清帝國和莫卧兒帝國有過交流嗎？

12-27

大清帝國和莫卧兒帝國歷史上的交流非常之少，幾乎可以忽略不計。但雙方都彼此知道對方的存在，並對雙方的領土和勢力範圍保有很大的尊重。

歷史上這兩大帝國對兩國間的交流並沒有太大興趣。畢竟雙方政治和外交的側重點不同，大清的重心在東方。而莫卧兒則對東方不感興趣，而更注重跟西方波斯，奧斯曼的政治和貿易上的交流。

相比與清朝，莫卧兒（紫），薩法維波斯（紅），奧斯曼（綠）這三個國家的關係密切的多，莫卧兒在波斯，奧斯曼都有常駐的使節機構。但從沒派遣使節去過清朝。

其實早先莫卧兒也試圖插足中亞。但是准格爾汗國在中亞崛起之後，意識到從印度出兵無力消滅准格爾的莫卧兒帝國就已經放棄了對中亞領土的野心。所以18世紀初清朝平定準格爾，勢力進入中亞的時候。莫卧兒正在南邊和波斯打的不可開交。這個時間差讓清朝和莫卧兒完全不存在領土和勢力範圍上的矛盾。

清朝的外交政策也限制了與莫卧兒的進一步交流，清朝延續了明朝的外交政策，拒絕承認一切平等關係下的外交行為，只承認「朝貢」關係。所有來到大清帝國的使臣都必須三叩九拜，稱臣納貢。這種要求顯然是莫卧兒所不能接受的。

但是，在1661年的時候清軍險些跟莫卧兒軍隊在緬甸正面遭遇。當時莫卧兒帝國由奧朗則布統治，奧朗則布是第六任莫卧兒皇帝。他和自己的弟弟沙舒賈不久前爆發了對皇位的繼承權爭奪戰。沙舒賈戰敗之後由印度的曼尼普爾邦逃亡至緬甸。隨後奧朗則布隨即派遣大軍進入緬甸追殺沙舒賈及其餘黨。

印度曼尼普爾邦，沙舒賈由此向東南逃進緬甸

而在同一時候，一支由吳三桂率領的清軍也追擊南明末代皇帝朱由榔從雲南向西南方向進入緬甸。南明余部藏身的實皆距離曼尼普爾邦很近。同時在緬甸搜索叛軍的吳三桂清軍和莫卧兒軍隊相距也應該不會太遠。但沒有任何史料證明兩支軍隊進行了實質性的接觸。

如果1661年的時候吳三桂的清軍精銳在緬甸正面撞上了極盛時期的莫卧兒軍團，那畫面太美簡直不敢想。

1791年開始的平定廓爾喀，再平廓爾喀兩場戰爭讓清朝開始了解南方的莫卧兒帝國。廓爾喀就是今天的尼泊爾王國。他們從1791年開始兩次發動對西藏的侵略戰爭。西藏班禪喇嘛向乾隆皇帝求救，清朝兩次出兵挽救西藏，1792年，清軍翻過喜馬拉雅山圍困廓爾喀首都加德滿都，廓爾喀遣使請降，成為清朝屬國。清軍從擄來的大量廓爾喀俘虜口中了解到了印度的時局，地理，氣候等諸多信息。這些信息被編纂成文檔呈交給了乾隆皇帝。

關於貿易交易方面，雖然莫卧兒和清朝是鄰國，但可惜的是，雙方對雙邊的貿易都並沒有太大的興趣。

印度盛產大米，糖，油，棉花，染料，以及一些製成品比如織布，衣服等等，可惜的是這些東西中國都不缺。清朝並沒有從印度進口太多東西的慾望。印度的東西即使運到清朝也賣不了多少錢。

而印度人最喜愛的是丁香，肉桂，戰馬，香水，紅寶石，以及貴金屬。很遺憾的是，所有這些在中國並不出產。

就連最基本的黃金白銀中國也不出產，黃金在西亞，白銀在日本有。

丁香，肉桂在印尼，馬來亞盛產。戰馬產自中亞，波斯。香水來自奧斯曼和歐洲。紅寶石在緬甸，泰國能找到。而上述所有地方都渴求印度的糖，油，棉花，染料，織布，和衣服。這就導致了印度人更喜歡跟東南亞，歐洲，奧斯曼波斯人做生意。整個莫卧兒一朝，印度貿易的重心都放在東面的緬甸馬來亞，西面的波斯奧斯曼身上。

在莫卧兒時期，有一條貿易路線從雲南進入印度的阿薩姆邦。該路線主要為了交易茶葉。然而在莫卧兒垮台之後，英屬印度統治時期，英國人為了滿足英國國內對茶葉的大量需求，專門從中國引入茶樹在印度種植。茶葉後來成了印度出口的主要產品之一，印度對茶葉需求的減少也導致了這一條貿易路線逐漸的消逝。

總的來說，雙方在政治，軍事，貿易方面的交流都非常之少。

謝邀， @權大中已經答得非常詳盡了。
從年代上來看，
莫卧兒強盛之時，清朝還在忙著入主中原、鞏固統治。
清朝鞏固邊疆之時，莫卧兒已經走下坡路了。
後來的清錫戰爭時，莫卧兒已經是一個不怎麼重要的德里小朝廷。

如果要說還有什麼補充的話，鴉片貿易大概算得上。但那主要是英國殖民當局的事情了，要說和莫卧兒小朝廷也沒有什麼關係。

近古時代的波斯文化圈其實有四（五）個帝國，與清朝關係最近的是中亞的布哈拉汗國，以及其衍生出的希瓦和浩罕。他們和清朝交流非常多。

第五個則是阿富汗人的阿富汗帝國，也和清朝有過接觸。

所以清朝和mughal沒啥接觸是正常的。
所謂的「痕玉」，也是出口轉內銷的，材料是和田玉跟葉爾羌玉。「痕玉」是對伊斯蘭玉器的統稱。

答主權大中的答案，給我的感覺是非常像Quora上一位印度答主Rajiv Satyanarayana在問題What were relations like between Qing China and Mughal India? What were their borders?下的作答。

鏈接：https://www.quora.com/What-were-relations-like-between-Qing-China-and-Mughal-India-What-were-their-borders

外交一段，緬甸一段，廓爾喀一段，相似度似乎是太高了。是否有抄襲或是不規範的引用，希望該名答主能出來說說。

Mughal Empire (1526-1707 active, 1857 nominal) was contemporaneous not with just the Manchu (Qing) dynasty (1644-1912): it overlapped with the previous Ming dynasty (1368-1644) as well. Unlike Kublai Khan, rulers of both Ming and Manchu dynasty were isolationistic with serious middle-kingdom complexes: diplomats had to kowtow and accept Chinese emperor as superior to their own rulers. But Ming at least received foreigners to its court and learnt from Jesuit priests, etc, while Qing had even less interest.
The two empires of India and China did not seem to care for each other. Mughal emperors had given up its ambition on Central Asia a while back, so it was not concerned with Chinese campaigns in Xinjiang. And India was outside China"s realm of influence. Mughals sent ambassadors to Safavid Persia and Ottoman Turkey but not to China. Similarly, Europeans had ambassadors to the Mughal empire but not to China.

Below sketch "Moghul embassy", seen by the Dutch visitors in Beijing in 1656 (a rarity) is actually Mughalistan in modern Xinjiang (Home of descendants of Chengis Khan) and not Mughal empire in India according to modern scholars

However there were one possibility of close encounter between China and India if destiny had so willed:
Aurangazeb (r 1658 - 1707) campaigned against the Buddhist kingdom of Arakan ( part of modern Burma) where his rebellious brother Shah Shuja had taken refuge. This was in 1661. Interestingly at the same time, the Qing viceroy was campaigning against a Southern Ming rebel king Zhu Youlangwho had taken refuge in Sagaing in Burma. So the two generals of Qing and Mughals (Wu Sangui, Mir Jumla), both tracking rebels, were at striking distance of each other in Burma. But they were in all likelihood blissfully unaware of either the existence or the significance of the other.

Aurangazeb, according to British-era historian James Talboys Wheeler, had designs on China. After Mir Jumla successfully campaigned against Assam in 1662, the emperor thought he will scale the mountains to China. Following his reverses later, Aurangazeb had to put his ambition in cold storage. Incidentally, many rulers of Delhi wanted to explore the near-mythical route to China from Assam.
Gorkha campaign against Tibet in 1788-92 was a turning point in the awareness of Qing rulers. Qianlong Emperor (r 1735-1796) ruled China as the 6th Qing emperor. Beijing came to the defense of Panchen Lama in Tibet when the Hindu Gorkhas raided Lhasa, but Mughals were, of course, too weak to intercede. Shrewdly, the East India company in Bengal also did not intervene. Campaign against the Gorkhas was highlighted as one of the Ten Great Campaigns of the Qing emperor (the only trans-Himalayan campaign by the Chinese till then). Numerous paintings celebrate Chinese success

This war is interesting as it is only then that Qing dynasty learns about India, Hindus, British in India, Badhshah in Delhi, Jagannath, Varanasi, etc. It got its good lesson in geography through the captured Gorkhas, Panchen Lama, and a Hindu envoy of Lord Cornwallis, Daljit Gir.
Qianlong emperor finally discovered "Buddhism began in Tianzhu, that is to say Enetkek; its territory is also called Hindustan"*. Tianzhu is the historical Chinese word for India while Enetkek is the Mongol/Manchu word.

痕都斯坦玉器啊，乾隆皇帝對莫卧兒風格的玉器喜歡的不得了

有喔，這是荷蘭使者在北京看見的莫卧兒使者

有