什麼是ADHD(注意力缺陷及多動障礙)?

作為普通人如何留意到身邊的人有這方面的可能,可以尋求那些幫助?
相關問題:
怎樣鑒別兒童是否患有多動症(ADHD)? - 心理學


ADHD是一種發展性異常,主要特徵:注意力缺陷、多動/衝動。
作為普通人可以留意幾個現象:
1,注意缺陷(注意力穩定性差,持續性時間短)
2,活動過度(動作多而無目的性,衝動任性)
3,情感和行為異常(退縮、迴避等方式對待事情,孤獨的情感,出現過度補償行為)
4,學習困難(學習成績波動大,經常出現低級錯誤)
5,神經體征(運動障礙,)

尋求幫助的途徑:
1,去醫院就診,邊吃藥,邊去康復訓練中心做感覺統合訓練。
2,去機構做注意力訓練,機構一般有注意力訓練軟體,邊做感統訓練。

ADHD的治療最好是在12歲之前。


孩子愛動,靜不下來,如吃飯學習坐不住,做事情注意力難以集中,是小學階段一種非常普遍的現象。家長對此非常困惑,不知孩子到底是正常的調皮還是患了多動症,那麼熊孩子和多動症的區別和界限在哪裡?如何才能及早發現又有哪些有效的干預方法呢?
注意力缺陷多動障礙,簡稱多動症(以下簡稱ADHD)是一種注意力無法集中、過度活躍、無法控制行為的精神失調,與行為的腦協調及神經系統發育有關。患病率在4%左右,是兒童期最為常見的一種心理行為障礙。
首先,我們有三個量化的標準避免失誤。第一個緯度是持續時間及頻率,在過去的6個月內「經常」「頻繁」地存在和出現。第二個標準是以上情況已經影響到了孩子學習、生活、同伴關係的等至少一項社會功能。第三個標準是發生時間在7歲(最寬10歲前),並持續保持癥狀
其次,ADHD有三種不同亞型,每種類型的典型行為表現均不相同,但以下每種單項類型或綜合行為出現6項及以上就非常必要尋求專業人士的診斷和辨別了。
第一種,注意力缺陷型。主要表現為:1不能集中注意關注細節總是犯些粗心大意的錯誤
2難以保持專註
3別人對他說話,他往往沒有聽進去
4無法聽從指導,不能完成作業、家務或所交代的任務
5組織能力很差
6避開、討厭或不願意參加那些需要持續集中精神的事情
6學習或活動的必需品,如玩具、作業、鉛筆、書或工具經常弄丟
7常由於外來的刺激而分心
8常在日常活動中顯得健忘。
第二種,過動/衝動控制障礙。主要有以下行為:1擺弄手或腳,或者在座位上扭來扭去
2在應當坐好時擅自離開座位
3常常不合時宜地到處亂跑或爬行
4難以進行或參加安靜的休閑活動
5常常「忙個不停」或舉動常常像「裝上了馬達」
6說話太多
7提問還未結束便立刻搶著回答
8排隊對他來說比較困難9常打斷他人或插嘴。
第三種,混合型,以上兩種類型行為均有出現。
最後,鄭重提醒各位家長ADHD是一種缺陷而不是行為表現不要將孩子的行為解釋成是故意的或反抗式,在任何情況下沒有任何理由讓發展中的孩子站在我們的對立面。
請積極尋求專業人士的幫助,父母及時有效干預和支持是孩子戰勝ADHD的重要部分,改善自身的行為,改善交流技巧,培養有效的日常技能,您的進步是孩子成長的第一步。也許您的孩子就是下一個菲爾普斯(奧運冠軍),下一個理查德·布蘭森(億萬富翁)。


ADHD主要是多動及情緒不穩定。它還有些好朋友,如ADD,可以度娘或狗哥。

美國學校的這種學生較為常見。當老師發現孩子極度多動並出現反常、過激等反應(我的班上就有),要向學校報告,學校會聯繫家長配合。如果家長同意,會有專門的人跟蹤觀察學生一兩個月,通過報告鑒定學生是哪種學習困難癥狀。

結果如果是ADHD或ADD,需要給予一些特殊課,有專修特殊兒童教育的老師來上課。部分嚴重的學生可能還需要按時服藥來控制情緒。

如果有一個平時比較蔫兒的學生突然亢奮到不行,可以考慮她/他是否忘記吃藥了。

以上僅是我的個人經驗~


ADHD現在被認為是一種神經發展障礙,被認為是大腦管理系統的發展不成熟。
@公爵 的回答 我補充一下下
ADHD更嚴重的癥狀(在那些ADHD癥狀外) 是執行困難,拖延。但是執行障礙當然不都是ADHD,也可能是純粹的執行功能障礙,也可能是其他幾種障礙。

下面是注意缺陷障礙 (豆瓣) 這本書(published in 2006)的擴展總結. 也是常見的誤解。

隨著研究和認識的加深,ADHD被認為是神經管理系統的發育問題(更高級的調控迴路的薄弱,大腦管理系統的活性不夠,大腦管理系統的發展問題)。智商高低和ADHD沒什麼相關性。ADHD更核心的癥狀是執行困難(拖延,啟動困難,做事拖沓脫離預期)、注意調控問題等等。ADHD不是主觀願望和決心的缺乏,注意缺陷障礙是注意力主觀調節控制能力的薄弱,自主調控活性很差。但是新奇的刺激、自身興趣或不得已的壓力 卻能良好的驅動大腦的注意調控功能(比如在自己感興趣的事情上高度集中和過人的耐力)。
ADHD以前被認為是 基因和產前產中產後共同作用導致的一個對大腦明顯的損害。最近一次學術會議的病因結論指向了基因和環境(包括子宮)兩大因素。隨著神經系統的發育,ADHD兒童患者大約有40%~60%自愈,但還有一些會遺留到成年。很多患者經過掙扎和奮鬥仍難以改變注意力調控能力的薄弱。這種調控管理能力的低下影響到患者的方方面面——集中注意力,社會交往,情感調控,正向情緒的驅動,這些都阻礙、影響著他們潛能的發展。
ADHD是最容易自己往上套的心理疾病了,只有這些癥狀造成慢性和明顯損害才是診斷的支持依據之一。另外,不是所有的執行困難或注意問題都是ADHD;注意缺陷為主型患者也許不存在明顯的行為(衝動多動)問題,但是這種思維上的多動衝動仍然會對他們的學習和工作造成更嚴重的和持久的影響。很聰明的患者代償期往往比較長,被診治的時間比平均更晚。環境但對患者的自我管理能力要求越來越高的時候,這種嚴重低於同齡平均水平的管控薄弱開始造成嚴重影響的時候,才會被發現和重視。
ADHD作為一種損害,可能還伴有其他的損害,這種慢性疾病時間長了容易「感染」發展出其他心理疾病——焦慮,抑鬱,強迫,自閉,品性障礙,學習障礙、睡眠障礙。往往是患者的ADHD的併發症或者感染的併發症被治療了,但是ADHD仍然存在。ADHD如果不經過治療,會對患者的學習、家庭生活、教育、工作、駕駛安全。大多數接受治療的患者,這些功能會保持完好。
如哌甲酯(神經中樞興奮劑) 提高相應管理中樞的活性,來對患者的癥狀做出明顯改善。ADD的藥物是所有精神科藥物中被研究最多的。所有用來治療ADHD的藥物只要依照醫生指示用藥,都是相當安全的。而且是被認為是長期有效的 (哌甲酯的耐受性可以通過周末不用藥來緩解)。藥物被認為是最有效的治療手段,藥物和行為認知療法結合被認為是效果最好的。


讓我來試試回答這個問題吧。

前面有很多人回答了什麼是adhd 我就不累贅了。

我直接講一些組織和方法吧。

先介紹一個在國內的QQ群。
147077795,這裡聚集著各行各業的ADHD患者和和家屬。
裡面也有大量關於如何調整心態以及在國內如何治療的經驗。
還有相關的資料。當然我並不支持盜版,如果有條件可以參考這些資料在網上或者書店購買正版。

這個 ADD中文互助團 網站是adhd交流用的,裡面有很多adder的生活經歷,可以找到社區的感覺。

豆瓣小組:【ADD/ADHD患者】?小組

現在的治療adhd/add的方法有很多種。不過比較推薦的是藥物治療和認知心理學一起來,如果能夠增強運動那麼更好。
藥物治療:
擇思達:現在國內流行擇思達,最多一天吃120mg,這是一個平均值。擇思達屬於非興奮類,所以不需要醫生開藥也能夠購買,比較穩定。能夠讓大腦安靜下來。

專註達:
利他林的緩釋型,吃下去以後可以維持12小時的藥效。
屬於興奮類藥物,所以需要醫生的相關證明。

利他林:
亞洲國家更多的把利他林列為禁藥。

如果能夠去美國的話,可以吃到一些興奮類的藥物,如adderall。


認知心理學
伯恩斯新情緒療法 (豆瓣)

其他:
冥想,跑步等。

20160501
如果有需要的話,我再補充。

+20160827
結論:
對一些人來說,並不存在注意力缺陷障礙,可能是飲食引起的過敏癥狀,但表現在大腦的機能缺陷。

關於add/adhd 可能好多人認為是自己的大腦出現問題了。我今天想要在這裡說上幾句。
與其說是我們自己的大腦出現問題了,不如說是我們的飲食出現問題了。

經常出現的說法是人類從狩獵時代走到農業時代,一部分人適應了農業時代,但是還有一部分人沒有適應這個農業時代,所以出現了add/adhd的癥狀。

雖然這種說法並不是答案,但是已經離答案很接近了。
我不能保證所有人的adhd都是因為這個原因,但是可能包括注意力缺陷障礙(adhd)以及之外的精神疾病可能都和我們的飲食有關。

小麥當中含有一種物質叫做麩質,有一些人對它天生過敏,有些人表現在皮膚上,所以能很快的發覺。
但是有些人卻是發生在大腦和身體內部,無法用肉眼直觀地觀察到。一部人出現了我們談到的注意力缺陷症的癥狀。

除了麩質以外,還有大豆,大米等過敏。這種出現在日常生活中的食物對某些人來說就是慢性毒藥,其結果就是精神疾病和疲勞。
它們有一個統一的名稱 延遲性過敏反應

你也可以參考wiki
https://www.wikiwand.com/zh/%E5%BB%B6%E9%81%B2%E6%80%A7%E9%81%8E%E6%95%8F%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89

在這裡我推薦兩本書
穀物大腦 (豆瓣)
德約科維奇:一發制勝 (豆瓣)


History Discovery of ADHD
"ADHD, short for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, is a behavioral condition that is characterized by hyperactive, inattentive and impulsive behavior. Although ADHD is often viewed as a condition of modern times, reports of behavioral disorders with ADHD-like symptoms have been recorded since the 1700s. Since that time, ADHD has been known as mental restlessness, a defect in moral control, minimal brain damage, a hyperkinetic reaction of childhood and ADD.

  • Mental Restlessness
    • In 1798, Sir Alexander Crichton (1763-1856), a Scottish doctor and author, wrote about a "mental restlessness" that seems very similar to the inattentive subtype of ADHD. Crichton described the characteristics of this disorder, which included inattentiveness and restlessness in children, which he called "the fidgets." He noted that the afflicted children were unable to pay attention in school and suggested these kids receive special education interventions. Crichton also mentioned that the symptoms of this mysterious condition typically disappeared as patients grew older.

    Defect in Moral Control

    • In 1902, Dir George Still, M.D., a British pediatrician, gave a series of lectures at the Royal College of Physicians. These lectures described a condition that triggered impulsive, overactive, defiant and inattentive behavior in numerous patients. Since these patients had normal intellectual levels, Dr. Still believed the unacceptable behaviors were caused by a "defect in moral control." He proposed that this defect was a genetic tendency toward moral deviation or the result of an injury at birth.

    Post-Encephalitic Behavior Disorder

    • After the 1917 and 1918 encephalitis epidemics, many pediatricians noticed an increase in the number of patients who were exhibiting symptoms of hyperactivity, lack of focus and impulsiveness. The doctors decided these behaviors were the result of brain damage from the encephalitis, an illness that causes inflammation of the brain. As the affected children grew older, however, the doctors discovered that most of them were actually very intelligent. They renamed the condition "minimal brain damage."

    Hyperkinetic Reaction of Childhood

    • A disorder with ADHD-like symptoms first appeared in the American Psychiatric Association"s (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) back in 1968. Called "hyperkinetic reaction of childhood," the primary symptom was hyperactivity. Minor symptoms included the inability to focus and a sense of restlessness. Ritalin, a stimulant medication, had been introduced in the mid-1950s, and now became widely used to treat hyperactive patients. Mental health care professionals believed hyperactivity was a childhood condition that patients would eventually outgrow.

    ADD

    • During the 1970s, academic and medical research began focusing on the inattentive symptoms of ADHD-like behavior. Virginia Douglas, Ph.D., and Susan Campbell, Ph.D., determined that inattentiveness, daydreaming and lack of focus were all associated with verbal, physical and cognitive impulsiveness. Their research inspired the medical term "attention deficit disorder" (ADD). The 1980 version of the DSM included sets of diagnostic criteria for ADD both with and without hyperactivity. Mental health professionals started noticing that many parents of ADD children appeared to have some of the symptoms themselves, and adult ADD came into focus.

    ADHD

    • By the late-1980s, researchers had shifted their focus away from inattentiveness and introduced the theory that ADD was caused by the brain incorrectly receiving or translating the incoming information. The APA renamed the disorder "attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder" (ADHD), and defined three primary subtypes: predominantly inattentive subtype, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive subtype and a combination subtype. Although the American Medical Association (AMA) has stated that ADHD is the most widely researched behavioral disorder, the exact cause of ADHD remains unknown.

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      Read more : History Discovery of ADHD"
  • ADHD
    "

    ADHD, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, is a medical condition that affects how well someone can sit still, focus, and pay attention.

    People with ADHD have differences in the parts of their brains that control attention and activity. This means that they may have trouble focusing on some tasks and subjects. They may seem "wired." They might get into trouble because they are impulsive — in other words, they do things without thinking them through first.

    ADHD used to be called attention deficit disorder, or ADD for short. In 1994, it was renamed ADHD. People might still use the term ADD to describe a type of ADHD that doesn"t involve hyperactivity.

    Symptoms and Signs of ADHD

    Because ADHD covers lots of different things — attention, activity, and impulsivity — it can show up in different ways in different people. Some of the signs of ADHD are:

    • difficulty paying attention or staying focused on a task or activity
    • problems finishing assignments at school or home; jumping from one activity to another
    • trouble focusing on instructions and difficulty following through
    • losing or forgetting things like homework
    • being easily distracted, even when doing something fun
    • problems paying close attention to details
    • making careless mistakes
    • trouble organizing tasks and activities
    • difficulty waiting one"s turn
    • interrupting or intruding on other people
    • blurting out answers before questions have been completed
    • fidgeting with hands or feet or having trouble sitting still
    • feeling restless
    • talking a lot and having trouble doing things quietly

    Of course, it"s normal for everyone to zone out in a boring class, jump into a conversation, or leave their homework on the kitchen table once in a while. But people with ADHD have so much trouble staying focused and controlling their behavior that it affects their emotions and how well they do in school or other areas of their lives.

    ADHD can interfere so much with a person"s ability to study and learn that teachers and doctors might consider it a learning disorder.

    People with ADHD may have problems with depression, anxiety, or learning disabilities. They may also be more likely to smoke and use drugs. Getting proper treatment can help with all of these problems. That"s why it"s key for people who show signs of ADHD to see a doctor.

    Sometimes the problems that go with ADHD become less severe as a person grows older. Hyperactivity tends to ease as people grow up. But problems with organization and attention often remain. More than half of kids who have ADHD will continue to notice problems as young adults."


    ADHD表現為持續的與年齡不符的注意力不集中,過分多動和衝動行為,稱為注意缺陷與多動障礙。


    就是拜爾斯和菲爾普斯都有的一種病,如果是美國人得了就可以吃禁藥


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