上官員生涯就到頭了.所以搞得我們這些被檢查的也很緊張.

然後說說服飾.其實準確的說是服裝,服飾包含配飾,一般分男飾女飾.男飾基本就是火機領帶腰帶之類的,女飾比較多,頭花手套帽子圍巾絲巾小掛件等等等等,但一般不包含珠寶類.這些東西不太占庫存,而且也不太有季節性和時尚度,不存在過季的問題,一般都可以等著賣掉.
服裝就複雜的多.每年會有新款,不同的季節有應季的款,過季的一般就是供應商自己返走作為特賣貨品存著,換季時一般打個大折扣可以賣掉不少.比如The North Face,換季的時候一般會做3天左右5-7折的活動把這些舊款賣掉(不過話說TNF的新款真的是只換顏色別的什麼都不變啊...),基本就是這樣.

順便說,某些情況下會有狂甩的情況.比如鵬達(東北地區的一個運動代理)被寶勝道吉(國內運動品牌代理巨頭)收購後,一方面積壓了不少庫存需要騰出地方給2013年的新品讓位,一方面缺少現金流支付貨款,直接把庫存的東西都拿出來甩了-------NIKE,Adidas甚至做到1折起.簡直就是瘋狗.
順便再說一句服裝其實也是有保質期的,放久了線都會爛掉的,一般而言兩年就是極限了.
當然,正常情況下這些過季的庫存就是換季甩一部分,奧萊和工廠店扔一部分,三四五線城市發一部分(五線城市半價NIKE什麼的太好賣啦),特賣會出一部分,基本也剩不了多少.代理商也都不傻,自己能消化多少庫存自己心裡有數,不會像凡客誠品那樣積出好幾億庫存來.啊,這裡沒有貶義,我就舉個例子.
當然部分品牌公司腦子比較糊塗,比如李寧,確實積的比較嚴重.這是CEO腦子有包.越小的代理商庫存越乾淨-------每一分錢都是自己的啊,不能砸手裡.

商業還是要講誠信的.不能因為這點蠅頭小利砸自己招牌.

「＊＊快過期了還有很多賣不掉怎麼辦？」

「降價促銷。」

「降價還是賣不掉怎麼辦？」

「買一送一。」

「買一送一還賣不掉，明天就過保質期了怎麼辦？」

「當贈品，綁在＊＊上，記得讓保質期朝里。」

我們村裡的大喇叭隔斷時間就廣播，新到優酸乳，價格很便宜。其實就是快過期的奶，不過在村裡暢銷地很。其實喝了也沒什麼要緊。

食品的話還不是很清楚，至於服裝，我記得南方周末2013年一月有過一期專題，說的就是中國服裝行業巨量的＂尾貨市場＂的情況。爪機黨暫時找不到了，Mark一下，晚上找出資料來回答。
===========================我是傳說中的分割線=============================
具體內容可見南方周末 - 超市聯軍抄底「世界工廠」
===========================我也是分割線XD================================
下面是我個人對這個問題的一些看法。PS：以下答案僅僅是針對「賣不出去的服飾」這一塊的解答，至於賣不掉的食品，我覺得應該是丟掉或者處理了，不過我國的食品安全嘛……一把辛酸淚啊
首先，對賣不出去的衣服，應該劃分為兩種
1.服裝店銷售不掉的衣服
一般是上一季進貨的時候沒能銷售完的，大部分品牌服裝的做法是退回廠家；少部分無法退回的，會採取降價促銷的方式或者是所謂「買一送一」的方式銷售。這種情況下的銷售是很難帶來利潤的，其唯一銷售目標就是：回籠資金。
所以有人說那些店裡又打折啊又促銷啊什麼的都是騙人的，我覺得有點以偏概全了。不可否認是有很多店家打著降價的幌子坑害顧客的，但是大部分的降價銷售還是因為貨物滯銷，所以只能虧本出貨了。能賣掉的，哪怕再便宜也比爛在倉庫里強。服裝這個東西保存時間其實是不長的，在店鋪的倉庫里積壓個兩三個月，就會發霉爛掉了，所以怎麼都要想辦法賣掉。
2.服裝製造商製造出來沒能賣掉的衣服，有的是質量問題，存在瑕疵；有的是由於對訂單預期不足或者訂貨方違約導致生產過剩賣不出去的；這些東西市場上一般統稱：尾貨。也就是鏈接中所述的那一類。這一類的市場就非常之廣大啦啊啊啊啊啊啊……（無限迴音中）
不過事實上這種大批量的尾貨處理方式和門店的處理方式都是大同小異的，唯一不同就是他們找不到生產商作為下家來接盤了，所以只能忍痛割肉。在東莞、福建、寧波、溫州等地都有專門做服裝尾貨的商會的，他們通過結成商會來構建強大的資金圈，然後幾十幾百萬單地吃下各家服裝廠的尾貨，再通過外貿渠道運輸到國外去賣，或者是轉入國內二三線城市採用超低價短期門店的形式迅速出貨。我看新聞就看過溫州一個專門的尾貨商人一次性買了李寧500萬元的服裝尾貨，折算單價大約是2到5元一件……然後轉手賣到西亞地區，就賣了3000萬……
所以我們經常在街邊看到的那些什麼襯衫20毛衣25的這一類的店鋪，就是這些尾貨商人用來鋪貨的。相比那些品牌服裝，尾貨才是真正的暴力……要知道品牌服裝主要的利潤點是在生產商手裡，越是名牌服裝越是對經銷商管控嚴格，不會允許他們改動售價。而尾貨市場由於其周轉期迅速的特點，大服裝廠通常都是按白菜價（很多門店裡賣200多的服裝，作為尾貨處理都是不到10元一件的）來處理尾貨。尾貨商拿到貨之後，只要按照門店價格的10%甚至是5%出貨，就有巨大的利潤了。
額，第一次寫長答案。感覺還真是累心……
我本人並不從事服裝行業，所知道的信息也主要是通過新聞和一些朋友口耳相傳了解的。有謬誤的地方歡迎指正～@～

服飾可以參考這條：http://www.iheima.com/archives/21147.html

基本上是丟到倉庫，然後以存貨的形式統一處理掉

參考Quora問答Food Industry: How do supermarkets dispose of expired food?

During my time working in both management and part time capacities at a large supermarket, I can tell you that the evolution of what happens with food past its sell by date has been pretty fascinating. There is a distinction to note that there are generally several dates associated with food. There is a sell by date, a best by date and an expiration date.

The short answer to your question is, yes, a lot of food gets thrown out.

The long answer is that most supermarkets do a very good job of minimizing this waste. Almost all departments, especially ones with perishable items, order to sell out and should come very close to running out before their next order arrives. Think about that the next time your supermarket is out of fresh wild salmon. Would they really bring in one extra twenty pound case just to sell you an eight ounce fillet at 8PM the night before fresh fish arrives? Depends on the market and how aggressively the store wants to capture sales, but mostly, no.

The blanket rule for food past its expiration date is this, if it is unsafe in any way, shape or form, it gets thrown out. They find a way to use almost everything else.

Produce - Fruits and vegetables don"t come with clear expiration dates. I will tell you that you will probably never see a banana that"s turning brown on the racks in the produce department. If some produce isn"t sell-able it usually gets shopped around the store. A department that handles any type of prepared foods will use these items to make items for hot bars, salad bars, soups, etc. The same goes for meat and seafood that is past its sell by date but still within its best by date.

Composting seems like the natural answer for all the other produce that can"t be used. This issue has been explored and explored at our supermarket and there are two major roadblocks to seeing it in action.
Storage - Most farms are generally further away from urbanized (or suburbanized) stores. Because produce deteriorates rather quickly farms would have to pick up compostable produce on a daily basis. Storage at the market is not an option because a large, rotting pile of fruit would attract all sorts of unwanted pests to the store. Daily pickup is difficult and would the extra monetary and green cost of the freight and labor make up for the produce that would be picked up? The logistics of the operation are more involved than one might initially think.
Recalls - Unfortunately, recalls due to contaminated fruits and vegetables do happen. Many of them happen after the produce has been in the store for some time. If the store composts melons, and those same melons are recalled two days later due to a possible salmonella contamination, then you have potentially deadly compost making its way around your local farms. I am neither an expert in food-borne illness nor composting, so I don"t know if there is any validity to this concern, but I do know it sounds scary. And that"s enough to put the issue on the back burner.

Bakery - Almost all old baked goods get donated to the local food bank which disperses it to not for profit agencies in the area. Every morning a big shopping cart of old muffins, donuts and bread makes it way to the back dock and every morning at 10AM a van rolls around and picks it up.

Meat and Seafood - Lately, within the past couple of months, they"ve been testing out freezing meats that have just passed sell by date and donating these to the local soup kitchens. Again, this is still in its infancy and some issues have arisen that have taken the logistics of this back to the drawing board. The main issue becomes, and always comes back too, safety. Just because a product makes it to its final consumer in a frozen state doesn"t mean its 100% safe. What happened to the product in the mean time? Traceability is of paramount importance until it gets to the store, but the cost involved with continuing that traceability until it reaches donations is economically unfeasible.

Grocery and Dairy - Unfortunately, for the same reasons Meat and Seafood can"t be donated, many refrigerated, expired dairy products don"t make the list. The good news is that very few items get thrown out. Longer shelf lives, higher demand and tight orders ensures that they only dairy products that really get thrown out are the damaged ones that aren"t safe for consumption anyways.

Grocery items are given to food banks. I"m sure some smaller markets donate directly. At our store, everything expired is packed and freighted to headquarters and they distribute the goods evenly among the communities that our supermarket are located in. The extra freight may seem wasteful but I am assuming they record their donations for tax deduction purposes.

I"ve had the good fortune to spend some time volunteering at food banks. They have different expiration dates for products which I assume are regulated by some sort of government agency. For example, (I"m just using an arbitrary example, I don"t remember the exact dates and figures) canned beans may be ok for two years past the date on the can whereas boxed pasta is good for six months past the date on the box. The majority of my volunteer time at the food banks was spent sorting through the mountains of canned goods and checking expiration dates to see what was still deemed safe and what wasn"t.

So basically, if it"s safe it gets donated. If it"s not, it gets thrown out. Definitely some food for thought.

作為半個業內人士。。。我爆料一下吧。過期商品超市退回給供應商，應當依法處理。依法處理是怎樣處理在這裡先不討論，因為實際上，有很多食品都被供應商改了日期，繼續送往超市銷售。一般塑料包裝上的生產日期噴碼用一種有機藥水可以輕而易舉擦掉。紙質包裝或者不易更改的甚至直接換外包裝。擦掉之後再印上新的日期，印日期的機器據我所知大概有兩類，一類比較老舊是鋼印的，例如下圖：（但並不是說下圖商品一定是更改過日期的）

由於機器本身的設計，更改日期的鋼印一般會在包裝邊沿的位置，有時候字還會有點歪歪斜斜。以後遇到這樣的商品大家要小心嘍，至少現在多數正規廠家都很少用鋼印日期了。
另一類比較是噴碼的，可以以假亂真。
說下個人經歷，有點啰嗦= =比如前幾個月我曾去過某家經銷商的倉庫，看到某品牌行將過期的進口巧克力醬，這種巧克力醬只在兩家超市有售，全部是該經銷商供貨。然後前幾天我在逛其中一家超市的時候發現這種巧克力醬，因為是進口嘛，外包裝貼了中文的商品信息貼紙，但貼紙看起來印刷的好渣，弧線邊緣也剪的參差不齊，上面的日期是最新的，不用說都能想到為什麼了。
我知道的比較少，印象里最容易被改日期的是派類，蛋糕卷。聽說某家經銷商的工作人員平時的工作就是在庫房改日期，一堆一堆地改= =還有些牌子不太好，容易滯銷的商品大家在購買的時候要小心了。

1、超市滯銷的會做買X贈X之類的促銷，或者退回供應商。
2、過期的食品類會銷毀，殘損日用品會降價賣員工或者被管理人員拿走。
3、臨期的也會選擇促銷或者退回供應商。

曾經在沃爾瑪作促銷的時候看過沃爾瑪自有品牌的礦泉水因為即將到期，9毛錢一匝，但單瓶仍賣1塊錢……還有快餐面5塊錢一包什麼的。當然這些都被超市人員自己搶購一空，分分鐘的事。

認識不少做乾果生意的，長毛紅棗和反油核桃，都被小企業低價收去做紅棗飲料和核桃飲料了～～袋裝的基本是跟廠家換新貨，廠家收回去後改生產日期～～

作為一個淘寶賣家每年都有存庫，個人都是集中清理，500多的衣服10塊錢總有人要吧。放著爛掉才是最不理智的行為。

日用品，飲食。
首先做促銷。
再次供應商買回，內部消化。
消化不了，丟棄。

有這麼一次經歷。但未必全部。

食品在即將過期前，商場就會開始開展各類促銷活動。其方式多種多樣。
食品報廢我略知一，沒有二。僅可談談麵包報廢。
某超市內面包房僅出售當日麵包。
因此，下班前半小時員工會將體積相似、較小的麵包打包，供應內部職工次日早餐。
其餘麵包（長棍、全麥、水果系列、甜甜圈、肉鬆包、小型披薩、羊角、吐司、蛋撻）無論好壞，一律報廢。
報廢流程：集中收集，澆水，木棍捅爛，較大的麵包撕爛，有包裝的甜點等直接開封。
收集麵包運至指定地點操作。
麵包報廢由麵包房負責操作，保安科負責協助、監督、拍照留檔。
全程有監控錄像；並由超市每日執勤的當班經理簽字。
有人在超市外負責一切垃圾處理。此類報廢麵包多用來餵豬。
該超市熟食部報廢流程與麵包類似。

以上僅為某超市內的麵包房的報廢詳情。請君管中窺豹，可略知其一二。

服飾不清楚。估計低價處理吧。
食品的話，某些超市會做切碎處理，並且每天有公示。