牛頓提出三大定律的時候真的被蘋果砸了么?如果沒有這個說法有何典故么


沒有被砸,但是,牛頓自己常常用蘋果從樹上掉下(再說一遍,不是被砸)來解釋他的定律,而且,他的確被蘋果啟發到。
William Stukeley,牛頓的熟人之一曾經這麼寫過:

.. We went into the garden, drank tea under the shade of some
appletrees, only he, myself. amidst other discourse, he told me,
he was just in the same situation, as when formerly, the notion of
gravitation came into his mind. "why should that apple always descend
perpendicularly to the ground," thought he to him self: occasion"d by
the fall of an apple, as he sat in a comtemplative mood: "why should it
not go sideways, or upwards? but constantly to the earths centre?
assuredly, the reason is, that the earth draws it. there must be a
drawing power in matter. the sum of the drawing power in the
matter of the earth must be in the earths centre, not in any side of the
earth. therefore dos this apple fall perpendicularly, or toward the
centre. if matter thus draws matter; it must be in proportion of its
quantity. therefore the apple draws the earth, as well as the earth
draws the apple."
我們走進花園,在蘋果樹的陰涼下品茶聊天。當時只有牛頓和我兩個人。他告訴我,他以前也經歷過這樣的場景。那時候他也是坐在蘋果樹下,陷入了沉沉的思緒中。此前,他就對重力問題有了模糊的認識,這時候,一個蘋果掉在地上,打斷了他的思緒。「為何蘋果總是垂直地落向地面?為什麼蘋果不會斜著落下或飛向天空,……很顯然,地球必然有拉力,這拉力來自於物質,而地球物質的拉力總和必然在地心,而不是在地球的任何一側,所以蘋果垂直落下,朝向地心。如果物質間互相有拉力,必然和質量成正比,蘋果對地球有拉力,地球對蘋果也有。」

牛頓的助手 John Conduitt 也寫過:

In the year 1666 he retired again from Cambridge to his mother in
Lincolnshire. Whilst he was pensively meandering in a garden it came
into his thought that the power of gravity (which brought an apple from a
tree to the ground) was not limited to a certain distance from earth,
but that this power must extend much further than was usually thought.
Why not as high as the Moon said he to himself if so, that must
influence her motion perhaps retain her in her orbit, whereupon he
fell a calculating what would be the effect of that supposition.
1666年,他再次離開了劍橋大學,回到了住在林肯郡的母親身邊。當他在一座花園中沉思散步時,他突然想到重力(它的作用讓一顆蘋果從樹上掉到地上)不會僅局限於地球周圍的有限距離里,而會延伸到比平常認為的更遠的地方。他自言自語道,為什麼不和月亮一樣高呢——如果這樣,一定會對她的運動產生影響——也許可以讓她保持在她的軌道上,於是他開始計算那樣的假設會產生怎樣的效果。

Isaac Newton


國內現在也已經承認這是伏爾泰寫的故事了。。


教材一般會給偉人加上奇怪的光環。比如達爾文,如果看過《物種起源》,不難發現演化論(Evolution是演化論!不是進化論!)已經是當時博物學家的共識了。雖然又部分人持不同程度的反對態度,但學界主流是傾向生物的演化和環境有關,達爾文自己環遊世界,以《物種起源》一書給這個說法蓋棺定論。雖然後世證明達爾文演化論細節或多或少有失當之處,但以當時的條件提出了一個假說,最終被看得見摸得到的DNA、RNA最終證實,達爾文可以算是一位大家。

但是即便如此,達爾文也不是以一當百,以演化論挑戰整個宗教世界。教材寫的簡單,但其實看看原文就知道是怎麼回事了。

至於伊薩克牛頓,煮表之類的軼事暫且不提,其實當時萬有引力這個思想也算是學界共識了,甚至質量正比距離平方反比的結論也不難得出,因為用來解釋行星軌道非常方便。(別忘了行星三定律是什麼時代的產物,西方天文學整體來說確實勝過東方,這個不必諱言——不信可以查查中國和西方分別是什麼時候把地球是圓的當做常識。)但問題在於,行星繞地球運轉實際軌道是橢圓,牛頓以當世天才的身份,其工作的傑出之處在於建立了微積分體系,證明了萬有引力定律在橢圓軌道下的正確性。至於蘋果云云只是飯後談資而已。


是文學創作,用來解釋為什麼是牛頓擁有這些成就和他的理論到底是什麼。。。。
就像伽里略從做過斜塔試驗一樣。。。


在牛頓的傳記中,作者考證是伏爾泰編的文藝話。


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