Animal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues because in fossils the animals" living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a 70-million-year-old fossil of Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex), a dinosaur, might still contain remains of the actual tissues of the animal. The discovery was made when researchers deliberately broke open the T. rex』s leg bone, thereby exposing its insides to reveal materials that seem to be remains of blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix.
First, the breaking of the fossilized leg bone revealed many small branching channels inside, which probably correspond to hollows in the bones where blood vessels were once located. The exciting finding was the presence of a soft, flexible organic substance inside the channels. This soft substance may very well represent the remains of the actual blood vessels of T. rex.
Second, microscopic examination of the various parts of the inner bone revealed the presence of spheres that could be the remains of red blood cells. Tests showed that the spheres contained iron – a material vital to the role of red blood cells in transporting oxygen to tissues. Moreover, the spheres had dark red centers (substances with iron tend to be reddish in color) and were also about the size of red blood cells.
Third, scientists performed a test on the dinosaur leg bone that showed that it contained collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein that is a main component of living bone tissue, in which it forms a so-called collagen matrix. Collagen (or its chemical derivatives) is exactly the kind of biochemical material that one would expect to find in association with bone tissue.
As much as we would like to have the remains of actual dinosaur tissue, there are sound reasons for being skeptical of the identifications made in the reading.
First, the soft, flexible substance inside the bone channels isn』t necessarily the remains of blood vessels. It is much more likely to be something else. Like what? You might say. Well, long after an organism is died, bacteria sometimes colonize hollows, empty areas in bones, like the channels that once held blood vessels. When bacteria lived inside bones, they often leave behind traces of organic material. What the researchers in the reading are identifying as blood vessels might just be traces of soft and moist residue left by bacteria colonies.
All right. What about the iron-filled spheres? Well, the problem is that scientists found identical reddish spheres in fossils of other animals found in the same place. That includes fossils of primitive animals that did not have any red blood cells when they were alive. Clearly, if these spheres appear in organisms that did not have any red blood cells, then the spheres cannot be the remains of red blood cells. The spheres probably have a very different origin. They are probably just pieces of reddish mineral.
Third, the collagen. The problem is that we have never found collagen in animal remains that are older than one hundred thousand years. Collagen probably cannot last longer than that. Finding collagen from an animal that lived seventy million years ago would really contradict our ideas about how long collagen can last. It is just too improbable. The most likely explanation for the presence of collagen is that it doesn』t come from the T.rex, but from another much more recent source. For example, human skin contains collagen, so the collagen may have come from the skin of the researchers who are handling the bone.
The following appeared as part of a letter to the editor of a scientific journal.
"A recent study of eighteen rhesus monkeys provides clues as to the effects of birth order on an individual"s levels of stimulation. The study showed that in stimulating situations (such as an encounter with an unfamiliar monkey), firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol, which primes the body for increased activity levels, as do their younger siblings. Firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations (such as the return of a parent after an absence). The study also found that during pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring."
Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument
"There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."
"Many people believe that a few individuals or small groups (family, friends, teachers, celebrities, for example) have caused them to think and behave in the way they do. Yet it is always society as a whole that defines us and our attitudes, not a few individuals."
"Such non-mainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science."
在考試初期，我一直關注於考試本身：我在用備考中國考試的思路來備考美國的托福考試：重複大量的做模擬題，背單詞時只關注與單詞的中英釋義而不關注此單詞具體的用法。所以我的分數一直難以前進，就是我忽略了托福考試最本質的東西，即英語語言測試， Test of English as a foreign language. 考的是學生的英語實力而不是考試能力和應試能力。在無數次的碰壁過程中，我終於找到了屬於自己的方法。
B.在練習自己聽音和辨音的能力的時候，我同樣是遵循練習閱讀和寫作能力的原則，找到與自己興趣點相關的材料再做練習，因為我發現當我練習的材料是跟我自己的興趣有關的時候，我絲毫沒有感覺到我是在練習英語，相反我感覺到我是在發展自己的課餘愛好，我沒有感到絲毫的疲倦，我可以靜靜的坐在那裡連聽英文講座長達幾個小時。我最喜歡的一篇講座是Purpose inspired brand building by Marc S. Pritchar，寶潔全球市場營銷及品牌建設執行官。我深深被裡面的每一個想法所吸引了，我從來沒有想過我們還可以這樣看世界。我覺得銷售之所以偉大，是因為，我認為，世界上有兩件事是最難辦到的：改變別人的想法和賺別人口袋裡面的錢。而銷售剛好就是做得這兩件事情，所以我認為銷售是非常偉大的。
比如，開頭你可以用這樣的句式，In my opinion，......., I believe that ......; As far as I am
concerned, ......; I would like to say that ........; .........
首段最後一句開啟下文，可以這麼說：The reasons why I believe ...... are as follows.
First of all, ........ (闡述你的第一條理由）。Here"s an example. .......
(如果你能舉個例子，那麼就舉個例子。）
Secondly， ...... (闡述你的第二條理由）。
講理由和舉例子要具體清楚，兩三句話就可以了，不用講太多，太多了時間來不及。
最後一段，可以說：Therefore （or In conclusion）, I believe that ......
（把你的論點或立場重述一遍。當然在時間來得及的情況下。如果沒時間了，就沒有必要總結了）
由於時間短，說7至8句就可以了。發音要清楚，句子要盡量完整。
對於後面的幾道題目，需要閱讀和聽力。要做點筆記，抓主要意思，用自己的話總結或重複出來。當然這不是個簡單的事情，同樣需要練習。英語好的人也要練習，不然一下子不適應做題；英語不好的人更要多多練習，練習做筆記，練習做總結，說出主要意思來。其實，你只要聽懂了，把主要意思說出來就可以了。比如，在這個講座里，教授主要介紹了某個現象，並解釋了這個現象。或教授主要闡述了某個理論，然後舉例說明了一下。比如，你可以說，In
this lecture, the professor talked about ...... (把教授談論的某個理論、或現象、或假說盡量複述一下。）然後，
To illustrate his point, he cited （or used） an example.
然後把這個例子簡要說一下。最後說明這個例子說明了那個理論，或現象，或假說。
任務：GRE的數學整體知識點不算太難，雖然偶爾有幾道讓人腦洞開的，有難度的是數學的英語表達，得看的懂題目想問的是什麼。GRE數學高分快速突破裡面有些挺方便的解題技巧，因為比較簡單，這本書刷起來非常快，建議看。在刷書過程中一定要積累數學表達，比如5 less 7, 5 less than 7 是不一樣的，第一個是5-7，第二個是7-5；還有像分數表達，一些出現頻率很高的辭彙，像hypotenuse, quartile（四分位數）這本書里沒涉及的知識點就靠做題積累了，一般都不會太差。我的OG數學之前就差不多都做過了，但是practice set 就留著給後面做的。
2-4段每段提出一個邏輯錯誤。舉例assumption的，最簡單的方式可能就是第一句說the first assumption is , the second assumption is。。。。然後要提出假設，It』s possible that， Perhaps….什麼情況可以出現…..(表明題目沒有提出相關的信息，所以可能出現的情況可能會得出完全不一樣的結果)，最最最重要的是一定要提到這些assumption如果不成立的話，對於結論的影響，比如weaken，undermine，make it unpersuasive……
末端進行歸納，可以讓步說may be plausible, do highlight a possibility, but to move forward more information should be provided to substantiated those assumptions.
報個分先：總分106，L 27 R 29 W 28 S 22~和大牛們真的是沒法比，但是自己覺得已經滿意啦~嘿嘿~Lz在備考托福的一票出國黨中實在是顯得有些怪異，因為lz並沒有明確的粗國留學計劃。所以經常被人問「你為啥考托福」……_(:з」∠)_之所以去考托福，是因為聽哥哥說四六級證書沒啥用，證明不了自己英語水平……而且想著萬一研究僧階段有交換資格啥的有備無患，所以就在大三上腦子一熱報了托福考試。(事實證明，我跑去考了專碩，所以出國交換的機會估計也不多了……)
3 更能沉下心來，懂得很多看起來很美很光鮮的東西其實並不是最重要的。托福備考是非常艱巨系統的工程，中間會有焦躁疲憊的時刻，這時候 心理素質很關鍵。我一直告訴自己，即使最後沒有拿到滿意的分數，但我收穫一票新朋友還有一顆豐盈充實的心神馬的總之很開心啦~After all, you』ve tried your best, which is the most important. 如果反覆，可以寫寫東西釋放一下，對我還是挺管用的
1.Describe a celebration, public event or moment that is most impressive to you. Explain why it was memorable to you. Include reasons and examples to support your response.
2.Describe a ceremony or public event that you attended. Explain why it was memorable to you. Include reasons and examples to support your response.
3.Describe a challenging experience you had and how you overcame that challenge. Include reasons and examples to support your response.
4.Describe a disappointing event or experience in your life. Explain why it was memorable to you. Include reasons and examples to support your response.
5.Describe a leisure activity you often do in your spare time. Explain why you often do it. Please include reasons and examples to support your response.
6.Describe a memorable event that you experienced with you families or friends. Explain why it was memorable to you. Include reasons and examples in your response.
7.Describe a memorial you attended. Explain why it was important to you. Include reasons and examples to support your response.
8.Describe a social or political event celebrated in your country. Explain how people in your country celebrate it. Include reasons and examples to support your response.
9.Describe a successful event in your life. Explain how you made it. Include reasons and examples to support your response.
10.Describe the most enjoyable event in your childhood. Explain why it was memorable to you. Include reasons and examples to support your response.
11.Describe an activity you enjoyed most when you were a child. Explain why you enjoyed this activity most. Include reasons and examples to support your response.
12.Describe an experience that you worked well with others. Explain why that experience is important to you. Include reasons and details to support your response.
13.Describe an important experience you had recently. Explain why this experience was important to you. Include reasons and details to support your response.
14.Describe the most enjoyable event that happened in your school. Explain why it was memorable to you. Include reasons and examples in your response.
15.Describe the most surprising event your friends did for you. Explain why it was memorable to you. Include reasons and examples in your response.
16.If you could do one thing for your community, what would you do and why? Include reasons and examples to support your response.
17.What do you do to keep yourself healthy? Explains why it is more important for you? Please include reasons and details in you explanation.
18.What is your favorite way to relax yourself? Explain why you like to use this way to relax yourself. Include reasons and details to support your response.
這題目問的一點誠意都沒有，這些考試完全不是一類的。恕占坑不答。
以前收藏的一篇四六級的， 覺得不錯 你看看吧。 一、聽力理解：要想提高聽力理解能力，首先要加強英語的朗讀能力，只有熟悉單詞的讀音，在聽到這個詞時才能迅速反應上來。其次要每天堅持精聽和泛聽訓練，聽力理解能力的培養非一朝一夕可得，堅持不懈、持之以恆是提高聽力成績的必要手段。 熟悉聽力考試題型，掌握出題規律和一定的技巧也是提高聽力理解能力的一個有效途徑。
