當你的閱讀量達到一定程度的時候,就需要進行更深入的寫作。比如你已經搜集了你的課題的一個側面的四五篇相關文章,這時候一個很好的練習就是:試著用一兩頁紙或不到的空間,根據這些文章,只做一個論點,但做紮實。我自己受益於這個訓練。在輔導自己學生的時候也使用這個方法,收到良好的效果。這裡用社會學經典的DiMaggio and Powell (1983)來做個簡單示範。原文如下(p.148):
We ask, instead, why there is such startling homogeneity of organizational forms and practices; and we seek to explain homogeneity, not variation. In the initial stages of their life cycle, organizational fields display considerable diversity in approach and form. Once a field becomes well established, however, there is an inexorable push towards homogenization.
Coser, Kadushin, and Powell (1982) describe the evolution of American college textbook publishing from a period of initial diversity to the current hegemony of only two models, the large bureaucratic generalist and the small specialist. Rothman (1980) describes the winnowing of several competing models of legal education into two dominant approaches. Starr (1980) provides evidence of mimicry in the development of the hospital field; Tyack (1974) and Katz (1975) show a similar process in public schools; Barnouw (1966-68) describes the development of dominant forms in the radio industry; and DiMaggio (1981) depicts the emergence of dominant organizational models for the provision of high culture in the late nineteenth century.
A. Because the ellipsometric data give a HS-ssDNA film thickness of approximately 20% of the expected maximum thickness, we conclude that the HS-ssDNA monolayer is not a tightly packed monolayer, and that the DNA chains are not oriented perpendicular to the surface.(J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119 (38), 8916–8920)
B. The behavior of the correlation coefficient makes us conclude that a linear relationship between interaction energy and the charge density at the bond critical point is still valid for multiple-bond critical points. (J. Phys. Chem.1995,99,9747-9754)
C. On the basis of these results we concluded that compartment A is more closely associated with open, accessible, actively transcribed chromatin. (Science2009,326,289-293)
可變形為:On the basis of our findings, it can be concluded that…
或者:From the results we have obtained, one can conclude that...
D. The very low energy thresholds lead us to conclude that semiconducting polymers comprise a class of promising laser materials. (Science1996,273,1883)
E. Our findings lead us to conclude that the voltage-sensor paddles operate somewhat like hydrophobic cations attached to levers, enabling the membraneelectric field to open and close the pore. (Nature 2003, 423, 42-48)
2.考慮到…
A.Giventhe observed increase of about 10%, the expected increase of PDI is about 40%, taking into account the increased duration of events. (Nature 2005,436, 686-688)
B. Taking the above observations into account, weconclude that PAB (eq. 10), calculated with the localized spinorbitals that maximize Na, defines a covalent bond order between theatoms A and B in the Lewis (resonance) structure described by this particularset of localized spin orbitals. (J. Am.Chem. Soc.1991, 113, 4142-4145)
C. Given that only aryl enones have reduction potentials sufficientlypositive to accept an electron from the photogenerated Ru(bpy)3+ reductant,aryl enone 6 can be selectively reduced in the presence of alkyl enone 7 to form the nucleophilic radicalanion intermediate. (Nat. Chem.2010, 2, 527–532)
D. Considering that the zincion, the deprotonated ligand 1 and bridging oxo oxygen have charges of +2, -1 and -2, respectively, we need two additional positive charges per [Zn3(μ3-O)(1-H)2- unit for overall neutrality. (Nature2000, 404, 982-986)
3.使…明了
A. A transparent and rigorous approach, however,can almost always shine a light on issues of reproducibility. (Science, 2014, 346, 679)
B. To shed light on theevolution of qualitative pheromone alterations, we studied sex pheromones inthe wasp genus Nasonia, an emerging model system for investigating thegenetics of speciation and complex traits. (Nature2013, 494,345–348)
C. In this regard, what is requested to material chemists is to make clear the relationships among chemical structure,quantum chemical simulation, physical properties and device performances.(J. Mater. Chem. C, 2013, 1,1699-1707)
D. In order to clarify the possible reasons for the higherphotocatalytic as well as photoelectric properties of Ag3PO4 cubes than spherical particles, the surface structures andatomic configurations of Ag3PO4 {100} planes have been further studied. (Chem. Commun.,2012,48,3748-3750)
參考文獻:G. J. Hutchings et al. Science, 2016, 351, 6276.
A limiting factor in achieving high selectivity toward H2O2 with Au-Pd/TiO2 catalysts prepared by the wet impregnation method is that the catalyst nanoparticles exhibit a variation in composition with particle size, with the smallest particles being Pd-rich (傳統催化劑選擇性的局限性). These small Pd-rich NPs are likely to be highly active for H2O2 synthesis and also for its subsequent hydrogenation and decomposition, as has been shown when AuPd catalysts are prepared by colloidal techniques with particle sizes typically 2 to 4 nm (限制選擇性的原因). In the case of the Sn-Pd system, the small Pd-rich NPs are often associated with the amorphous SnOx films(本實驗中的發現). We postulated that it might be possible to further decrease the H2O2 degradation activity of the catalyst by inducing encapsulation of the ultrasmall Pd-rich NPs by this SnOx film(基於已有理論和現有發現做出的推論). We therefore used subsequent thermal treatments in an attempt to induce a strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) between the Pd and SnOx layer (根據推論設計的實驗方案). We first added a low-temperature reduction step (200°C, 2 hours, 5% H2 in Ar), which made the catalysts stable to multiple reaction cycles (實驗操作). However, the H2O2 degradation activity increased markedly, from 65 mol kg?1 hour?1 to 300 mol kg?1 hour?1; this rate increase was associated with the reduction of Pd2+ to metallic Pd, as shown by XPS (實驗結果). Metallic Pd is known to be a more effective H2O2 hydrogenation catalyst (對實驗結果的進一步解釋).
表示遞進的:then, subsequently, in addition, besides, what is more, moreover, furthermore, in order to...further, 等等;
表示轉折和讓步關係的:but, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, in contrast, instead of, even so, though, although, despite, regardless of, in spite of, as opposed to等等;
表示層次關係的:firstly, first of all, to begin with, secondly...finally, last but not least, afterwards,simultaneously, at the meantime, meanwhile, eventually等等;
表示因果關係的:because, because of this, since, for this reason, thanks to, due to, owing to, seeing that, on account of, therefore,as a result, hence, consequently, accordingly等等;
表示歸納總結的:in conclusion, in summary, in sum, in short,overall,等等;
表示條件關係的:unless, otherwise, only if, if only, suppose that, as soon as, in case that, providing that, given that等等。
這裡依舊舉一個簡單的離子:
參考文獻:Liu, J. and Fan, J. et al., Catal. Sci. Technol., 2014, 4, 441-446.
To further confirm the alloy structure, HRTEM and line-scanning analysis were employed. As shown in Fig. 1c, the lattice fringes of Pt1Pd3 display interplanar spacings of 0.223 and 0.192 nm in the particle, which match well respectively with those of the (111) and the (200) planes of the fcc PtPd alloy. On the other hand, the compositional line profiles of Pt and Pd cross an individual particle shown in Fig. 1d also suggest the NPs to be alloy with homogeneous distributions of elemental Pt/Pd. Moreover, as can be seen from Fig. 1a, the PtPd NPs are well dispersed in the m-SiO2 framework and the sizes of PtPd alloy NPs are rather small with a narrow size distribution (4.1 ± 0.6 nm). The mesoporous SiO2 framework is highly ordered, suggesting that the presence of PtPd NPs does not affect the mesoscopic structure of the oxide support. These results were also confirmed by SAXS data and N2 adsorption–desorption data. As shown in Fig. 2, the interplanar distance of the (100) plane calculated from the SAXS analysis are both 10 nm. Meanwhile, the results from N2 adsorption–desorption data confirm that both Pt1Pd3–m-SiO2 and m-SiO2 have characteristics that are typical of mesoporous materials, and they possess similar BET surface areas (422.8 m2 g?1vs. 439.4 m2 g?1), indicating that the introduction of PtPd has little influence on the structure of the MMOs.
總結起來,就是分步走,畢竟步子大了容易扯著蛋,搭架子----填材料----故事新編----大串聯。至於英語寫作能力這是需要訓練的,初期可以找老外幫你最後把關。在Phd階段,我得到最多的評價就是『a good writer"。老闆每次拿到我寫的東西就說我寫作起來像個well-educated native speaker。我一般羞澀地說句:"Where,where."
最後推薦幾本書。我的老闆也不是native speaker,所以他把自己看過的一些寫作書推薦給我,我和大家分享下: 1. Writing Science: How to Write Papers That Get Cited and Proposals That Get Funded 2. The Elements of Style (這是一本很有趣的小冊子,從最基本的標點符號的用法開始,可謂是一本神書)
3. On Writing Well, 30th Anniversary Edition: An Informal Guide to Writing Nonfiction
目前發表了幾篇質量不是很高的小文章,不敢說經驗,分享一下自己的體會,萬事開頭難。
感覺其他答主回答的都差不多了,我來稍微歪個樓,說說我對於寫極高IF期刊文章的寫作經驗,說是經驗其實也只是剛剛投出去一篇high impact paper (簡稱HIP lol)-_-#, 不過我的許多經驗來自領我入門兒的學長,他有兩篇Nature Materials一作,其中一篇三年內已經有了350+citations Here we go 1. 最重要的就是abstract,introduction和第一張圖! 你可能不信,好的摘要和介紹段落重要性占整篇文章的80%。。。為什麼呢,因為這些journal的editor們最關心的是自己期刊的逼格,而對逼格的判斷往往是從閱讀摘要和intro的第一印象而來,逼格不夠連editor這關都過不去,而在editor這裡&>80%的文章都被刷下去了。反過來說,只要你送審後發現editor開始聯繫審稿人了,你已經成功了一大半。用數據說話:侵立刪 (Nature Materials 11, 743–744,2012)
最後這蓄謀已久的一拳能不能通過第四/五句之間形成的心理落差而讓editor眼前一亮襠下一濕,就是成功的關鍵 來舉個真實例子吧,就之前說的那篇citations 350+Nature Materials的摘要 ------------------------------------- Significant improvements to the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT have emerged in recent years, primarily due to 。。。 第一句,講明自己是個搞熱電材料的 However, many present high-ZT materials are based on low-abundance elements that pose challenges for scale-up。。。 Here we demonstrate a strategy to improve ZT in conductive polymers。。。 第二句和第三句,無機熱電材料面臨如下challenges,所以我們搞一搞有機熱電啰 By minimizing total dopant volume,we show that all three parameters constituting ZT vary in a manner so that ZT increases。。。 第四句:我們就不過是減小一下摻雜物的體積。。。 。。。 we achieve ZT = 0.42 at room temperature. 背景知識,ZT是表明熱電材料轉化效率的標誌性參數,之前有機熱電歷史最高值ZT=0.25, 所以0.42超過當時世界最高值 70% ------------------------------------- 看到這兒你可能會說,這文章能發Nature Materials是因為結果足夠好。首先,當然結果要夠好(廢話-_-#),但結果好是發HIP的必要而非充分條件。如果你在literature里泡了足夠久,會發現某些組的文章和其他組相比工作質量(有時甚至內容。。囧)都差不多,但前者就是通過這種「高冷的拔高」方式搏得了editor的歡心從而上了高IF的期刊
2. 具體的文章主題結構別人已經答了八九成了,我來從語言風格的角度逼逼 作為非英語母語的人,英文學術寫作最值得修鍊的地方就是簡潔,簡潔是證明文章作者高智商(or appears to be...)的最有力證據。顯然,如果你把別人三句話才講清的事兒用一個從句和一個"short linker(一般是介詞or前置詞)"講明白,讀者會覺得文章的邏輯密度瞬間上升,一般不會出現句子讀了一半人家已經想好了你接下來會說什麼的情況(這點其實跟電影的拉片技巧有共通之處,即:展現比觀眾期待的下一鏡頭超前一步的場景往往使影片更加引人入勝) 多說無益,舉例子,還是上面的那篇文章: 背景知識:高ZT材料需要高電導率,低熱導率,這在無機材料裡面由於Wiedeman-Franz law而不大好實現,而在有機熱電里去掉沒有電離的摻雜物(dopant)能升高電導同時降低熱導 ------------------------------------- 啰嗦版:We minimize dopant volume to increase Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity. This, however, is not accompanied by an increase in thermal conductivity like the case in most inorganic materials. Using this method, a significant ZT equal to 0.42 has been achieved. 精簡版:In contrast to inorganic materials, minimizing dopant volume is shown to move organic materials" constituting properties of ZT in a way that they all contribute positively to ZT enhancement, leading to a ZT equal to 0.42. ------------------------------------- 加粗部分是精簡的核心。首先,「we」 開頭的句子一般都能用當句的動詞ing形式作為主語,畢竟誰都知道這是「we」的工作。。。其次,however,therefore雖然好用但是在轉折關係不是很強烈的時候完全可以用「unlike」「in contrast to」等替代,而在組裝三個句子的時候,用兩個that/which從句顯得很啰嗦,用之前提到的short-linker,銜接緊密乾爽,「leading to」 ,「giving rise to」,「resulting in」都是極好的
在文章中連續幾次運用以上精簡方法,「短平快」地將三句話(或三個邏輯點)有機地組裝在一起,會使文章信息密度大增。 這是第一步,第二步是讓句子顯得豐富多彩,即,用不同的詞表示相同的意思。在上述精簡版的後半部分,「ZT」出現了三次,這裡就可以用「TE(for thermoelectric)properties」 或者「conversion efficiency」替代 ------------------------------------- 粗略精簡版:In contrast to inorganic materials, minimizing dopant volume is shown to move organic materials" constituting properties of ZT in a way that they all contribute positively to ZT enhancement, leading to a ZT equal to 0.42. 打磨精簡版:In contrast to inorganic materials, minimizing dopant volume is shown to move their organic counterparts" constituting properties of ZT in a way that they all contribute positively to energy conversion efficiency, leading to a ZT of 0.42. ------------------------------------- 這裡改的就很明顯了,對比一下就發現打磨後的句子顯得豐富多彩一點。當然,不要絢麗地過頭了以至於使句子晦澀難懂,揀了芝麻丟了西瓜
2-1 環境/條件 也就是提出假設條件,分析可能後果。 比如,把一個國家模型應用於另一國家,要事先考慮到文化經濟政治的不同,對經濟模型的可行性影響。 另一方面,計量經濟模型本身有固定假設不可忽略 BLUE 2-2機制 找出模型中關鍵變數,找出相互關係 技巧就是既不過多考慮變數,也不會漏掉重要變數 比如說,內生性,非線性 記得:simple is the best 2-3求解 模型參數估計 技巧就是,參數估計不能違反經濟學常識
3經濟數據特徵
3-1真實性 注意避免測量誤差和樣本選擇而導致的觀察值丟失 3-2來源 survey data就是自己做調查得到的,注意分層抽選和誤差即不實回答 statistical Data 政府進行的數據收集,問題是中國政府各省GDP過大,耕地面積過大,農產品生產量過大問題 解決辦法:運用工具變數等方法來檢驗和糾正計量結果的誤差 or 誤差造成的可能後果作一個討論 Experimental Data 實驗設計很重要,隨機避免誤差,可問題在於sample小,解決辦法:「自助法」(Bootstrapping)產生
標準誤差是一個通常的選擇;此外,運用 Bell –McCaffrey (2002)手法得出穩健的標準差
/time series 長的時間數據,如果是平穩的最小二乘法模型基本特徵可
以移植到時間序列裡面;通常的分析模型包括 ARMA,VAR,GARCH 等;如果不平穩,情況就變得非常複雜,回歸係數的標準差有時不服從標準
正態分布,從而造成了所謂的偽回歸(Spurious Regression)問題,係數的顯著性加大,原
假設更容易被拒絕。
為了校正回歸係數的分布問題,在用 VAR 模型作 Granger 因果分析的時候,即使採用差
分的辦法去除非平穩性,其回歸係數的分布也可能不是標準正態。通常的方法是對於水平變數
VAR 在用 AIC 或者 BIC 基準選擇最優滯後項的基礎上,繼續增加滯後項的方法(Surplus-Lag
method)來得到一致的檢驗結果(Bauer 和 Maynard 2012),增加的滯後項的數目為非平穩變
量的最高整合階數(Maximum Order of Intergation)。
/實驗經濟學和干預效果估計:在實證分析中,工具變數的上述兩個標準通常難以滿足,所以一些重要的研究課題,在
現實中根本無法深入定量研究。一個最典型的例子就是 GDP 和環境污染之間的關係,我們無法
找出一個工具變數與 GDP 相關而與環境污染無關;我們也無法找一個變數與環境污染相關,而
與 GDP 無關。雖然環境 Kuznets 曲線為我們提供了 GDP 和環境污染之間的一個定量關係,但由
於我們無法識別他們之間的因果關係,我們的結論至多就是他們之間存在顯著相關關係,這樣
的結果並不能提供很好的政策依據。另外一個有意思的研究課題為信息技術的發展和經濟發展
之間的因果關係,我們也很難做計量分析。
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找5篇類型相同的文章,認真讀,提煉每篇的結構和各種句式。 然後開始寫。 完了。
之前寫過一篇文章,希望有所幫助。
分解任務:如何完成一篇論文
目前在公司已經工作了兩年多,也經歷過很多項目。後來回想一下,發現在公司裡面做項目和在學校裡面寫博士論文有不少相似的地方。於是在本篇文章中,就拿自己的博士論文《New Fibonacci-like Wild Attractors for Unimodal Interval Maps》為例,向大家介紹如何分解任務才能夠完成一篇博士論文。
(一)選題的重要性
通常來說,在項目初期或者博士論文開始之前都要進行選擇。對於項目而言,要選擇一個合適的項目,然後可以一點一點的把它做起來;對於論文而言,選題的好壞直接決定了未來兩三年的走勢。因此,在項目初期或者說選題的時候,就會顯得十分重要,基調一旦不對,後面所做的很多事情都是白搭。回到之前所提到的論文,其實這篇博士論文的目的是為了尋找 Wild Cantor Attractors 的存在性,通篇論文都是圍繞著一維動力系統的區間映射來研究的。
就拿本篇論文為例,目的雖然說是為了尋找 Wild Cantor Attractors 的存在性,但是目前學術界的進展是怎麼樣的呢?這些是需要博士生去進行前期調研的。通過在 arxiv 和學術期刊上面搜尋論文可以發現,其實之前有學者發表過類似的文章《Absorbing Cantor Sets in Dynamics:Fibonacci Maps》,並且這篇文章在一開始的時候就說已經證明了 Wild Cantor Attractors 的存在性。除此之外,這些學者還發表過一篇有錯誤的文章《Polynomial maps with a Julia set of positive Lebesgue measure:Fibonacci Maps》。論文有錯誤就表示其他人還有機會繼續做下去,是一個學術圈未解的課題。綜上所述,我們可以得到一些學術資料供參考。
(1)成功的案例:《Absorbing Cantor Sets in Dynamics: Fibonacci Maps》,此時說明我們可以借鑒這篇文章的精華;
(2)失敗的案例:《Polynomial maps with a Julia set of positive Lebesgue measure:Fibonacci Maps》,此時說明其他人有機會去攻克這個問題。
1、先看題目: Small-Molecule Inhibition of BRDT for Male Contraception 論文題目要求有2個:簡潔、包括全部重要信息。 題目中抓人眼球的就是男性避孕,而且還是小分子,這樣就比較吸引人,另外體會一下此處介詞的用法。
2、再看summary
SUMMARY A pharmacologic approach to male contraception remains a longstanding challenge in medicine. Toward this objective, we explored the spermatogenic effects of a selective small-molecule inhibitor (JQ1) of the bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) subfamily of epigenetic reader proteins. Here, we report potent inhibition of the testis-specific member BRDT, which is essential for chromatin remodeling during spermatogenesis. Biochemical and crystallographic studies confirm that occupancy of the BRDT acetyl-lysine binding pocket by JQ1 prevents recognition of acetylated histone H4. Treatment of mice with JQ1 reduced seminiferous tubule area, testis size, and spermatozoa number and motility without affecting hormone levels. Although JQ1-treated males mate normally, inhibitory effects of JQ1 evident at the spermatocyte and round spermatid stages cause a complete and reversible contraceptive effect. These data establish a new contraceptive that can cross the blood:testis boundary and inhibit bromodomain activity during spermatogenesis, providing a lead compound targeting the male germ cell for contraception.
摘要部分一般介紹研究目標、工作內容、研究結果及研究意義。
A pharmacologic approach to male contraception remains a longstanding challenge in medicine. Toward this objective, we explored the spermatogenic effects of a selective small-molecule inhibitor (JQ1) of the bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) subfamily of epigenetic reader proteins. 這2句話就介紹了研究目標和具體的工作內容。 **注意第一句中remains a longstanding challenge in的說法,在某領域長期以來存在的挑戰,這些都是自己可能用得上的用法。
第2句中explore的用法也值得借鑒。
後面幾句介紹研究結果。 Here, we report potent inhibition of the testis-specific member BRDT, which is essential for chromatin remodeling during spermatogenesis. here,有時我們也用in the paper。 這句是常見的用法。 需要指出的是。上面的2句話都有we作主語,這說明現代論文寫作已經徹底拋棄了大量被動語態的風格。
Biochemical and crystallographic studies confirm that occupancy of the BRDT acetyl-lysine binding pocket by JQ1 prevents recognition of acetylated histone H4.
這句的寫法有點意思,如果是我寫,我一般就會寫JQ1佔據了結合位點 and 阻止了識別作用,雖然也沒錯,但是還真沒有原句準確。 將中文轉換成英文的過程中,對主語的選擇非常體現水平。
Treatment of mice with JQ1 reduced seminiferous tubule area, testis size, and spermatozoa number and motility without affecting hormone levels. 這句看似平淡無奇,如果是我來寫,我肯定寫成了在用JQ1處理之後,大鼠誘導了····; 可能後面的without用法一般人也不會用。 其實without在論文寫作中經常遇到,比方我們說某種物質在產生某種正面作用的時候,也不會產生負面作用;初級寫作者往往用while doing;其實這裡用without正好!
最後看看最後一句歲研究意義的闡述方法 These data establish a new contraceptive that can cross the blood:testis boundary and inhibit bromodomain activity during spermatogenesis, providing a lead compound targeting the male germ cell for contraception.
These data establish a new contraceptive that 這種用法大家都用得著,以及後面的providing的用法。
Although ~4% of the mammalian genome encodes genes expressed in male germ cells during spermatogenesis (Schultz et al., 2003), contraceptive drugs for men have remained elusive. To date, the only drugs in clinical trials are testosterone analogs that alter endogenous androgen production, although there is a short list of other possible targets (e.g., GAPDHS) and drugs (e.g., gamendazole) (Aitken et al., 2008). This lack of contraceptive alternatives for men is partially responsible for the high rate of unplanned pregnancies, especially in teenagers, and contributes to the maternal mortality, ethical, social, and financial costs associated with abortions and deliveries to single mothers. To approach this dearth of contraceptive alternatives for men, we have undertaken to develop small molecules that could target spermatogenic-specific proteins that have been shown to be essential for both spermatogenesis and fertility in mammals. One such contraceptive target is the testis-specific and bromodomain- containing protein BRDT.
Although ~4% of the mammalian genome encodes genes expressed in male germ cells during spermatogenesis (Schultz et al., 2003), contraceptive drugs for men have remained elusive. 第一句中有2個地方值得提出,一個是~4% 是科技論文中常用的,~相當於about的意思;第2個地方是have remained elusive,男用避孕藥還沒找到,還不清楚。
這句我們也用得著啊,趕快拿出小筆記本記下。這是吹牛神句啊:如果你要表示前人在某研究領域還是一窮二白(have remained elusive),而你的研究工作則開創了新局面(providing a lead compound targeting the male germ cell for contraception. 摘要部分最後一句)。
這位作者很牛叉,繼續引經據典,鄙視一下前人的工作,看下一句。 To date, the only drugs in clinical trials are testosterone analogs that alter endogenous androgen production, although there is a short list of other possible targets (e.g., GAPDHS) and drugs (e.g., gamendazole) (Aitken et al., 2008).
This lack of contraceptive alternatives for men is partially responsible for the high rate of unplanned pregnancies, especially in teenagers, and contributes to the maternal mortality, ethical, social, and financial costs associated with abortions and deliveries to single mothers.
This lack of這種用法也是很常見的,你絕對用得著,lack這個詞比較奇怪,大家可以仔細查查。此外is responsible for 和contributes to的用法也很常見。記住副詞partially、especially的用法,初學者要特別注意副詞和連詞的用法。 注意後面的deliveries是名詞,不是動詞第三人稱形式。
後面2句話正式開始吹牛
To approach this dearth of contraceptive alternatives for men, we have undertaken to develop small molecules that could target spermatogenic-specific proteins that have been shown to be essential for both spermatogenesis and fertility in mammals. One such contraceptive target is the testis-specific and bromodomain- containing protein BRDT.
To approach this dearth of contraceptive alternatives for men, 為了解決缺乏男性避孕方法的困境,To approach,值得拿出小筆記本記下來。 我們緊接著看看後面的寫法,連用2個定於從句,說實話,這句話一般人真寫不來啊。 To approach this dearth of contraceptive alternatives for men, develop small molecules that could target spermatogenic-specific proteins that have been shown to be essential for both spermatogenesis and fertility in mammals.
我們看看這篇文章的研究思路是如何展開的。 首先是前面已經講過的introduction第一段,作者關注到男性避孕藥的研究幾乎是空白。 然後下面一段非常重要,相當體現作者的水平。我們重點看introduction第2段的最後2句: Genetic studies of BRDT have demonstrated that selective deletion of the BRDT(1)-encoding region is sufficient to confer sterility in homozygous hypomorphic male mice (Shang et al., 2007), and a recently published genome-wide association study of idiopathic male infertility identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms of BRDT as significantly associated with oligozoospermia or azoospermia in European men (Aston et al., 2010). These insights establish a compelling rationale to target BRDT for a contraceptive effect. 前面一句是和並列複合句,講個2層意思。 第1層意思:遺傳學研究表明選擇性刪除BRDT(1)編碼區可以導致不育。 第2層意思:先天男性不育疾病的全基因組關聯研究確認了BRDT的單核苷酸多態性和歐洲男性的少精子症和無精子症顯著相關。 其中值得新手學習的英文:have demonstrated that,confer(體會和attribute to 的不同),identified ,as significantly associated with(顯著相關),以及並列複合句的寫法。
本人也不是這方面的專家,查詢了一下。和我一樣不懂的,可以看看這裡。 關於SNP與GWAS(Genome Wide Association study)的一些想法 【交流】關於SNP與GWAS(Genome Wide Association study)的一些想法 在這裡感謝丁香園的lorry_zgf。
再看後面一句,這句是關鍵。These insights establish a compelling rationale to target BRDT for a contraceptive effect. 這些觀點為將BRDT作為男性避孕目標物提供了一種compelling思路。 說實話,這位作者的思維還是很跳躍的, 解釋一下:因為BRDT和男性不育關係非常密切,所以就可以把這個基因作為男性避孕藥的作用靶標。 這就是人家的研究的起點和作者的基本想法,上述文獻也是為了說明作者的研究思路而引用的,而不是僅僅簡單地羅列相關的研究工作。 These insights establish a compelling rationale to target BRDT for a contraceptive effect. 這句話值得拿出小筆記本記下!!
這點想法還是很多人都有的,但是具體怎麼做。這就要看作者本人的研究基礎了,下面作者會介紹自己的研究基礎,然後提出實現上述想法的方法,這樣的話,思路那是非常清楚。 我有想法,我有基礎,所以我就這麼做了。這就是整個introduction的思路。 再看introduction第三段: Recently, we established the feasibility of targeting human bromodomains with acetyl-lysine competitive small molecules (Filippakopoulos et al., 2010). 首先我們形成了一種用acetyl-lysine重複小分子來作用於human bromodomain的方法。 然後緊接著講訴JQ1對BRDT的 抑制作用。
再看introduction第四段: 作者緊接著詳細介紹這種抑制效果,a dose- and time-dependent inhibitory effect (注意這種用法) complete and reversible contraceptive effect in males without adversely affecting testosterone levels or mating behaviors and without prompting obvious teratogenic effects in offspring. 注意此處2個without連用,用and連接的用法。
看introduction第四段最後一句 These results indicate that targeting a developmental epigenetic reader protein with an orally bioavailable small molecule can modulate male fertility for a contraceptive effect.
1、先看題目: Small-Molecule Inhibition of BRDT for Male Contraception 論文題目要求有2個:簡潔、包括全部重要信息。 題目中抓人眼球的就是男性避孕,而且還是小分子,這樣就比較吸引人,另外體會一下此處介詞的用法。
2、再看summary
SUMMARY A pharmacologic approach to male contraception remains a longstanding challenge in medicine. Toward this objective, we explored the spermatogenic effects of a selective small-molecule inhibitor (JQ1) of the bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) subfamily of epigenetic reader proteins. Here, we report potent inhibition of the testis-specific member BRDT, which is essential for chromatin remodeling during spermatogenesis. Biochemical and crystallographic studies confirm that occupancy of the BRDT acetyl-lysine binding pocket by JQ1 prevents recognition of acetylated histone H4. Treatment of mice with JQ1 reduced seminiferous tubule area, testis size, and spermatozoa number and motility without affecting hormone levels. Although JQ1-treated males mate normally, inhibitory effects of JQ1 evident at the spermatocyte and round spermatid stages cause a complete and reversible contraceptive effect. These data establish a new contraceptive that can cross the blood:testis boundary and inhibit bromodomain activity during spermatogenesis, providing a lead compound targeting the male germ cell for contraception.
摘要部分一般介紹研究目標、工作內容、研究結果及研究意義。
A pharmacologic approach to male contraception remains a longstanding challenge in medicine. Toward this objective, we explored the spermatogenic effects of a selective small-molecule inhibitor (JQ1) of the bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) subfamily of epigenetic reader proteins. 這2句話就介紹了研究目標和具體的工作內容。 **注意第一句中remains a longstanding challenge in的說法,在某領域長期以來存在的挑戰,這些都是自己可能用得上的用法。
第2句中explore的用法也值得借鑒。
後面幾句介紹研究結果。 Here, we report potent inhibition of the testis-specific member BRDT, which is essential for chromatin remodeling during spermatogenesis. here,有時我們也用in the paper。 這句是常見的用法。 需要指出的是。上面的2句話都有we作主語,這說明現代論文寫作已經徹底拋棄了大量被動語態的風格。
Biochemical and crystallographic studies confirm that occupancy of the BRDT acetyl-lysine binding pocket by JQ1 prevents recognition of acetylated histone H4.
這句的寫法有點意思,如果是我寫,我一般就會寫JQ1佔據了結合位點 and 阻止了識別作用,雖然也沒錯,但是還真沒有原句準確。 將中文轉換成英文的過程中,對主語的選擇非常體現水平。
Treatment of mice with JQ1 reduced seminiferous tubule area, testis size, and spermatozoa number and motility without affecting hormone levels. 這句看似平淡無奇,如果是我來寫,我肯定寫成了在用JQ1處理之後,大鼠誘導了····; 可能後面的without用法一般人也不會用。 其實without在論文寫作中經常遇到,比方我們說某種物質在產生某種正面作用的時候,也不會產生負面作用;初級寫作者往往用while doing;其實這裡用without正好!
最後看看最後一句歲研究意義的闡述方法 These data establish a new contraceptive that can cross the blood:testis boundary and inhibit bromodomain activity during spermatogenesis, providing a lead compound targeting the male germ cell for contraception.
These data establish a new contraceptive that 這種用法大家都用得著,以及後面的providing的用法。
Although ~4% of the mammalian genome encodes genes expressed in male germ cells during spermatogenesis (Schultz et al., 2003), contraceptive drugs for men have remained elusive. To date, the only drugs in clinical trials are testosterone analogs that alter endogenous androgen production, although there is a short list of other possible targets (e.g., GAPDHS) and drugs (e.g., gamendazole) (Aitken et al., 2008). This lack of contraceptive alternatives for men is partially responsible for the high rate of unplanned pregnancies, especially in teenagers, and contributes to the maternal mortality, ethical, social, and financial costs associated with abortions and deliveries to single mothers. To approach this dearth of contraceptive alternatives for men, we have undertaken to develop small molecules that could target spermatogenic-specific proteins that have been shown to be essential for both spermatogenesis and fertility in mammals. One such contraceptive target is the testis-specific and bromodomain- containing protein BRDT.
Although ~4% of the mammalian genome encodes genes expressed in male germ cells during spermatogenesis (Schultz et al., 2003), contraceptive drugs for men have remained elusive. 第一句中有2個地方值得提出,一個是~4% 是科技論文中常用的,~相當於about的意思;第2個地方是have remained elusive,男用避孕藥還沒找到,還不清楚。
這句我們也用得著啊,趕快拿出小筆記本記下。這是吹牛神句啊:如果你要表示前人在某研究領域還是一窮二白(have remained elusive),而你的研究工作則開創了新局面(providing a lead compound targeting the male germ cell for contraception. 摘要部分最後一句)。
這位作者很牛叉,繼續引經據典,鄙視一下前人的工作,看下一句。 To date, the only drugs in clinical trials are testosterone analogs that alter endogenous androgen production, although there is a short list of other possible targets (e.g., GAPDHS) and drugs (e.g., gamendazole) (Aitken et al., 2008).
This lack of contraceptive alternatives for men is partially responsible for the high rate of unplanned pregnancies, especially in teenagers, and contributes to the maternal mortality, ethical, social, and financial costs associated with abortions and deliveries to single mothers.
This lack of這種用法也是很常見的,你絕對用得著,lack這個詞比較奇怪,大家可以仔細查查。此外is responsible for 和contributes to的用法也很常見。記住副詞partially、especially的用法,初學者要特別注意副詞和連詞的用法。 注意後面的deliveries是名詞,不是動詞第三人稱形式。
後面2句話正式開始吹牛
To approach this dearth of contraceptive alternatives for men, we have undertaken to develop small molecules that could target spermatogenic-specific proteins that have been shown to be essential for both spermatogenesis and fertility in mammals. One such contraceptive target is the testis-specific and bromodomain- containing protein BRDT.
To approach this dearth of contraceptive alternatives for men, 為了解決缺乏男性避孕方法的困境,To approach,值得拿出小筆記本記下來。 我們緊接著看看後面的寫法,連用2個定於從句,說實話,這句話一般人真寫不來啊。 To approach this dearth of contraceptive alternatives for men, develop small molecules that could target spermatogenic-specific proteins that have been shown to be essential for both spermatogenesis and fertility in mammals.
我們看看這篇文章的研究思路是如何展開的。 首先是前面已經講過的introduction第一段,作者關注到男性避孕藥的研究幾乎是空白。 然後下面一段非常重要,相當體現作者的水平。我們重點看introduction第2段的最後2句: Genetic studies of BRDT have demonstrated that selective deletion of the BRDT(1)-encoding region is sufficient to confer sterility in homozygous hypomorphic male mice (Shang et al., 2007), and a recently published genome-wide association study of idiopathic male infertility identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms of BRDT as significantly associated with oligozoospermia or azoospermia in European men (Aston et al., 2010). These insights establish a compelling rationale to target BRDT for a contraceptive effect. 前面一句是和並列複合句,講個2層意思。 第1層意思:遺傳學研究表明選擇性刪除BRDT(1)編碼區可以導致不育。 第2層意思:先天男性不育疾病的全基因組關聯研究確認了BRDT的單核苷酸多態性和歐洲男性的少精子症和無精子症顯著相關。 其中值得新手學習的英文:have demonstrated that,confer(體會和attribute to 的不同),identified ,as significantly associated with(顯著相關),以及並列複合句的寫法。
本人也不是這方面的專家,查詢了一下。和我一樣不懂的,可以看看這裡。 關於SNP與GWAS(Genome Wide Association study)的一些想法 【交流】關於SNP與GWAS(Genome Wide Association study)的一些想法 在這裡感謝丁香園的lorry_zgf。
再看後面一句,這句是關鍵。These insights establish a compelling rationale to target BRDT for a contraceptive effect. 這些觀點為將BRDT作為男性避孕目標物提供了一種compelling思路。 說實話,這位作者的思維還是很跳躍的, 解釋一下:因為BRDT和男性不育關係非常密切,所以就可以把這個基因作為男性避孕藥的作用靶標。 這就是人家的研究的起點和作者的基本想法,上述文獻也是為了說明作者的研究思路而引用的,而不是僅僅簡單地羅列相關的研究工作。 These insights establish a compelling rationale to target BRDT for a contraceptive effect. 這句話值得拿出小筆記本記下!!
這點想法還是很多人都有的,但是具體怎麼做。這就要看作者本人的研究基礎了,下面作者會介紹自己的研究基礎,然後提出實現上述想法的方法,這樣的話,思路那是非常清楚。 我有想法,我有基礎,所以我就這麼做了。這就是整個introduction的思路。 再看introduction第三段: Recently, we established the feasibility of targeting human bromodomains with acetyl-lysine competitive small molecules (Filippakopoulos et al., 2010). 首先我們形成了一種用acetyl-lysine重複小分子來作用於human bromodomain的方法。 然後緊接著講訴JQ1對BRDT的 抑制作用。
再看introduction第四段: 作者緊接著詳細介紹這種抑制效果,a dose- and time-dependent inhibitory effect (注意這種用法) complete and reversible contraceptive effect in males without adversely affecting testosterone levels or mating behaviors and without prompting obvious teratogenic effects in offspring. 注意此處2個without連用,用and連接的用法。
看introduction第四段最後一句 These results indicate that targeting a developmental epigenetic reader protein with an orally bioavailable small molecule can modulate male fertility for a contraceptive effect.
比較旁門左道的做法,就是上google搜一下「Call for paper + 關鍵詞」,看看近幾年相關的期刊和學術會議都關心什麼話題。想要找到自己領域最熱門、最前沿的問題,這個做法是最有效率的。Call for paper能幫你快速地了解本領域最具爭議性的學者,最有話題性的話題,以及目前最權威(因此也最值得質疑)的觀點,比起自己在論文之海里拿著小瓢撈,是快得多了。