奧斯曼帝國為何不參與大航海時代的海外擴張活動?

奧斯曼帝國對同時代西歐擴張為何沒反應,還有東南亞如何看待奧斯曼


前面已經有人說了,奧斯曼帝國在大西洋也有自己的私掠船隊,甚至去過北美。不過,奧斯曼帝國最主要的參與,還是在東非、印度啊,畢竟西歐發起大航海時代,目的也不過是繞過非洲(西半球)到印度。奧斯曼帝國自己就直接能和印度通商,能直接從紅海進印度洋,當然也會在這裡捲入軍事-貿易活動。

(印度洋爭霸)

實際上,奧斯曼帝國之所以擴張到地跨三大洲,一個重要原因恰恰是南方貿易線路上的各個國家受到葡萄牙西班牙荷蘭等國的威脅,需要奧斯曼霸權的保護。而習慣了地中海——印度貿易的威尼斯人這次也站到了奧斯曼帝國一邊——奧斯曼帝國也是大航海時代的參與者和受益者。

奧斯曼帝國與16世紀中期舊商路的貿易復興

注意奧斯曼帝國的擴張時間,南方的擴張很多是大航海時代做到的,方向很明顯是沿著海路軸心。

(圖片未能體現奧斯曼帝國在印度洋東西岸的軍事活動)

總之,如果沒有美洲,僅僅靠繞過非洲的貿易,靠領先不太多的火炮技術,歐洲小國是沒法在大航海時代佔到先機,以及長期保持貿易慾望的。畢竟到了鴉片戰爭,中國還在大幅賺西方的順差。若非沒有美洲金銀補償逆差,沒有美洲空曠土地釋放人口壓力(往往是最危險,最挑戰秩序的人口),只是一味向東方運金銀買香料,回來賺歐洲內部的錢,大航海時代的贏家未必就是歐洲小國。

相關回答:

1

歷史上有過哪些大的海盜集團? - 知乎

2

豐臣秀吉為什麼不去開闢美洲新大陸? - 知乎


奧斯曼帝國不是沒有反應,嚴格說是有心無力,事實是打著奧斯曼帝國旗號的勢力遠比中國網民想像的多和範圍大。

舉一個著名的海盜頭子揚詹森.凡.哈勒姆為例

以下內容來自維基百科 Jan Janszoon - Wikipedia

他的名字叫揚詹森.凡.哈勒姆或穆拉德.里斯( Jan Jansen Van Haarlem or Mourad Reis)。 他是改宗成為穆斯林的荷蘭佬。 但他為奧斯曼/摩爾效力。 他攻擊過冰島和rland,或者和任何其他的歐洲海盜一樣駛向北大西洋(甚至也許美國)?
從17世紀初開始,奧斯曼艦隊開始進軍到大西洋 (早期, 在1501年曾航行到加那利群島 ,而穆拉德.里斯於1585年奪取了蘭薩羅特中的加那利群島 )。1617年奧斯曼帝國艦隊佔領大西洋馬德拉,襲擊前蘇塞克斯 , 普利茅斯 , 德文郡 , 哈特蘭 , 在1625年8月康沃爾郡和西部英格蘭的其他縣遭到奧斯曼海盜襲擊。 1627年奧斯曼海軍艦艇的陪同下,巴巴裏海岸的海盜,襲擊了設得蘭群島 , 法羅群島 , 丹麥 , 挪威和冰島 。 1627和1631相同的,奧斯曼帝國的力量還襲擊的愛爾蘭和瑞典海岸 。1655年40艘奧斯曼艘艦隊在布里斯托爾海峽佔領小島倫迪 ,這裡曾擔任北大西洋奧斯曼海軍和私掠業務的主要基地,直到1660年,奧斯曼船舶出現在北美東部沿海 ,尤其是被看見在像英國殖民地紐芬蘭和弗吉尼亞州。


This article is about the 17th century Dutch pirate. For the Dutch cartographer, see Jan Janssonius.
Jan Janszoon

Grand Admiral of Salé
In office1619–1627
Governor of Salé (ceremonial)
In office1623–1627
Appointed by Sultan Zidan Abu Maali
Governor of Oualidia
In office1640–1641
Appointed by Sultan Mohammed esh Sheikh es Seghir
Personal details
Born Jan Janszoon van Haarlemc. 1570Haarlem, North Holland, Netherlands
Died 1641 or laterMorocco
Nationality Dutch, Moroccan
Children Lysbeth Janszoon van Haarlem, Anthony Janszoon van Salee, Abraham Janszoon van Salee, Philip Janszoon van Salee, Cornelis Janszoon van Salee
Occupation Pirate
Religion Islam
Military service
Allegiance Morocco
Rank Grand Admiral (Reis)
Jan Janszoon van Haarlem, commonly known as Murat Reis the Younger (c. 1570 – c. 1641) was the first President and Grand Admiral of the Corsair Republic of Salé, Governor of Oualidia, and a Dutch Barbary pirate, one of the most famous of the "Salé Rovers" from the 17th century.

Contents [hide]
1Early life
2Privateering
3Capture by Barbary corsairs
4Republic of Salé
4.1Plea from Dutch family

5Diplomacy
5.1Dutch captives
5.2Franco-Moroccan Treaty of 1631

6Notable raids
6.1Lundy
6.2Grindavík
6.3Sack of Baltimore, Ireland
6.4Raids in the Mediterranean Sea

7Capture by Knights of Malta
8Escape and return to Morocco
9Marriages and issue
10Popular culture
11Names
12See also
13External links
14Notes
15Works consulted

Early life[edit]
Jan Janszoon van Haerlem was born in Haarlem, North Holland, Republic of the Netherlands in 1575. The Eighty Years War had started seven years previously and lasted all his life. Little is known of his early life, except that he married Soutgen Cave in 1595 and had two children with her, Edward and Lysbeth. He married Margarita, a Moorish woman, in Cartagena around 1600. They had four children; Anthony, Abraham, Phillip, and Cornelis.
Privateering[edit]
In 1600, Jan Janszoon began as a Dutch privateer sailing from his home port, Haarlem, working for the state with letters of marque to harass Spanish shipping during the Eighty Years" War. Working from the Netherlands was insufficiently profitable, so Janszoon overstepped the boundaries of his letters and found his way to the semi-independent port states of the Barbary Coastof north Africa, whence he could attack ships of every foreign state: when he attacked a Spanish ship, he flew the Dutch flag; when he attacked any other, he became an Ottoman Captain and flew the red half-moon of the Turks or the flag of any of various other Mediterranean principalities. During this period he had abandoned his Dutch family.[1]
Capture by Barbary corsairs Sail plan for a Polacca, first built by the Barbary pirates around the 16th century, many scholars believe the Polacca was extensively used by Jan Janszoon. The ship could sail with a large crew of 75 and was armed with 24cannons
Janszoon was captured in 1618 at Lanzarote (one of the Canary Islands) by Barbary corsairs and taken toAlgiers as a captive. There he turned "Turk", or Muslim (as the Ottoman Empire had some limited influence over the region, sometimes Europeans erroneously called all Muslims "Turks"). It is speculated by some that the conversion was forced.[2] Janszoon himself, however, tried very hard to convert his fellow Europeans who were Christian to become Muslim and was a very passionate Muslim missionary.[3] The Ottoman Turks maintained a precarious measure of influence on behalf of their Sultan by openly encouraging the Moors to advance themselves through piracy against the European powers, which long resented the Ottoman Empire. After Janszoon"s conversion to Islam and the ways of his captors, he sailed with the famous corsair Sulayman Rais, also known as Slemen Reis (originally a Dutchman named De Veenboer[4] whom Janszoon had known before his capture and who,[5] as Janszoon himself, had chosen to convert to Islam) and with Simon de Danser.[citation needed] But, because Algiers had concluded peace with several European nations, it was no longer a suitable harbor from which to sell captured ships or their cargo. So, after Sulayman Rais was killed by a cannonball in 1619, Janszoon moved to the ancient port of Salé and began operating from it as aBarbary corsair himself.

Republic of Salé Salé in the 1600sMain article: Republic of Salé
In 1619, Salé Rovers declared the port to be an independent republic free from the Sultan. They set up a government that consisted of 14 pirate leaders, and elected Janszoon as their President. He would also serve as the Grand Admiral of their navy.[6]The Salé fleet totaled about eighteen ships, all small because of the very shallow harbor entrance.
Even the Sultan of Morocco, after an unsuccessful siege of the city, acknowledged its semi-autonomy. Contrary to popular belief that Sultan Zidan Abu Maali had reclaimed sovereignty over Salé and appointed Janszoon the Governor in 1624, the Sultan merely approved Janszoon"s election as President by formally appointing him as his ceremonial governor.[7]

The walls of Marrakesh and El Badi Palace, by Adriaen Matham, 1640.
Under Janszoon"s leadership, business in Salé thrived. The main sources of income of this republic remained piracy and its by-trades, shipping and dealing in stolen property. Historians have noted Janszoon"s intelligence and courage which reflected in his leadership ability. He was forced to find an assistant to keep up, resulting in the hiring of a fellow countryman from The Netherlands, Mathys van Bostel Oosterlinck, who would serve as his Vice-Admiral.[8]
Janszoon had become very wealthy from his income as piratical admiral, payments for anchorage and other harbor dues, and the brokerage of stolen goods. The political climate in Salé worsened toward the end of 1627, so Janszoon quietly moved his family and his entire piratical operation back to semi-independent Algiers.

還有17世紀冰島人Gudridur Simonardottir 的奇遇

以下內容來自維基百科Gueríeur Símonardóttir

1627年,北歐帶路黨 Jan Janszoon 等人,夥同北非柏柏裏海盜,洗劫冰島沿海村鎮,擄走數百人。 其中有人妻人母Gudridur Simonardottir,被販至北非為奴,受屈受辱。十年後與若干同胞一道被丹麥王克里斯蒂安四世贖回。丹麥有為這批身心受創傷者設立的康復中心和改造課程,負責人是神學院學生Hallgrimur Petursson。
Simonardottir比他年長16歲,日久生情,珠胎暗結。Petursson 放棄前程,隨Simonardottir回歸故里,得知Simonardottir前夫已死,兩人隨即完婚。婚後要忍受當地人各種閑話,從她在北非失身失節到年齡差距傷風敗俗等等。
七年後Petursson時來運轉, Skalholt主教授予他聖職,從此蒸蒸日上,大展宏圖,青史留名。
兩人白頭到老,Simonardottir比小她16歲的Petursson還多活8年。

This is an Icelandic name. The last name is a patronymic, not a family name; this person is referred to by the given name Gueríeur.


Gueríeur Símonardóttir (1598 – December 18, 1682) was an Icelandic woman who was one of 242 people abducted from the Westman Islands, Iceland in 1627 in a raid by Barbary pirates.[1] These raids came to be known as the Turkish abductions and Gueríeur became known as Tyrkja-Gudda. After being held as a slave and concubine for nearly a decade, she was one of a few captives ransomed by the Danish king. She returned to Iceland, marrying the young pastor Hallgrímur Pétursson, who became known for his poetry and hymns.


把奧斯曼帝國看作是與葡萄牙,西班牙,荷蘭競爭的海洋帝國也是蠻有意思的一種觀點。19世紀中期,為應對荷蘭殖民者在蘇門答臘的擴張,亞齊(Aceh)人向奧斯曼帝國求援,兩者曾在16世紀建立過聯繫。亞齊蘇丹致信當時的奧斯曼蘇丹阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲,信中極力渲染荷蘭人的威脅,以亞齊與奧斯曼在歷史上的宗藩關係為由,請求援助。在此背景下,奧斯曼帝國得到這幅亞齊人呈送的東南亞地圖。


奧斯曼帝國的重心雖然不在海洋,但其影響力在印度洋不可謂不廣,最有名的例子莫過於與蘇門答臘的亞齊蘇丹國的交往。後者不僅尊敬前者為穆斯林世界的大佬,在貿易和軍事上尋求奧斯曼的援助,甚至連宗教機構也深受其影響,具體請參考「大明の犬」系列

兩國的交往大概在1560-1570年間達到高峰,在1568年亞齊蘇丹阿勞丁對葡屬馬六甲的圍攻戰中就有來自土耳其的耶尼切里和技術人員的支持,給亞齊蘇丹提供了大量青銅火炮,是鄂圖曼帝國印度洋戰略的著名例證。(留意下圖中的綠色新月旗)


海上商人:阿蘭維斯特

我叫阿蘭,19歲。從小雙親相繼故去,無依無靠。後來聽說經商可以帶來財富,於是到船廠找到我的好友薩利姆,他把昨天遇難的破船送給我。雖然可以航行了,但這隻船實在太破。於是遊說船廠老闆,終於讓他同意先替我修船,等有錢後再付那一千元修理費。

沒有資本,我又說服酒吧的吧女、銀行出納和碼頭的工人,讓他們借給我錢,可代價也不小:得還他們每人一萬金幣。善良的旅館大娘白給了我500金幣……,我的經商史從此開始。
阿蘭·維斯特初始屬性

經過一段時間,我不僅還清了所有借款,還被國王封為貴族。在碼頭還錢時,冒險家皮耶德康迪突然向我借一萬金幣,並答應以十倍相還,這等好事豈能錯過?碼頭工人告訴我一個令人吃驚的消息:如今紅海內海盜猖獗,基督教徒企圖在馬沙華修建基地,趕走伊斯蘭教。沒過多久,蘇爾曼大帝找我,要我把全世界的港口都收買為奧斯曼帝國的同盟港,還給我五十個金塊和免稅證。君命難違,我上路了。

在南非轉了一圈後,回伊斯坦布爾休養。在酒吧碰見了葡萄牙的王子約翰法雷爾。他正被女海盜逼得無法出航,把他的家徽掛上船就可以引開海盜,約翰還說他在找普萊斯特約翰王國。這地方我去過,就在紅海內的馬沙華,而蘇爾曼大帝似乎正要消滅這個國家,我把這一切都告訴了約翰,他聽後大喜。為了報答,他答應替我找我失散多年的妹妹薩莎。

掛上約翰的家徽就出航了,待約翰安全出航後,我被海盜「捉」住。她的智商不高,幾句話,就放了我。又航行幾個月,在伊斯坦布爾的酒吧,吧女蒂迪亞告訴我,約翰已找到了我的妹妹,在中東的巴士拉。火速趕到巴士拉港的酒吧,果然薩莎站在我眼前,可她竟不認我。遺憾之餘,只好上路。

在我的努力下,到1524年底,奧斯曼帝國的同盟港已很多。蘇爾曼大帝獎賞我一百個金塊。不久伊斯坦布爾的人們紛紛告訴我,曾經借給我錢的那個銀行職員陞官了,就要調到威尼斯總行去。我順路送他到威尼斯。在那兒,已等我多時的夏洛克先生請我去向皮耶德康迪催款,這傢伙還欠我一萬金幣呢,立即動身。

首先到里斯本找到皮耶德的贊助人法雷爾公爵夫人,同時感謝約翰替我找到了妹妹。公爵夫人送給我十個金塊,並告訴我皮耶德在日本一帶找尋黃金之國。趕到長崎後,酒吧老闆說他正在界港, 在那兒的酒吧里我看到皮耶德已然一副巨賈派頭,他還給銀行200個金塊,還給我十個。

皮耶德告訴我:日本其實並不是人們傳說中的黃金之國。繼續航行,到美洲的一個港口時,碼頭工人告訴我:由於戰爭不斷,使奧斯曼帝國同盟港的人力、物力大量喪失,人們生活於水深火熱之中。聽後不由抱怨起自己,這一切都是我造成的呀!我決定不再為蘇爾曼大帝效力了,於是回到了伊斯坦布爾。

在旅館,一位好心的大媽勸我多去看看妹妹。當再度到達巴士拉,薩莎終於認出了我,一句「哥哥」,讓我這些年所受的委屈、勞苦全都煙消雲散。讓我們回到故鄉,買座大房子,和孩子們生活在一塊兒吧!可房子如何買呢?酒吧吧女讓我去找威尼斯的夏洛克行長,可夏洛克先生卻要我所有的金錢再加上五百個金塊才肯賣房。錢終於掙足了,當我拿著它去見夏洛克先生時,他又分文不取,把房子作為禮物送給我和孤兒們。

心事重重地回到伊斯坦布爾,我鼓起勇氣向酒吧吧女蒂迪亞求婚,她答應了我的懇求,從此,我們幸福地生活在一起……
阿蘭·維斯特結局

阿蘭開設孤兒院的夢想終於成為現實,為了救濟更多的孤兒他決定再次出海。


奧斯曼帝國在往中東,往南亞,往東非擴張殖民啊。近在嘴邊的地盤還沒吃完呢,幹嘛要跑那麼老遠?你以為為啥歐洲人要繞過好望角去找印度,跨過大西洋去找印度,還不是因為被奧斯曼給懟的,原有的紅海——印度洋航線歐洲人走不了了,逼的沒辦法了才去大航海


我一定玩了假的大航海?


突厥屬澳大利亞/滑稽


相關問題
祖魯為什麼沒有參加大航海時代的海外擴張?


奧斯曼帝國或者說穆斯林帝國(薩法維王朝,莫卧兒王朝)在歷史上曾經有一段時間綜合國力是強過西歐基督教國家的,強大的奧斯曼帝國阻擋了歐洲人前往東方的道路,從而促進了西歐的大航海時代。而奧斯曼帝國因為國力強大,從而驕傲自滿,看不起歐洲人(其實這種心理穆斯林帝國都存在)。所以奧斯曼帝國認為不需要向歐洲人學習,因為地理狀況和國內環境的原因,所以奧斯曼人對大海並沒有太大興趣。


奧斯曼有啊,著名的商船隊老闆阿蘭·維斯特就是啊。


地中海和威尼斯大戰數次,雖說奧斯曼帝國每次戰敗都損失巨大,但這點損失對於巨大的帝國就像「麵包皮被剝了一層」而已,可以很快恢復。可即便如此,奧斯曼帝國想徹底擊敗威尼斯 稱霸地中海東部也是很難的。威尼斯這關過了還有義大利諸幫和馬爾他,就算過了這關還有哈布斯堡王朝,地中海根本出不去!即使是奧斯曼帝國幾次兵臨威尼斯的那段時間,在海上的那些對手,關關也都是大boss……
說到底,奧斯曼帝國的主要力量還是在陸地上,陸軍在巴爾幹、黑海沿岸、伊拉克地區鏖戰,征服了新地區還要消化,很難有足夠的力量長時間爭霸地中海。

雖說穆斯林一直是中世紀人類遠航的精英群體,但他們這種嚴重依賴海岸線的航海,當個海盜都不容易了,很難在新時期有作為。


你不知道不代表沒有
海灣國家聯合會,裡面有七個國家。
你就想吧,為什麼大西洋邊上的摩洛哥都入會了?
歷史上,奧斯曼座下有七個集團
橫行大海,遇上嘔洲的私掠屌絲,通通送去見真煮
吊打西方各國毫無壓力
天哪你們不會真以為七武海純粹是尾田瞎編的吧


我說個跑題的想法,大航海時代並不會增加財富,東西方貿易的增加,只是盤活了以前被閑置被浪費的財富,但並沒有使財富的總量增加。西方世界之所以後來壓倒東方世界,是因為新大陸的發現。憑空增加的整整一片的大陸的無主地帶,成西方世界成本極小的獲得了大片的土地以及資源。靠著這整出東方世界一個大陸的資源與財富,西方世界才取得壓倒性的優勢。


維持世界第一海軍到17世紀、聯合天主教叛徒法蘭西在地中海、大西洋、印度洋、巴爾幹、奧地利、北非、義大利上拖垮了地球上第一個日不落帝國——西班牙帝國的奧斯曼帝國竟然被人說在大航海時代沒點反應?

奧斯曼勢力沒有參與到的也就是美洲的爭奪了。畢竟奧斯曼本身就坐在世界上最富有的商路上,一點都不愁錢,哪像窮逼西歐佬需要到處去開荒。奧斯曼的沒落也跟大航海時代沒什麼關係,他們缺的不是錢。


推薦閱讀:

大航海與文藝復興之間是否存在關聯?
為什麼17世紀全世界文明國家吊打游牧民族時,明朝(含政府軍、農民軍、南明軍)打不過滿清?
要是中國先進入大航海時代,當今世界將會產生怎樣的變化?

TAG:歷史 | 軍事 | 貿易 | 奧斯曼帝國 | 大航海時代歷史 |